The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the processes of the psychological contract during organisational socialisation. Research on psychological contract tends to focus more on the content and breach of the contract. Very little is known about the formative stages of the contract. Very little attention has also been given to investigating the psychological contract together with organisational socialisation. Linking the two research areas would further our understanding of both the dynamic nature of the psychological contract. This is achieved by investigating the temporal changes of the psychological contract of new employees, pre-entry up to six months post entry into employment. The research also investigates the psychological contract from the employer`s perspective. It utilises Weick`s (1995) sensemaking properties as a methodological framework to better understand these processes. Consistent with the research aim and objectives and social constructionism, a qualitative methodology was adopted. The research used in-depth semi structured interviews to collect data supplemented with sitting in during recruitment interviews in one of the organisations, and data were analysed using template analysis. Periodic interviews were carried out every four to six months post entry. The research consists of two organisations, where each provided two groups for analysis. The findings show that after entry into the organisation, the psychological contract changes in a variety of ways influenced by socialisation into the organisation. A model based on the findings is presented and discussed in the discussion chapter. The research also makes a contribution (methodology) by adopting the sensemaking framework.

Current U.S. college graduates are part of the millennial generation, which is the largest and most well-educated generation of all time (PEW, 2014; Twenge, 2006) and are the future of the workforce. Moreover, recent college graduates have unique job searching and career expectations, which underlie the communication strategies used to search for jobs. While the process of job searching is inherently communicative in nature, job searching is an under studied context within communication research. Although previous research outlines the career related expectations of young job seekers, it fails to examine how recent college graduates search for jobs and communicatively respond to violated job searching expectations. This goal of this study was to determine the communicative strategies recent college graduates use to search for jobs and the role communication plays in responding to job searching expectation violations. Expectancy violations theory (Burgoon, 1978), a communicative framework, is applied in this study to understand how recent college graduates respond to violated job searching expectations. Six research questions guided this study to determine the job searching communication strategies, job searching expectations, career expectations, and expectancy violations that occurred throughout the job search. To answer these questions, I conducted interviews with 20 participants, twice over a three-month period, to qualitatively understand and analyze the job searching processes of recent college graduates. The findings from this study demonstrate that recent college graduates use a combination of traditional job searching strategies and online social networking strategies to find, research, and apply for jobs. While participants expected the job search to be difficult, they were surprised at the amount of intensity and effort job searching required. Interpreting the results through the lens of EVT helped note that the participants with the most realistic job searching and career related expectations had greater success job searching over a three-month period and at the time of the follow up interview, several participants had accepted full-time, post graduate jobs. Expectancy violations theory was essential in interpreting how participants network with interpersonal contacts by offering insight for why participants strategically communicate with contacts based upon their potential reward value. The reciprocation and compensation mechanisms of expectancy violations theory also provided an explanation as to why some participants increased their job searching activity in response to violated expectations and others did not. An especially interesting finding illustrates that participants preferred to receive bad news over no news at all, and even evaluated bad news as a positive expectancy violation because it reduced their uncertainty. Collectively, expectancy violations theory (Burgoon, 1978) and anticipatory socialization research (Dubinsky, Howell, Ingram, & Bellenger, 1986) highlight how recent college graduates form their job searching and career expectations. The findings from this study also contribute to existing job searching research by examining the job searching strategies and behaviors of recent college graduates to better understand how they job search and what they expect from their future employers. Lastly, the findings from this study provide several practical application suggestions for organizations to implement in order to recruit and retain the best young job seekers in light of their current expectations and job searching strategies.

In the Republic of Lithuania laws and Medicines advertising instructions regulate advertising of medicines. State medicines control agency (SMCA) Drug information and monitoring division is responsible for the control of medicines promotion. More attention is paid for the control of advertising of medicinal products, which are available on medical prescription only, and announced in the publications for the health specialists. Register of publications for health specialists is compiled by SMCA according Ministry of health consolidated criteria. Advertising of medicines for the public is screened by choice. SMCA initiate analysis of advertisements by itself or by influence of applications of pharmaceutical companies, supervising their competitors activity, health specialists or other persons notes about non – ethical, Medicines advertising instructions violating advertisements. During the research work the material about advertising of medicines, storied in the SMCA Drug information and monitoring division, was analyzed, commonly occurring violations of Medicines advertising instructions was determined. Following the suggestions of specialists of SMCA Drug information and monitoring division the periodic press was analyzed and results were compared. The most common violation of the Medicines advertising instructions was missing information about medicine in the advertising for health specialists. Others common violations include: misleading advertisements, medicines... [to full text]

