Les institutions internationales ont à la suite de la 2ème guerre mondiale créé un corpus de droits reliés à l’essence de la condition humaine qui sont aussi intuitifs que difficiles à systématiser. Cette émergence se trouve à l’origine de la relation étroite entre le droit international et un noyau intangible de valeurs considérées comme universelles, érigé à la lumière de constructions philosophiques et juridiques du concept d’humanité jusqu’au moment où elles sont saisies par le droit international coutumier et conventionnel dans une logique de protection. Cette protection relève, d’un côté, du droit international pénal à partir notamment de l’édification des concepts de crime contre l’humanité et de génocide ayant comme corolaire également la définition du concept de graves violations et, de l’autre côté, du droit international des droits de l’Homme, en ce qu’il s’est occupé de la sauvegarde de l’individu en tant qu’être à la fois singulier et collectif, mais aussi des droits essentiels à la préservation de sa condition humaine. Le problème majeur qui se pose est celui des difficiles interactions entre le droit international et le droit national, combiné à l’héritage des paradigmes du droit international classique, ce qui nous amène à répondre à la question du comportement des États quand le droit international a pour objet la préservation de ce noyau dur des valeurs humaines. Dans la présente thèse, nous cherchons donc à démontrer que la protection tissée notamment sur la base des prohibitions apporte au droit international une position de suprématie liée à son caractère de jus cogens, de manière à imposer des devoirs non seulement aux États mais aussi aux individus. / Because of World War II, international institutions have created a set of rights related to the essence of the human condition that are as intuitive as to systematize. The close relationship between international law and the protection of intangible values of the human community as a whole has its sources from this emergence. Indeed, these values were identified in the light of philosophical and legal constructions about the concept of humanity until the moment when it became protected by the customary and conventional international law. On the one hand, this protection came from the international criminal law and its enlightenment about the conception of crime against humanity and genocide, in a manner that it enabled the identification of the meaning of serious violations. On the other hand, this protection came likewise from international human rights law, in which it took care to safeguard the individual either as a singular and collective human being, as well as of the fundamental rights to the preservation of its human condition. The hardest problem that is presented here is about the difficult interactions between international law and national law. This problem is aggravated by the heritage left by the classic international law paradigms, which leads us to seek the answer concerning how the States react or how States must react when international law aims to safeguard these core human values. In this thesis, we seek to demonstrate that the protection exercised, especially on the basis of prohibitions, places international law in a position of supremacy linked to its character of jus cogens, in order to impose obligations over both States and individuals.

"In response to President Kabah's request of June 2000, the United Nations Security Council called on the Secretary-General to negotiate an agreement with the government of Sierra Leone for the creation of a special court for Sierra Leone (hereafter SCSL), to investigate the atrocities committed within the country, by Resolution 1315 of 14 August 2000. Under the agreement concluded in February 2001, the SCSL has jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, war crimes and other serious violations of international humanitarian law committed since November 1996. The author assesses in detail the efficacy of the SCSL in dispensing justice up to date. The author concludes that, although the SCSL has accomplished much, it has shortcomings and faces changes that hamper the attainment of its objectives. ... This study is divided into five chapters. Chapter one provides the context in which the study is set, the focus and objectives of the study, its significance and other preliminary issues, including a statement of the problem and the literature review. Analysis of the conflict in Sierra Leone are necessary to grasp the graveness and the nature of the human rights violations and to understand the nature and extent of justice already meted out. Chapter two focuses particularly on the historical background of the conflict and the reasons that necessitate the establishment of the SCSL. The SCSL was established specifically to respond to human rights abuses committed during the civil war in Sierra Leone. Chapter three examines the major achievements of the Court in dispensing justice, and chapter four identifies the shortcomings and the challenges that confront the Court in its aim to fulfil its mandate." -- Chapter one. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Lovell Fernandez, Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

1 AbstraktEN The diploma thesis deals with linear mixed effects models. In the first chap- ter, we discuss parameter estimation and hypothesis testing in the linear mixed effects models. The second chapter is dedicated to graphical diagnostics. We look at the suitable diagnostic plots for residuals and random effects estimates. It is closely described, how the violations of assumptions affect the diagnostic plots. In the third chapter we have consequences of the violations of assumptions on the parameter estimates and results of hypothesis testing for fixed effects. 1

