In this research I have focused on beneficiary and service providers' perceptions toward Arab social obstacles to help-seeking, appropriate intervention methods and obstacles to reintegration into the community after seeking assistance. Through semi-structured interviews and content analysis of local policies, laws and specific service offerings, I sought to contribute to the limited literature that explores how formal institutions that originate from a Western context are adapted to meet the unique needs of Arab victims of domestic violence. I found that the main social obstacles to help-seeking were attributed to a dearth of knowledge about existing services, a lack of confidence in formal institutions such as non-governmental and government agencies, a fear of rejection or punishment from their families and communities, concerns about laws that might increase a woman's vulnerability and limited economic resources.

As the number of cases of the COVID-19 virus spread across the world in the beginning of 2020, governments decided to take measures to stop the spread of the virus. These measures limited individual’s freedom of movement and soon thereafter, the number of domestic violence cases increased. While the increase in domestic violence has almost interchangeably been linked to the enforcement of lockdowns, statistics have indicated an increase in domestic violence in Sweden as well whereas they never enforced any lockdowns. The aim of this thesis is thus to explore this issue further by interviewing staff at women’s shelters and support services in Sweden to examine how they perceive how the pandemic has impacted the situation of men’s violence against women (as most cases of domestic violence is a matter of a man abusing a woman), their organizations, and their relationship with the women. The theoretical lens of shared trauma has been used to explore how the relationship between the organizations and the women have been affected as they navigate through the shared traumatic reality of the pandemic. The analytical tool used in this study is by a thematic analysis, whereas 7 themes were located: (1) Change in the level of support, (2) Change in the level of violence, (3) The role of the media and public perception, (4) Economic uncertainty and vulnerability, (5) Governmental directives, (6) Sharing a traumatic experience, and (7) Posttraumatic growth. The study concludes that the pandemic has impacted the women’s shelters and support services in this study quite a lot, both in negative and positive terms. Whilst the study indicates an increased level of men’s violence against women, the organizations have on the other hand been forced by the pandemic to develop their organizational structure to reach the women who have been isolated in their homes, and thus improved a lot of tools to support these women in the future.

[pt] O presente estudo partiu do questionamento: Como os programas de atendimento a mulher que sofreu violência doméstica e familiar em Manaus-AM tem incluído os homens autores dessa violência, HAV, em seus serviços. A Lei 11.340-2006, reconhecida como Lei Maria da Penha prevê em seus artigos 35 e 45 serviços de atendimento aos HAV em centros de educação e reabilitação e ou programas de recuperação e reeducação,por considerar a importância de ser oferecida uma assistência resolutiva a todos os envolvidos na dinâmica da violência acometida. Assim, para alcançar resposta a indagação feita, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa exploratória de natureza qualitativa, junto aos profissionais que atuam em dois programas públicos de atenção a mulher acometida de violência doméstica, visando conhecer como se dá a aplicabilidade da Lei em relação aos HAV, para além de sua responsabilização pelos atos cometidos. Os depoimentos obtidos revelam a inexistência de ações que atinjam nesse sentido, especialmente os HAV, na esfera governamental, embora os profissionais ouvidos nas entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas considerem de real necessidade a implementação de medidas preventivas e assistenciais voltadas para os homens no enfrentamento da violação dos direitos das mulheres no meio doméstico. Eles compreendem a complexidade da situação de violência vivenciada pela mulher, identificam os obstáculos e a precariedade de recursos disponíveis para se efetivar o acompanhamento de todos os envolvidos no âmbito da violência doméstica. Apontam também algumas iniciativas nessa direção. A aplicabilidade integral da Lei Maria da Penha ainda tem um longo caminho para ser realidade. / [en] This study began with the questioning: How care programs that women who suffered domestic and famile violence in Manaus-AM has included men perpetrators of this violence, HAV in their services. Law 11.340-2006, known as the Maria da Penha Law provides in Articles 35 and 45 care services to HAV in centers of education and rehabilitation and or recovery and rehabilitation programs, considering the importance of being offered a problem-solving assistance to all those involved in the dynamics of violence affected. Thus, the quest to achieve response was developed made an exploratory qualitative research, the professionals who work in two programs of public attention to women suffering from domestic violence, to determine how is the applicability of the Act in relation to HAV for beyond its responsibility for the acts committed. The statements obtained show the absence of actions to achieve this effect, especially HAV, in the governmental sphere, although the professionals heard in the semi-structured interviews of real need to consider the implementation of preventive measures and assistance aimed at men in dealing with violation women s rights in captivity. They understand the complexity of the situation of violence experienced by women, identifying the obstacles and limited resources available to effect the monitoring of all those involved in domestic violence. Also suggest some initiatives in this direction. The full applicability of the Maria da Penha Law still has a long way to reality.

