This dissertation examines the role of US legal and administrative institutions in intimate partner violence (IPV) against immigrant women in two instances treated as separate in policy and scholarship: 1) women seeking asylum in the US on account of IPV and 2) immigrant women facing IPV in the US. Through an analysis of congressional hearings, relevant policies and administration, court cases, and interviews with employees at non-governmental organizations that serve immigrant women, this dissertation analyzes the ways in which immigration law intersects with ameliorative policy intended to address IPV in these contexts. In so doing, I develop a broader understanding of how state institutions, policy frameworks, and policy implementation shape the lives of vulnerable immigrant women. Contrary to scholarship that views relevant policies and institutions in the US as well-meaning though inadequate, this dissertation examines the extent to which the state may be directly implicated in IPV against immigrant women and in fostering institutional conditions under which this violence continues to thrive.

La violence est un phénomène fréquent dans les prisons. D'après la théorie générale de la tension (Agnew, 1992, 2002), l'agressivité (Blevins et al., 2010) ou le suicide (Zhang et al., 2008) seraient le fruit de tensions éprouvées par les détenus. Notre recherche s'appuie sur le modèle d'Agnew pour créer et tester une échelle standardisée appliquée aux détenus. Les analyses en composantes principales et confirmatoires montrent des résultats satisfaisants, avec des indices de cohérence interne significatifs. Notre échelle est donc une première ébauche pour mesurer la tension en détention. Nos résultats montrent que les comportements agressifs et suicidaires peuvent être prédits de façon significative par la mesure de la tension. Toutefois, la tension en tant que variable indépendante et les stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et/ou de coping comme variables médiatrices ne permettent pas de mettre en évidence des modèles significatifs. Cela signifie que la tension doit être appréhendée comme une variable proximale. De même, nous testons les effets modérateurs des variables personnelles et judiciaires. Nos analyses infirment l'effet modérateur supposé des facteurs personnels et situationnels, même si la dépression et le stress ont un effet significatif. Enfin, nos analyses de médiations modérées ne sont pas significatives, que ce soit pour les comportements agressifs ou suicidaires. Pour conclure, la tension serait la variable la plus proximale pour prédire la violence en prison, alors que la régulation émotionnelle ou les stratégies de coping auraient un effet plus distal. Comme les variables modératrices n'ont pas d'effet significatif, nous proposons de les considérer comme des formes implicites de tension. La théorie de la tension appliquée aux détenus est un modèle prometteur mais récent, qui n'a pas été testé empiriquement. Ainsi, au travers de cette recherche, nous avons essayé de mesurer la tension, afin de tester ce modèle et d'identifier ses limites. / Violence is common and frequent in most prisons. According to the general strain theory (Agnew, 1992, 2002), aggression (Blevins et al., 2010) or suicidality (Zhang et al., 2008) are caused by strains experienced by inmates. Our study intends to rely on Agnew's general strain theory in order to create and test a standardized scale applied to inmates, since no psychometric instrument evaluating Agnew's model exists. Principal component analyses and confirmatory analyses applied to our psychometric data show satisfying results, with significant internal consistency indices. Our scale is thus a first attempt to measure strain for inmates. In a second step, this research aims at understanding the effect of strains on inmates' violent behaviors. Our results show that aggressive and suicidal behaviors can significantly be predicted by the strain measure. The strains due to daily-life in jail have a direct effect (indirect for Agnew) on inmates' externalizing violent outcomes. Then, we test the mediating effects of coping skills and emotion regulation strategies. The model depicted by our analyses is not fully consistent with the general strain theory. Analyses considering strain as an independant variable and coping skills and emotion regulation strategies as mediating variables are not significant. This implies that strain measure could be seen as a proximal variable. This conclusion does not totally support Agnew's model, which considers strain as a distal variable. In a next step, we test the moderating effects of personal and judicial variables. Our analyzes invalidate the supposed moderating effect of such factors, even if depression and stress are significant moderating variables. Finally, our moderated mediating analyses are not significant, whether on aggressive or suicidal behaviors. As a conclusion, according to our results, strain would be a proximal variable to predict violence in prison, whereas emotion regulation or coping strategies would be more distal. As the moderating variables are not significant, we suggest to consider them as indirect forms of strains. The general strain theory, especially applied to inmates, is a promising but recent model which has not been empirically tested. Therefore, through this research, we tried to measure strain, in order to test this model and identify its limits.