In some instances, Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT) practitioners have been noted to commit privacy violations to Personally Identifiable Information (PII). However, computing exemplars, due to their notable dispositional Hallmark Features of morality, understandings of ethical abstractions, and other components that comprise their virtuous makeups, are theoretically less likely to commit privacy violations to PII. This research attempted to verify if those IS/IT practitioners who identify with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplar were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII than were those IS/IT practitioners that did not identify themselves with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplars. In order to accomplish this, this research developed and validated two new survey instruments capable of identifying those IS/IT practitioners that were more and less willing to commit unethical privacy violations to PII, and contrast them against some of the Hallmark Features of computing exemplars. The findings of this research supported the conclusion that IS/IT practitioners that identify with some of the Hallmark Features of moral and computing exemplars were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII than were other IS/IT practitioners. Specifically, the results indicated that the most prominent predictor to indicate a lesser willingness to commit privacy violations to PII was that of those IS/IT practitioners that displayed prosocial orientations. Additionally, the predictors of age, level of education, and how ethical IS/IT practitioners assessed themselves to be, proved to be significant markers for those individuals that were less willing to commit privacy violations to PII. While the results are promising, they are also alarming, because the results also indicate that IS/IT practitioners are blatantly willing to commit privacy violations to PII. Thus, two immediate implications resonate from the results of this research. First, there are those individuals that have been given the trusted position of guardianship for society's personal information that should probably not have it, and secondly, further investigations are warranted to determine what other predictors may promote a lesser willingness to commit privacy violations to PII. The contribution of this research to the fields of IS/IT, personnel selection and testing, and organizational assessment and training is unique. This is because, to date, no other discernable literatures have ever investigated the rating and rankings of the severity of PII privacy violations, nor has any other research investigated what Hallmark Features of individuality contribute to a less willing disposition to commit PII privacy violations.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

First time name of certification were mentioned 1990s concerning a problems with bad forest practices, hard improvement of governmental regulations especial in tropics. Later this concern were growing to 1992 Rio de Janeiro conference. And so, need of strict forest system in 1993 established Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Main activities started later 1996 in Canada with small group of people which started developing countries regional standards (Claros, 2009). Now FSC program is one of the biggest forest certification and accreditation providing company providing wood and their products and certification service. This program supports LEED Lumber, IKEA, biggest companies buying wood in the world, non governamental organisations World wild Fund (WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). The curiosity of how FSC forest certification impact forest management in Lithuania and Russia and lack of FSC standard studies with national law encouraged to create such study. We want to analyze FSC certification annual public reports raised CAR’s (Corrective action request) from Forest Management Units (FMU) - enterprises, leaseholders in Lithuania and Russia. The first aim was to find, what main CAR’s in Lithuania, Russia and distribute CAR’s to environmental, economical, social type aspects. In later stages analyze Lithuanian and Russian FSC standards Smart Wood, SGS Qualifor and Russian national. In the last step to compare FSC standards with state law for each country. Analysis of... [to full text] / Pagal FSC standartus miškai pradėti sertifikuoti nuo 1993 metų. Patogi sertifikavimo sistema leido minėtam standartui išplisti visame pasaulyje. Bolivijoje, Brazilijoje, Indonezijoje FSC sertifikavimas vis dar plečiamas (Claros, 2009). Sertifikacijos dėka gerinama miškų valdymo kokybė, biologinės įvairovės apsauga, sprendžiamos darbuotojų saugos problemos. Šio standarto visapusišku naudingumu neabejoja daugelis FSC rėmėjų: LEED Lumber, IKEA, bei didžiausios miško produktus superkančios ar nevyriausybinės organizacijos, Pasaulio gamtos fondas (World wild Fund WWF), Green peace (www.fsc.org). Mokslinių darbų, nagrinėjančių miškų sertifikaciją objektyviai, yra nedaug ir miškų sertifikavimo tema nėra plačiai nagrinėjama palyginus su socialiniais, miško gyvosios ir negyvosios gamtos sąveikos tyrimais. Miškų sertifikavimo standartų palyginamųjų darbų taip pat yra negausu. Šio darbo sukūrimo pagrindas – galimybė išanalizuoti skirtumus tarp FSC sertifikuotų kaimyninių šalių (Lietuvos ir Rusijos) miškų tvarkymo vienetų ir naudojimo standartų (MTV – Lietuvoje valstybinių miškų įmonių urėdijų ir Rusijoje miškų ūkių ir miškų nuomotojų). Taip pat norima sužinoti, ar Lietuvoje ir Rusijoje susiduriama su skirtingais sertifikavimo pažeidimais. Šių pažeidimų koregavimo veiksmų reikalavimų (KVR) aspektų pagalba palyginti Lietuvos ir Rusijos FSC miškų valdymo sertifikacijos standartus bei su standartais susijusi šalių miškų teisė. Kita šio darbo dalis, skirta ištirti kokią įtaką ekonominės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This essay analyzes in a comparative manner, the cases of Argentina and Uruguay regarding the amnesty laws that both issued to members of the armed forces after the transition to democracy from the authoritarian regime, for violations of human rights committed during the military dictatorship. The research seeks to understand the causes that have made the amnesty law in Argentina from 1986 and 1987, together with the presidential pardoning of 1989 to be declared unconstitutional in 2005 and 2007 by the Argentinian Supreme Court, while the Uruguayan amnesty law issued in 1986 is at the time when this research was made still in force. The focus of this study relies on four main actors that have made an impact on this issue: the Executive; the Supreme Court; the Inter-American system of Human Rights; and the human rights movement. Our research intakes a qualitative nature that is the most appropriate method for this kind of study. A comparative methodology is developed studying the cases of Argentina and Uruguay in order to outline similarities and differences between them both, which let us see the different variables that both cases have in an effort to better understand the causes that led to different outcomes regarding the present legal status of the amnesty laws. This essay utilizes as its theoretical framework, theories of Transitional Justice and Human Rights from below, which are applied to the material presented in both cases. In Argentina, the Supreme Court, the Executive, the human rights movement and the Inter-American system of Human Rights, have worked together in the last decade to abolish the amnesty laws and the pardoning in the country. The Supreme Court in Uruguay acting against the Executive power in the last time is seen as a keen factor to why the amnesty law is still in force today. Here, the referendums in 1989 and 2009 supporting the further upholding of the law influenced the decision of the Supreme Court, and also made a negative impact in the human rights movement.