The study used a cross-sectional survey design to investigate anger, impulsivity, sensation seeking and driver attitudes as correlates for self-reported acts of risky driving behaviour (RDB), among young drivers. A non-probability sample of 306 university students from two universities in the Durban region completed the self-administered questionnaire. A key focus area included an examination of age and gender differences in the above-mentioned constructs. Fifty four percent of the sample were male (N = 165) and 46% female (N = 141). The mean age of males and females in the sample was 29 years and 25 years respectively. The majority of the sample (75%) indicated that they drive either on a daily basis or 3-6 days a week. With regard to the relationship between the various personality constructs and selfreported acts of RDB, the results indicate that driver anger, sensation seeking, a sense of urgency and a lack of premeditation and perseverance were significantly related to self-reported acts of RDB. That is, drivers with higher driver anger, sensation seeking, urgency, and with a greater lack of premeditation and perseverance in daily activities were statistically more likely to report riskier driving acts. With respect to gender differences, males reported significantly more acts of RDB, while females displayed a significantly lower amount of premeditation in their general daily activities. However no other significant gender differences were observed. The results suggested that driver attitudes were significantly related to self-reported acts of RDB on most indicators. That is, drivers with a negative attitude towards RDB-related behaviours reported significantly less engagement in RDB-related actions.Finally, with respect to age differences, older drivers (25 years and older) reported significantly more negative attitudes towards rule violations/speeding and the careless driving of others. Also, older drivers reported a significantly lower sense of sensation seeking and urgency in life. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.

Visų pasaulio vaikų teisių įgyvendinimas nusipelno nuolatinio visuomenės dėmesio. Šis darbas turi būti dirbamas kasdien ir visur. Kai nėra veiksmingos nacionalinės Vaiko teisių konvencijos nuostatų įgyvendinimo sistemos, pastangos įgyvendinti vaiko teises pasmerktos būti tik simboliniais ir atsitiktiniais poelgiais. Kita vertus, vaiko teisių įgyvendinimas reikalauja imtis neatidėliotinų ir skubių veiksmų, nes šiuo metu labiausiai pažeidžiamos vaiko kaip žmogaus teisės. Milijonų vaikų teisės pasaulyje yra pažeidžiamos kiekvieną dieną visais įmanomais būdais. Nors kai kurių valstybių pažanga yra didesnė nei kitų, nė viena nepasiekė Konvencijos reikalaujamo lygio. Vaiko teisės bus įgyvendintos tik tada, kai valstybės dalyvės bus politiškai nusistačiusios tai padaryti bei turės tam pakankamai galimybių ir žinių. / The implementation of all children‘s rights in the world deserves a constant attention in the society.The work of implementing children‘s rights should be done everyday and everywhere. When there is no efficient national system of the implementation of Children‘s rights conventions standards,all effort to implement the children‘s rights is condemned to be only symbolic and incidental actions. On the other hand, the implementation of children‘s rights requires immediate actions because nowadays the rights of a child as a human are being notably violated. Everyday the rights of millions of children are being infringed in all possible ways. Even though in some countries significantprogress has been made in comparison with others, no country has reached the standard required by the Children‘s rights convention yet. The children‘s rights will be implemented only when the member countries are politically set on doing it and have enough possibilities and knowledge.