Orientadores: Aloísio José Bedone, Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T06:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mathias_AnaKarinaRiosdeAraujo_M.pdf: 2333211 bytes, checksum: d2218a03e834f163f8301d8f07580bd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Introdução: A não efetivação dos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos decorre não somente da não intervenção do Estado ou da falta de iniciativa das mulheres em busca de seus direitos, mas também pela falta de reconhecimento por estas do que é violência. As mulheres nem mesmo se consideram em situação de violência, o que dificulta a busca efetiva por seus direitos. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção de mulheres em relação à violência perpetrada por companheiro/parceiro em Municípios de São Paulo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, com o desenvolvimento de um estudo descritivo, de corte transversal. O estudo foi realizado a partir da análise secundária de dados coletados de questionário que foi aplicado em mulheres usuárias de Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) de 15 Departamentos Regionais do Estado de São Paulo, no período de agosto/2008 a maio/2009. Foram entrevistadas 2379 mulheres de 18 a 60 anos. Resultados: Das mulheres entrevistadas, 1319 (55,7%) referiram ter sofrido alguma violência do companheiro durante a vida ao responderem afirmativamente a perguntas específicas sobre atos de violência. No entanto, 51,3% das entrevistadas não perceberam a agressão sofrida. De 2367 entrevistadas, 53,2% referiram violência psicológica, 31,8% física e 12,3% violência sexual. Entre estas, 50,3% não perceberam a violência psicológica, 35,3% a física e 23,7% não perceberam a violência sexual. As mulheres que referiram outras religiões (não protestante e não católica), as sem companheiro com casamento anterior, as categorizadas nas classes econômicas mais baixas, as mulheres com menor escolaridade e as que referiram religião protestante tiveram uma percepção mais frequente da violência sofrida [respectivamente OR 2,37 (1,52 a 1,69; 95% IC), OR 2,28 (1,60 a 3,25; 95% IC), OR 2,02 (1,29 a 3,18; 95% IC), OR 1,70 (1,08 a 2,62; 95% IC), OR 1,39 (1,14 a 1,70; 95% IC) e OR 1,39 (1,13 a 1,69; 95% IC)]. Conclusão: A prevalência de violência psicológica foi mais elevada, no entanto foi a agressão menos percebida (49,7%). Necessária a implementação de políticas de conscientização das mulheres a respeito dos atos que devem ser considerados como violência doméstica. Mudanças neste panorama de violência e percepção da violência só poderão ser alcançadas com o envolvimento de todos os profissionais das diversas áreas que atendem casos de violência / Abstract: Introduction: The non-realization of sexual and reproductive rights stems not only of no government intervention or lack of initiative of women in seeking their rights, but also by what domestic violence means. Women don't even consider themselves victims of violence, making it difficult to search effectively for their rights. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the perception of women about domestic violence in the municipalities of São Paulo. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study with cross-sectional analysis from the secondary data collected from questionnaire that was applied to women users of the Basic Health Units (BHU) in 15 Regional Departments of the State of São Paulo in the period of August/2008 May/2009. We interviewed 2379 women aged 18 to 60 years. Results: Between the women interviewed, 1319 (55.7%) reported domestic violence during the lifetime after they responded affirmatively to questions about specific acts of violence. However, 51.3% of women respondents did not perceive the aggression. Between 2367 of women respondents, 53.2% reported psychological violence, 31.8% physical violence and 12.3% sexual violence. Among these, 50.3% did not perceive the psychological violence, 35.3% did not perceive physics violence and 23.7% did not perceive sexual violence. Women who reported other religions (not protestant/not catholic), the women without partner and no previous marriage, those women categorized in the lower economic classes, women with less education and the women who reported Protestant religion had more frequent perception of the violence suffered [respectively OR 2.37 (1.52 to 1.69, 95% CI), OR 2.28 (1.60 to 3.25, 95% CI), OR 2.02 (1.29 to 3.18; 95 % CI), OR 1.70 (1.08 to 2.62, 95% CI), OR 1.39 (1.14 to 1.70, 95% CI) and OR 1.39 (1.13 to 1 , 69, 95% CI)]. Conclusion: