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The myth of the criminal and animal subjecthood in J.M. Coetzee's DisgraceUnknown Date (has links)
J. M. Coetzee's brutal novel Disgrace questions popular understandings of criminality and victimhood by establishing parallels between its various characters and their actions. Through close reading of Coetzee's descriptions of protagonist David Lurie's behaviors and attitudes towards women, non-human animals, and people of color compared with descriptions of the mysterious trio of men who rape Lurie's daughter and coldly kill the dogs in her kennels, I argue that the line Disgrace draws between Lurie and these men is deliberately flimsy, ultimately all but disappearing if we look closely enough at their behaviors and descriptions rather than their justifications. I also argue that the novel's perpetrators rely upon archetypical "rapist" and "criminal" constructs, resulting in an inability for them to ever accurately address their own crimes, despite Coetzee's descriptive parallels. Ultimately, I read Disgrace as suggesting that there can be no resolution for violence so long as these mythical archetypes persist. / by Ashley B. Harrintgon. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.
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Separate and unequal risks for victimization? an examination of city-level conditions on victimization risks /Like, Toya Z. January 2006 (has links)
Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed February 24, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 187-192).
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Attributions, coping, self-blame and emotional status in victims of rape and domestic violence /Randa, Carrie D. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 67-83)
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Leder strängare straff till färre brott? : En utvärdering av hur 2010 års straffmätningsreform påverkat brottsfrekvensenForslund, Eva, Olsson, Emma January 2017 (has links)
Leder hårdare straff till färre brott? Det sambandet ämnar vi undersöka i denna uppsats. För att att göra det analyserar vi 2010 års straffmätningsreform som förlängde straffen för allvarliga våldsbrott. Reformen påverkade vissa brott men inte alla, vilket vi utnyttjar som ett naturligt experiment i en difference-indifferencesansats. De brottstyper som påverkades används som behandlingsgrupp, medan de som inte påverkades används som jämförelsegrupp. Därefter tolkas skillnaden i förändring hos de båda gruppernas brottsfrekvenser ut. När hela efterperioden analyseras finner vi ingen statistiskt signifikant effekt. Analyseras varje år i efterperioden för sig finner vi en negativ och statistiskt signifikant effekt på 14,9 % av reformen året efter den trädde i kraft (2011). / Do longer prison sentences lead to fewer committed crimes? This paper pursues to evaluate this causation through a difference-in-differences analysis. In 2010, there was a reform in Sweden that meant to make prison sentences longer for some crimes. The fact that the reform affected some crimes but not others is exploited as a natural experiment. We use the types of crime that were affected by the reform as a treatment group and the types of crime that were not affected as a control group. Then we assess the difference in frequency change of the two groups of crimes after the reform took effect. When the whole post reform period is analyzed, we find no statistically significant effects. When the effect is isolated one year after the reform was implemented (2011) we find a statistically significant effect of 14.9 %. There is no statistically significant result when the reform is isolated for 2012 and 2013.
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Agresivita, hostilita a její vliv na interpretaci sociálních situací / Aggression, hostility and its influence on interpretation of social situationsKunšta, Cyril January 2016 (has links)
Goal of a master thesis was to explore connection between aggression and interpretation of ambiguous social situations. In theoretical part of thesis author described theories of aggression, he was dealing with sources of aggression and also with criminal aggression with an overlap to typology of violent offenders. Author also described the problematic of ambiguous social situations and phenomena connected with it. In empirical part of thesis the main goal was to explore interconnection between aggression and interpretation of ambiguous social situations; and to compare group of inmates convicted for committing a violent crimes (n=30) with comparison group (n=30) in external aggression, understanding of ambiguous social situations and perceived social worth. For the purpose of exploring ambiguous social situations, methods DSS and SIP-AEQ were used. For exploring of external aggression were used Rosenzweig's PFT and for perceived social worth the SWS method. Two of four hypotheses were confirmed.
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The state and the state of violence in the Western Cape : an exploratory studyKok, Brenda Nolene 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study concerns the state and violence in the Western Cape. This study was
undertaken because the Western Cape has since 1996 been plagued by violence,
including bombings, assassinations and violent protests. In particular these violent
incidents have been labeled as terrorism or urban terrorism. The South African
government does however not have a definition or a policy promulgated into law
regarding terrorism. Very little progress has been in apprehending the person(s) and
or group(s) responsible for these incidents of violence. The study therefore looked at
violence in the Western Cape in an exploratory way.
The aim of the paper was to (1) find credible appropriate definitions of terrorism, (2)
to identify possible role players in violence, (3) to establish a chronology of violent
events, (4) to identify the frequency, distribution and patterns of violence, (5) analyse
the communication of events. An underlying theme throughout the paper is the weak
state in which violence is a cause, consequence, and indicator of the weak state. The
violence-plagued Western Cape is the geographical focus of the study. The paper
looks at three incidents of violence, representative of the types of violence that have
taken place in the Western Cape. The bombing of the Planet Hollywood restaurant,
the killing of policeman Bennie Lategan and the killing of gangster Neville Herold are
the cases discussed by in paper. For the purpose of the paper, the period of interest is
the transitional period of the 1980's to 1994. The period under study is August 1998
to December 1999.