Nusikalstamumo, drausmės pažeidimų ir kriminologinės prevencijos teisinis reglamentavimas Lietuvos kariuomenėje tema aktuali, nes karių padaromos veikos sulaukia didelio susidomėjimo visuomenėje. Taip pat ši tema nėra plačiai išnagrinėta. Tyrimo problema - apibendrintos informacijos apie nusikalstamumą ir drausmės pažeidimus Lietuvos kariuomenėje stygius. Tyrimo objektas - socialiniai procesai Lietuvos kariuomenėje bei teisės pažeidimų kontrolė ir reglamentavimas. Tikslas - analizuoti nusikaltimų ir drausmės pažeidimų Lietuvos kariuomenėje procesus ir jų teisinį reglamentavimą bei pateikti siūlymus padėsiančius pagerinti situaciją nusikalstamumo ir drausmės pažeidimų Lietuvos kariuomenėje prevencijos tobulinimo srityje. Magistro baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: 1) atskleisti Lietuvos kariuomenės veiklos bei nusikalstamumo ir drausmės pažeidimų Lietuvos kariuomenėje teisinio reglamentavimo pobūdį, žvelgiant per istorinio konteksto prizmę; 2) apibūdinti institucijas, tiriančias nusikaltimus ir drausmės pažeidimus Lietuvos kariuomenėje, bei atskleisti jų vaidmenį šiame procese; 3) analizuoti kriminologinę nusikalstamumo ir drausmės pažeidimų charakteristiką Lietuvos kariuomenėje 2009-2011 m. laikotarpiu. / The theme – The Legal Regulation of Criminality, Disciplinary Violations and Criminological Prevention in Lithuanian Military is really relevant due to the public interest for deed acts which are committed by the military personnel. This theme is not examined widely. The problem of this research defines the lack of summarized information about criminality and disciplinary violations in Lithuanian military. Research object – the social processes in Lithuanian military, the control and legal nature of law violations. The aim of this research is to analyze the processes and legal regulation of criminality and disciplinary violations in Lithuanian military and to give some suggestions how to ensure effective prevention tools for these activities. The tasks of Master’s Work are these: 1) to reveal legal regulation of Lithuanian military activity, also criminality and disciplinary violations in the military; thought historical view; 2) to describe institutions, whose are investigating the crimes and disciplinary violations in Lithuanian military and to enclose their role in this process; 3) to analyze the criminological characteristic and disciplinary violations in Lithuanian military during the period of 2009–2011.

Tyrimo tikslas yra aptarti vaiko teisių galimus pažeidimus ir prevenciją internetiniuose socialiniuose tinkluose. Magistro darbe analizuojamas vaiko teisių pažeidimų internetiniuose socialiniuose tinkluose prevencijos organizavimas ir įgyvendinimas gimnazijoje, siekiant išsiaiškinti esamą situaciją, kad būtų imtasi konkrečių veiksmų plano. Tyrimas buvo organizuojamas 2012 metų gruodžio 17-21 dienomis. Anketinės apklausos metodu ištirti 170 gimnazijos I ir II klasės mokiniai (iš jų 88 pirmokai ir 82 antrokai) bei 35 pedagogai ir kiti gimnazijos darbuotojai, dirbantys šioje gimnazijoje. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog gimnazistai suvokia internetinių socialinių tinklų grėsmes, dažnai su jomis susiduria pažeisdami savo teises. Šios grėsmės internete juos neramina, o susidūrę su jomis jie linkę apie tai niekam nepasakoti. Mokiniai jaučiasi turį pakankamai žinių ir įgūdžių bendravimui internete, gebėjimų siekiant užtikrinti saugų darbą internete. Atlikta tyrimų rezultatų analizė atskleidė šiuos vaiko teisių pažeidimų internetiniuose socialiniuose tinkluose prevencijos gimnazijoje organizavimo ypatumus: gimnazijoje vis dėlto nepakankamai vykdoma įtaigi prevencinė veikla, gimnazijos bendruomenė šviesdama mokinius apie jų saugų darbą internete apsiribojama gimnazistų paviršutinišku informavimu ir švietimu, ne visi pedagogai šviečia ir informuoja mokinius apie jų saugų darbą internete. Aktyviausiai prevenciją vykdo dalykų pedagogai, integruotų pamokų ir klasės auklėtojai organizuotų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research objective is to review violations of children’s rights in online social networks. In MA thesis there is being analysed the prevention management and implementation of violations of children‘s rights in gymnasium having the aim to clarify a present situation in order the efficient action plan to be created. The research was conducted 17-21 December in 2012. Using the method of questionnaire survey there were interviewed 170 gymnasium‘s first and second graders (out of them 88 first graders and 82 second graders), 35 teachers and other employees who work in this gymnasium. Research outcome showed that gymnasium students realise threats of social networks and face them violating their rights. These threats on the Internet make them feel anxious and while facing them they are tend not to talk to anybody. Students feel quite confident in having knowledge and skills to communicate on the Internet and abilities to ensure safe work online. The analysis of research findings revealed particularities of prevention management in the gymnasium concerning violations of children‘s rights in social networks: impellent prevention activity is not sufficient enough in the gymnasium; the gymnasium community educating students about their safe work online narrow to shallow spreading of information and education; not all teaching staff educate and inform students about their safe work online. The most active prevention is organised by subjects’ teachers during integrative lessons and... [to full text]