The prevalence of psychological violence was higher, however it was less perceived by the women (49.7%). its necessary to implement policies of awareness among women about the acts that must be considered as domestic violence. Changes to this situation of violence and perception of violence can only be achieved with the involvement of all professionals in various areas that meet the abuse cases / Mestrado / Fisiopatologia Ginecológica / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Investigar a questão da violência, particularizando para a chamada de violência doméstica contra a mulher, implica, inicialmente, em identificar como ela é definida e o que se observa, a começar pelo que traz o dicionário, que salienta três aspectos, falando da qualidade do que é violento, do ato violento em si, e do ato de violentar, que são muitos os ângulos pelos quais ela pode ser visualizada. É possível adotar como siginificado mais geral do termo que se trata de uma ação que evidencia brutalidade, abuso, agressão, constrangimento e desrespeito para com uma outra pessoa. De outro lado, por se ter um objetivo de pesquisa empírica, torna-se necessário que se contextualize e delimite a abordagem do estudo. A literatura tem mostrado que são muitas as transformações ocorridas na estrutura das relações familiares, no vínculo conjugal, nos padrões de comportamentos e relacionamento entre os sexos; contudo, essas mudanças parecem ter alterado pouco o problema da violência doméstica contra a mulher, que dispõe, na atualidade, de maior visibilidade, mas que ainda está longe de uma compreensão mais clara e aprofundada da questão, o que justifica sejam feitas novas investigações. Essa pesquisa tem, assim, como objetivo geral, analisar desde a frequência de ocorrência de denúncia de violência contra a mulher, em Delegacia de Defesa da Mulher (DDM), em dois anos seguidos, em cidade de grande porte, até as variáveis relacionadas ao perfil da vítima, do agressor, do relacionamento mantido pelos casais, razões do não seguimento do processo; esta é, portanto, quantitativa e de cunho descritivo, tem por base documentos em que está registrada a visão das mulheres que vivenciaram violência doméstica por parte de seu marido/companheiro e a registraram na DDM de Goiânia, noa anos de 1999 e 2000. Os dados mostram que é alta a frequência tanto da Lesão Corporal quanto da Ameaça (1999 = 885; 2000 = 1833), bem como que há um aumento siginificativo de um ano para outro, o que corrobora com o encontrado na literatura. Os resultados mostram que as vítimas têm idade que varia de 15 a 55 anos, estão em união consensual (57,6%) ou legal (42,4%), cerca de 60% exerce atividade remunerada e na maioria das vezes é ela própria quem faz a denúncia; por outro lado, há um número elevado de mulheres que relatam que a violência ocorre há bastante tempo, bem como de que já denunciaram em outros momentos, voltanto atrás por razões avariadas, que incluem até promessas de mudança de comportamento do marido/companheiro A discussão dos dados centra-se no levantamento de possíveis interpretações quer para o aumento da violência doméstica, salientando as questões ligadas à ampla distribuição etária das vítimas, indicando um fenômeno que perdura, às diferenças na educação do homem e da mulher e o poder que é, em geral, atribuído a ele, à escolaridade e à oportunidade de obtenção de trabalho para cada um dos sexos e finalmente, quais fatores poderiam ser os responsáveis pelo fato de que a grande maioria das mulheres vítimas de violência doméstica, que fazem a denúncia, logo a seguir desistem dela, retirando sua queixa, voltando para a casa e vendo, depois de algum tempo, a situação de violência ser reiniciada, o que levanta a pergunta sobre qual seria, em verdade, a sua expectativa em relação à atuação da DDM. / This research has as objectives investigate the issue of violence, specifically the domestic violence against women. This investigation implies in identifying how violence is defined and what is observed, beginning with what is mentioned in the dictionary, which emphasizes three aspects: the quality of what is violent, the violent act itself and the act of violating - many are the point of views it is possible to glance from. It is possible to adopt the more general meaning of this concept, which is about an action that makes visible brutality, abuse, aggression, constraint and disrespect to another person. On the other hand, by having an objective of empirical research, it becomes necessary to bring into context and delimit the approach of this