Cette thèse est un hommage rendu à tous les hommes et femmes qui risquent leur vie pour que l'état de droit triomphe sur l'arbitraire. Leur rôle important a été reconnu avec l'adoption de la Déclaration sur les défenseurs des droits de l'homme en 1998. Malheureusement, en Amérique latine, défendre les droits de l'homme reste synonyme de mort. Chaque jour, des défenseurs des droit de l'homme ainsi que leurs familles continuent d'être harcelés, menacés, arbitrairement détenus, voire assassinés au seul motif de leur engagement en faveur du respect des droits universels de tout être humain. La répression qu'ils subissent est multiforme et pernicieuse. Ils figurent désormais souvent parmi les principales cibles à abattre ou, en tout cas, à faire taire. Ils sont en ligne de mire malgré l'instauration de mécanismes de protection. Les Etats préfèrent criminaliser leur action alors qu'ils ont l'obligation de les protéger. / This thesis is a tribute to the women and men women who, every day, and often risking their lives, fight for law to triumph over arbitrariness. The impact and importance of the work of these people was universally recognised and legitimised when, on the 9th of December 1998, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders. Unfortunately in Latin America working for human rights is still synonymous with death. Every day, Human Rights Defenders and their families continue to be harassed, threatened, arbitrarily detained and indeed murdered. The attacks that they suffer are multifaceted and pernicious ; and they are often the principal targets to be killed or at least muzzled. They are on the Frontline despite the establishement of mechanisms to protect human rights defenders. It is responsibility of States to protect the Human rights defenders who denounce the human rights violations but they prefer to criminalize their activities.

A tese examina o plágio, em especial literário. Para tanto, fazemos um breve exame histórico, tanto sobre o plágio como sobre o surgimento do Direito de Autor. Em seguida, fazemos uma análise legislativa no Direito brasileiro, desde o Império até nossos dias. Também examinamos as convenções internacionais sobre o Direito de Autor recepcionadas pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro: a Convenção de Berna, a Convenção Universal sobre o Direito de Autor e o Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual Relacionados ao Comércio (TRIPS/AADPIC). Para melhor compreender o plágio sob a ótica do Direito de Autor, examinamos as teorias de identificação de elementos protegidos na obra, bem como os conceitos básicos do Direito de Autor. Enfim, concluímos que o plágio é, sobretudo, uma questão de fato. / Le sujet de la thése c´est le plagiat de l´oeuvre littéraire. Pour examiner le sujet, on n´a fait d´abord une brève étude historique sur le plagiat à l´Antiquité aussi bien que la naissance de Droit d´Auteur. En suite, on a fait une analyse législative dans le Droit brésilien, depuis l´Empire jusqu´à nos jours. D´autre part, nous avons aussi examiné les conventions internationales sur le Droit d´Auteur reçues par l´ordre juridique brésiliénne: la Convention de Berne, la Convention Universelle sur le Droit d´Auteur et l´Accord Relatifs aux Aspects des Droits de la Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au Commerce (TRIPS/ADPIC). Pour mieux comprendre le plagiat selon le Droit d´Auteur, on a étudé les théories de l´identification des éléments protégés dans l´oeuvre, aussi bien que les concepts de base de Droit d´Auteur. Enfin, nous concluons que le plagiat est surtout une question de fait.

A presente tese tem por escopo verificar o surgimento de uma nova exceção à imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados no caso de violação dos direitos humanos.Para chegar a essa conclusão, faz-se a análise e revisão críticas dos principais casos da jurisprudência estrangeira e nacional, de teorias, da Convenção da Basiléia sobre Imunidade de Jurisdição, da Convenção da ONU sobre Imunidade de Jurisdição, das leis internas sobre imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Austrália e da Argentina.O tema é dividido em quatro partes: na primeira parte, trata-se de noções sobre jurisdição e imunidade de jurisdição. Na segunda, sobre a evolução da imunidade de jurisdição dos Estados. Na terceira, sobre as exceções clássicas à imunidade de jurisdição e, na última, sobre a nova exceção à imunidade de jurisdição no caso de violação dos direitos humanos. / The scope of this thesis is to analyze the emergence of a new exception to the rule of state immunity in the case of human rights violations. To reach this conclusion a survey of the main cases law and theories is done. In addition, the European Convention on State Immunity, the UN Convention on State Immunity, the sovereign immunity acts of the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and Argentina are comparatively examined. This thesis is divided into four parts: in the first part, it deals with notions of jurisdiction and jurisdictional immunity. In the second part, with the evolution of states immunity. In the third part, with the classical exceptions to jurisdictional immunity and in the last with the new exception to the state immunity in the case of human rights violations.