Men’s violence against women is a common social problem affecting many women worldwide. How the problems are described will influence social work, thus making it important to grasp the discourse regarding men’s violence against women. Therefore, this study aims to examine the Swedish political discourse regarding men’s violence against women in order to understand the social conditions relating to violence against women. The political parties being studied are Sverigedemokraterna, Moderaterna, Kristdemokraterna and Liberalerna, since these parties hold the parliamentary majority. Political programs and websites of the parties were studied, as well as public radio and television programs and political speeches featuring the leaders of the political parties. The material was analyzed by using two theoretical perspectives, Connell's theory of masculinity and Butler's theory of grievability. The results of the study drew attention to several tendencies within the Swedish political discourse related to men's violence against women. Three forms of violence were commonly recurrent, such as sexual violence, intimate partner violence and honor-related violence. The violence was often interpreted in the political discourse as a result of culture and values related to people with foreign backgrounds. Furthermore, the study indicates that the parties rarely name violence against women as men’s violence against women and often exclusively refers to intimate partner violence. In addition, the violence is mostly described through gender neutral terms, which ultimately conceals the fact that women more often are victims to violence and that men usually are perpetrators of violence.

This thesis is composed of three essays on the topic of wife assault and is based on the 1993 Violence Against Women survey (VAWS) data. In the first two essays, we estimate the impact of economic status on the frequency of wife assault using several models and large random samples. Tauchen, Witte and Long (1991) (TWL) find that both female and male income have a significant impact on the frequency of domestic abuse. Their study is based on a small, self-selected sample of battered women (n=l25) . In the first essay, we find similar results to TWL when we use a sample and a model much like theirs. However, when we use a Zero Inflated Poisson model and a less self-selected sample of physically abused women (n=877), we find there is less evidence of a significant relationship between either female or male income and the frequency of abuse. In the second essay, we expand the sample to include all currently married women (n=5596) . Again we estimate several models and find little evidence of a significant relationship between either female or male income and the frequency of abuse. In the third essay, we investigate the source of the positive association between the frequency of wife assault in a first marriage and the probability of that marriage ending. We find that the association between abuse and the decision to separate remains significant and largely unaffected when all VAWS variables thought to influence the decision to separate are added to the probit. Most of the variables that are not available in the VAWS do not appear to be capable of generating a spurious positive relationship between the frequency of abuse and marital dissolution. We also find no evidence of systematic reporting differences that might generate a spurious association between abuse and dissolution. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Background: Women are exposed to violence in intimate relationships much more than men and this is a global health problem. Nurses have a responsibility to identify violence in intimate relationships and meet these women in a professional way. Previous research indicates a lack of response from nurses towards women who experience violence in close relationships. Aim: The aim was to describe nurses´ experiences of meeting abused women in healthcare. Method: A literature-based study where eight articles have been analyzed through qualitative design with the support of Friberg's five-step model.  Results: The results showed that nurses experience a strong emotional impact in the meeting with the vulnerable women. They were worried about both women and themselves, which affected them privately. They had to suppress their feelings and they experienced professional dilemmas. It also emerged that lack of time and lack of knowledge was an obstacle to asking the vulnerable women the question. When knowledge and experience existed, a feeling of security was created. Conclusion: Based on this result, the conclusions can be drawn that nurses need additional knowledge about the topic of violence to feel secure in their professional role to meet and identify the women. It is also clear that nurses need strategies to deal with the emotional impact and to have clear guidelines for how the question of violence should be asked. / Syftet med detta examensarbete var att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta våldsutsatta kvinnor i sjukvården. Detta för att framför allt kvinnor i stor utsträckning utsätts för våld av en nuvarande eller tidigare partner. I resultatet framkom det att sjuksköterskor upplever att det finns en kunskapsbrist samt att tiden inte räcker till för att kunna möta och identifiera dessa kvinnor. Sjuksköterskorna blir även starkt känslomässigt påverkade vilket även går ut över deras privata liv. Utifrån resultatet som framkom kan slutsatserna dras att sjuksköterskor är i behov av ytterligare kunskap om ämnet våld. Det är även tydligt att sjuksköterskorna behöver strategier för att hantera den känslomässiga påverkan samt att ha tydliga riktlinjer för hur frågan om våld ska ställas. Mäns våld mot kvinnor är ett samhällsproblem världen över som leder till fruktansvärda konsekvenser för kvinnor. Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar för att identifiera våld i nära relationer och möta dessa kvinnor på rätt sätt. Tidigare forskning tyder på bristande respons från sjuksköterskor gentemot kvinnor som upplever våld i nära relationer. Metoden som användes var en litteraturbaserad studie där åtta artiklar analyserades genom kvalitativ design med stöd av Fribergs femstegsmodell. I studien diskuteras bland annat vad normer kan ha för inverkan på en manlig sjuksköterska som enligt samhällets normer inte ska visa sig sårbar. Det diskuteras samt vilka konsekvenserna blir när sjuksköterskan upplever tidsbrist i arbetet.

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