study. Literature has shown that many are the transformations that took place in the structure of the relations inside the family, in the conjugal bound, in the patterns of behavior and relationship between the genders. Although, all this changes seem to have altered very little the problem of domestic violence against women - which has more visibility nowadays, but still far from a clearer and deeper comprehension of this issue - what justifies that more investigations to be done. This research has as general objective analyze since the frequency of denounces of violence against women registered in police station specialized in defense of women (DDM) in the period of two years in a city of big size, until the variables connected to the features of the victims, the aggressor, the relation kept between the couples, the reasons of not following the lawsuit. The present research has a qualitative and descriptive approach, is based documents in which is registered the point of view of women who have gone through domestic violence perpetrated by husband/mate and pressed charges in the DDM of Goiânia in the years of 1999 and 2000. Data show that the frequency is high both for Corporal Damage and Threaten (1999 - 885; 2000 - 1833) and that there is an expressive increase from the first year to the following - which corroborates what, was found in the literature. Results show that the victims has age from 15 to 55 years, being in non-legalized unions (57,6%) ou civil marriage (42,4%), nearly 60% work in paid activities, and in most of times it is the woman herself who makes the denounce. On the other hand, there are a high number of women who mention that the violence has been occurring for a long time, and the they had already denounced in the past, changing their minds for various reasons, including until promises of change of behavior made by the husband/mate. The discussion of the data collected focuses in the survey of possible interpretations for the increase of domestic violence, emphasizing the issues connected to the wide age distribution of the victims, pointing to a phenomena that remains, despite the differences in the education of man and woman and the power which is imputed to him, the scholarship and opportunity of getting a job for each gender and finally, which factors may be the reasons of the fact that most part of women, who are victim of domestic violence, that press charges, in little time give up and quit it, going back home and seeing, in little time, the situation of violence begin once again, what makes the question of what would be the true expectation towards the actuation of the DDM.

M.Ed. / A school is a place where children are equipped for the world with all its challenges. School has always been developed to be a place of safety, away from all the brutality of the world, and a safe haven for children from the rising tide of perils they increasingly face; perils such as substance abuse, violence, unwanted pregnancy, drop out, teen smoking, and depression (Salovey & Sluyter, 1997). However, headlines in newspapers, 60 POLICE CALLED IN TO QUELL SCHOOL MAYHEM (The Star, 29 August, 2007) and PRIMARY SCHOOL OF CRIME REVEALED (Cape Argus, 29 May 2007) and SWORD-WIELDING SCHOOLBOY KILLS FELLOW PUPIL (Mail & Guardian, 2008) reflect almost all these threats as daily realities for our children. Headlines featuring such crude and often fatal accounts of school violence appear to be the most concerning. It is clear that some children are turning the safe haven which school is intended to be, into a nightmare. In addition, over and above speculation as to the reason for this phenomenon growing in intensity and frequency, the fact remains that schools are no longer safe havens where children are afforded the chance to realize their full potential. Schools are instead becoming four walls and a roof for the breeding ground of moral decay, readily highlighting the urgent need for attention, understanding and action in response to this devastating phenomenon. Having taken cognizance of and perceiving the reality of the broader context of school violence, and encouraged by my passion for children as an educator and future educational psychologist, my research set out to explore the phenomenon of school violence - not through how it plays itself out in schools, nor as a reaction to the phenomenon being experienced at schools, but rather from the preventative and proactive stance of trying to make sense of and harness skills that could better equip and support our children in their daily negotiation of school.