<p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> <p align="left">This thesis is a discourse analysis of five testimonies from South Africa&rsquo / s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The aim of the analysis is to explore the ways in which the testifiers perform their identities, construe their experiences of life under apartheid, and position themselves and their audiences in relation to these experiences. The shaping role of context &ndash / both local and historical &ndash / is also considered.</p> </font></font></p>

Examining responses to violations of communication may provide insight into children’s communicative competencies not apparent during reciprocal interactions. In this study, the caregivers of 18-month-old typically developing children, 30-month-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and 30-month-old children with Down syndrome followed our suggestion to playfully violate communication with their children in two contexts: requesting and social interacting. Caregivers of children with ASD made fewer bids and violations, which their children accepted less often than typically developing children; they also used instrumental behaviors more often when responding. Children with Down syndrome responded to their caregivers similarly to typically developing children, and used more high-level communicative behaviors in the requesting, versus social interacting, context. This study highlights the bidirectional nature of parent-child interactions, and suggests that violations of communication may serve as a “press” to elicit child behaviors not present during reciprocal communication.

I dagens samhälle ökar internetanvändningen ständigt och likaså gör näthatet. De som kränker andra personer över nätet anonymt kallas för troll och oftast får det ingen konsekvens. Polisen kan inget göra då det inte finns någon tydlig lagstiftning kring näthat och de som faller offer för näthatet får ta hand om det själva. Syftet med studien är således är att undersöka vad individer som upplevt sig blivit utsatta för någon typ av kränkning på nätet har tagit för lärdom från händelsen samt att undersöka om kränkningar på nätet har påverkat individens välmående. Undersökningen genomfördes med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide på sju informanter. Vi valde en semistrukturerad intervjuguide eftersom vi valde att utgå från den hermeneutiska metodansatsen som bygger på att få en förståelse för en upplevelse. Vi utgick från ett sociokulturellt perspektiv tillsammans med andra teorier som community of practice samt erfarenhetsbaserat lärande som fokuserar på hur en individ lär sig i olika kontexter. Då vi även ville se hur individens välmående påverkades valde vi även att utgå från begreppet KASAM och empowerment. I vårt resultat var de teman vi kunde se i samtliga transkriberingar och de vi tyckte var mest återkommande: Upplevelsen, strategier, och makt. Samtliga informanter upplevde sin situation som jobbig men många kände sig även stärkta av den och de använde sig av olika strategier för att hantera näthatet och lärde sig på så vis att hantera den. Våra informanter kände sig ofta maktlösa då varken polisen eller internetsidan kunde hjälpa dem, de fick då försöka ta tillbaka makten över situationen och blev således stärkta av den. Vår slutsats är att näthat är lika verklig och jobbig som den mobbning som sker i verkligenheten och det behövs en ordentlig lagstiftning kring vad som är tillåtet att säga på nätet. Samtidigt behöver interntsidor ta ansvar och arbeta på sina säkerhetsinställningar och skapa en trygghet åt användaren. / In today's community the ever-increasing use of the internet also causes cyber bullying, those who violate other people over the net anonymously is called trolls. The police can´t do anything when there´s no law around this type of cyber bullying and those who fall victim have to take care of the situation themselves. The purpose of this study is to examine individuals descibed experience about beeing victims of some type of abuse on the net and what they learned from the incident and to examine how violations of the web has affected the individual's well-being. The survey was conducted using a semi-structured interview guide in seven participants, we chose a semi-structured interview guide because we proceeded from the hermeneutic method approach based on gaining an understanding of an experience. We started from a sociocultural perspective with other theories like community of practice and experience-based learning that focuses on how an individual learns in different contexts. We also wanted to see how the individual's well-being was affected so we used the concept of SOC and empowerment. Our results were three themes we could see in all the transcripts: Experience, strategies, and power. All participants perceived their situation as difficult, but many also felt empowered by it, and they used various strategies to deal with the violations and they learned in such way to handle it. Our participants often felt powerless when neither the police or the internet page could help them, they had to try to take control over the situation and was because of that, strengthened by it. Our conclusion is that violations on the net is as real as bullying in real life. The need for a proper legislation about what´s allowed to say online is necessary and internet need to take responsibility and work on their security settings and create a sense of security for the user.