M.A. / Domestic violence is widespread in South Africa, with one in four women being the victims of it. Victims of domestic violence try to change their conditions in the hope that things will get better. Domestic violence takes many forms. Some of the victims experience only one form of violence while others experience different forms. Domestic violence has physical, emotional, sexual, and economic dimensions (Goosen and Shaik, 1998: 1). The Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 was passed in the South African Parliament and became operational on 15 December 1999. Unlike the old Act (i.e. the Prevention of the Family Violence Act of 1993), the new Act addresses a number of problems specific to domestic violence. It also recognizes the range of relationships within which domestic violence occurs as broader than only the relationship between a man and a woman. (Fedler in Reclaiming Women’s Spaces, 2000: 132). Gangaloo (in Naidoo, 1999: 17) mentioned that the preamble of the Domestic Violence Act aims to provide protection to the victims of domestic violence. The Protection Order under the Domestic Violence Act orders that perpetrators of domestic violence stop their violent behaviour against the victims and also that they be of good behaviour towards them. The research problem of the study can be formulated as follows: After the implementation of the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998, on 15 December 1998, a number of victims of domestic violence applied for and were granted the Protection Order in Alexandra Township. However, no follow-up studies have been done in Alexandra on the perspectives of the affected marital couples on the Protection Order. The main goal of the study is to explore the perspectives of marital couples in Alexandra Township on the Protection Order under the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 with the intention of finding out whether the Act is achieving its primary purpose, i.e. to protect victims of domestic violence. The objectives of the research study are: * To explore perceptions on the impact of the Protection Order on family stability * To investigate the attitude of affected marital couples towards the Protection Order * To investigate the understanding of the Protection Order by affected marital couples * To investigate, using the results of the study, whether the Protection Order is achieving its primary purpose – i.e to protect victims of domestic violence. The researcher will be using qualitative research method to conduct the study. The goal of the study is exploratory as it will add new information and knowledge to the field of domestic violence. The research will focus on marital couples, married either in a civil or customary marriage, who applied for and were granted the Protection Order between January 2000 to January 2001. The age group of the respondents varies from 30 to 55 years. The research results of the study show that legal remedies alone will not eradicate domestic violence. The study demonstrates that physical violence may have stopped but victims are still abused emotionally. / MS. H.F. Ellis

M.A. (Clinical Psychology) / According to Dell (1989) violence is a strikingly lineal concept that is difficult to address from a systemic perspective. Regardless of this fact, violence is also operative in large systems and is part of society's predicaments. Violence exacts an enormous social cost which is concerned with the loss of self respect in both the perpetrators and the victims as well as the family and the broader social community (Nell & Butchart, 1989). Exploring how people construct and explain violence and how this affects them is the focus of this study. In addition the study will explore the victims' views on intervention strategies to be implemented to reduce this violence. In short, this is to bring together theoretical knowledge and people's common sense ideas. For the purpose of this study, open-ended interviews which were tape-recorded and conducted in the respondents' own language were employed for the purpose of information gathering. The tape recordings were then transcribed and translated in terms of Meyer's (1989) causal construct in psychology as well clustering similar themes that emerged-under different headings. The findings of this study will show that the subjects explained violence in terms of external causes and their ideas about how to prevent violence were concerned with violence at a political level rather than interpersonal level.

Television has become the primary 'story teller' in our society today (Gerbner, et.al., 1986, 1994). It is an all pervasive technology that most of us aren't even aware of in our surroundings. From airports, bus terminals, restaurants, bars to our own lounges, television is constantly passing on its message to its audience. Its role might vary from just a background noise to active information source, its presence remains constant. However television itself is not static, it is a dynamic medium with a constantly growing presence in our lives. Therefore, there remains a constant need to understand the role television plays in shaping our 'stories' and the current study is a short step towards understanding the role and impact of news media on the emotional responses of news viewers in Pakistan. During the last decade there has been an exponential growth in Pakistan's private media industry. Over 80 channels have already started with a number in the pipeline. Of these channels the most prominent are the 16 24-hour news channels which, for the first time, provided the Pakistani public multiple options for seeking news and information (previously only Pakistan Television, a state owned channel was available) - the Pakistani public is now spoiled for choice. However this growth in the media industry also resulted in the over-exposure of issues as the channels vied for viewers. Consequently the audience is regularly exposed to sensational news and content - with coverage ranging from the graphic to the mundane - as networks compete for ratings. Observing the media's behavior and keeping media effects research on exposure to violence in mind, the researcher was interested in seeing whether regular exposure to violence news and violent acts leads to desensitization of the audience. The relationship between news and sensationalism is an old one, starting from the early tabloids in the early 1900s which focused on crime/violence to attract readers. The same trend can be seen in news channels in Pakistan and abroad. One main reason can be the low cost of covering and reporting a crime or act of violence. The event itself provides the reporter with images and information (no digging required!), the drama of the crisis, its aftermath and consequences provide news channels easy fodder for their news mill which needs to run 24-hours, 365 days of the year. Therefore the aim of the present research was twofold: one, to evaluate the amount of violence/violent content that is being shown on Pakistani news channels; and two, to try and assess the impact of this content on the emotional responses of news viewers. The study also aimed to extend the desensitization hypothesis by arguing that the continued presence of the stimulus responsible for desensitization will result in audiences' crossing the attention threshold; i.e. viewers will ignore the central issues on the media agenda and remove it from their socio-political discussions. The model further suggested that viewers will focus more on the peripheral issues rather than the primary issues in the media agenda. The results of the content analysis clearly show that in both public and private television news violent content is the 2nd highest type of news being reported (with domestic politics being the highest type of news content across both channels). Two types of news on violence were studied: violence resulting in fatalities and violence without fatalities; with the first one have almost twice the volume of the latter type of news content. The content analysis and the first part of the survey analysis provide the pre-requisite information for the attention threshold assumption. One, they confirm the continuous presence of a particular issue in news in large volume; and secondly, the survey analysis provides support for the presence of desensitization amongst the respondents. The tests run for the attention threshold assumption indicated that despite the presence of the issue of violence on the media agenda, it is no longer on the public agenda, and is not a part of the social discourse of the respondents with either their family or their friends. The current research shows that heavy consumers of violent news content tend to significantly have pro-violence attitudes. They also tend to have lower levels of emotional empathy for victims of violence and higher levels of compassion fatigue. While these results were not statistically significant for the sample tested, the results show a consistently low mean, indicating negative trend for both the variables. The respondents were generally in favor of harsher punishments and greater state/military control of the country. Results of the current study indicate that heavy viewers of news media tend to be more desensitized to the violence in society. Their emotional responses are numbed down. For a country like Pakistan, with a history of military intervention in domestic politics and governance, this is a matter of grave concern. Strong feelings of insecurity and mean world syndrome, fed on a steady diet of violent news programing, can further undermine faith in the political system - leading to greater acceptance (and at times active desire) of military sponsored or led control - a situation that is very troubling for Pakistan. While the current analysis is a starting place, news content in Pakistan needs to be studied in greater depth. Future research needs to also focus on the wider range of news channels in Pakistan. This would help identify the effects of different variables like ownership, political affiliations, language and location on the content of news channels. In terms of the survey itself, a broader, more inclusive research in the rural and semi-urban areas of the country would provide better evidence of the effects of news violence on Pakistanis. And finally, a lot more in-depth and extensive research is needed before on the "attention threshold" model for it to be verified and its results generalized. If verified, the model will help future researchers identify why issues of audience concern are no longer getting the requisite attention from viewers, despite having strong media presence.

This thesis employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) of semi-structured interviews to explore participants' experiences of therapeutic relationship using a person-centred approach (Rogers, 1957).

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Violent crime has proven to have profound negative effects, particularly on those living within communities where violence is a dominant feature. The victims often tend to be adolescents, who, while striving for a better future, are often quite vulnerable to its effects. The present study addresses this important social phenomenon which faces the youth of South Africa. There is a growing need to understand the manner in which the ever-increasing exposure of adolescents living in communities which have high rates of violence affects its victims as well as determine those factors which could provide resiliency against those devastating effects. Moreover, this study focuses on adolescents’ sense of hope as a resiliency factor. The purpose of this research study was to ascertain adolescents' understanding of and the meaning they give to exposure to community violence and the extent to which that exposure affects their sense of hope. In this qualitative study, data was collected by means of two, one hour focus groups comprising a total of 14 participants, 14-15 years of age, residing in a community with high rates of violence. The format of the discussion was semi-structured and conducted in English. Various theories were used in order to better describe the information, such as the social learning theory, feminist theory and Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, but the epistemological framework utilized was social constructionism. Ethical principles such as confidentiality and obtaining informed consent were strictly adhered to. The information received from the participants was analyzed using Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis and presented in two thematic categories with corresponding themes discussed accordingly. / South Africa