After careful consideration of all the information the following conclusions where
reached. The killing of Bennie Lategan is a terrorist act while the killing of Neville
Herold and the Planet Hollywood bomb blast are not terrorist acts according to the
definition used by this paper. PAGAD emerged as the major role player involved in
violence. The organization is also complex and multidimensional with various
groupings within the organization. The weak policing and justice systems are among
the factors contributing to violence. The propositions and theories suggested by this study are based on current
information and therefore speculative. Should more information become available
these propositions may need to be revisited. Continual research on this topic is
therefore important. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie gaan oor geweld in the Wes Kaap. Die studie was nodig omdat die Wes
Kaap sedert 1996 geteister word deur geweld, insluitende bomplanting, sluipmoorde
en geweldadige protesaksie. Hierdie geweldige insidente is bestempel as terrorisme
of stedelike geweld. Die Suid Afrikaanse regeering het egter nie 'n definisie of beleid
oor terrorisme nie. Baie min persone of groepe verantwoordelik vir geweld is
voorgekeer. Hierdie studie gaan dus oor geweld in die Wes Kaap.
Die doel van hierdie studie was (1) om 'n definisie van terrorisme, georganiseerde
misdaad, geweld, vigilantisme en Islamietiese Fundamentalisme te vind, (2) om moontlike
deelneemers van geweld te identifiseer, (3) om 'n kronologie van geweld op te stel,
(4) Sekere patrone van geweld te identifiseer, en om te studeer wat hierdie insidente
aan ander kommunikeer? 'n Onderligende tema, in die studie is die swak staat waarin
geweld 'n oorsaak, gevolg en aanduiding is van die swak staat is. Die Wes-Kaap is
die geografiese fokus van die studie. Die studie kyk na drie insidente van geweld wat
alle tipe geweld in die Wes Kaap verteenwoordig. Die bomontploffing van die Planet
Hollywood restaurant, die moord van polisieman Bennie Lategan en bende leier
Neville Herold is die gevalle wat bespreek word in die studie. Vir die doel van die
studie is die tydperk van die 1980' s tot 1994 van belang. Die tydperk onder
bestudering is Agustus 1998 to January 1999.
Na oorweging van al die informasie is die volgende gevolgtrekkings gemaak. Die
Planet Hollywood ontploffing en die moord op Neville Herold is nie terroriste dade
nie, maar die moord op Bennie Lategan is 'n terroriste daad. PAGAD kom te
voorskyn as die grootse deelnemer in geweld. Die organisasie is kompleks en het
veelvuldige dimensies met verskeie groepe binne die organisasie. Swak polisieering
en die regstelsel is onder die faktore wat bydra tot geweld. Die voorstellings en teorië wat voorgestel in die studie, is gebaseer op huidige
informasie en daarom is dit spekulatief. Indien meer inligting beskikbaar gemaak
word sal die afleidings en voorstelle hersien moet word. Voordurende navorsing oor
hierdie onderwerp is daarom nootsaaklik.
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Human Trafficking as A Brand Within the Framework of Human Rights: Case Studies in the U.SUnknown Date (has links)
Recent concern in the United States about human trafficking has been directed
primarily on the foreign victims that are brought into the United States rather than on U.S.
citizenship who become involved. However, the topic has broadened and has significant
impact on the daily lives of U.S citizens. Taking a human rights perspective, this
dissertation explores how human trafficking has been used as a “brand” to achieve
political and/or economic objectives. Human trafficking has taken away the human rights
for individuals and threatens their security. This dissertation is grounded in Critical Theory
and uses narrative analysis as a methodological framework. Using 99 public documents
from Global Report on Trafficking in Persons by the United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime, International Labor Organization, and Office for Victims of Crime and other
Departments of the U.S working on human trafficking issues, with the support of Nvivo
software, the dissertation insists that human trafficking violates human rights, has no
capacity to support human emancipation, and causes human beings to be treated as animals or objects or commodified a brand. Even though a brand is a mark and logo in economic
development and refers to objects, not human beings. Human development is the objective
that everyone wants to achieve. Regardless of development, the welfare of all human
beings must be the chief concern; every effort to halt all human emancipation must be
initiated immediately. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection
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Urban crime in Ecuador : three essays on the role of economic inequalities, population density and emotions / Criminalité urbaine en Equateur : trois essais sur les rôles des inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et les émotionsAguirre sanchez, Andrea carolina 15 November 2018 (has links)
L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et le role des émotions liés aux évènements sportifs tels que les matchs de football.Avant d’entreprendre cette analyse empirique, nous proposons une revue des littératures théorique et empirique sur les déterminants de la criminalité urbaine. Une conclusion importante est que les incitations économiques conduisant à des activités criminelles sont influencées par les schémas de localisation des criminels et des victimes. Partant de ce constat, la thèse propose d’entreprendre trois analyses empiriques à différentes échelles géographiques. Tout d’abord, nous explorons l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur le risque de victimisation en Équateur, en utilisant des données individuelles issues de l’enquête nationale de victimisation. Le principal résultat est que, contrairement aux prédictions, le coefficient de Gini a un effet négatif sur la probabilité d’être victime de vols. Ce résultat pourrait être lié à une ségrégation résidentielle élevée ou à un contrôle social élevé contre la criminalité. De plus, les estimations révèlent une relation croissante et concave entre le niveau de revenu des victimes et la probabilité de victimisation concernant les vols de véhicule, qui augmente avec un revenu mensuel jusqu’à 5,100 dollars, et puis diminue.Ensuite, nous testons l'existence d'une prime de criminalité urbaine (criminalité plus élevée dans les zones urbaines) en Équateur, à l’échelle des paroisses. Le principal résultat indique que la taille des villes a une influence non-monotone sur le taux d’homicide. La probabilité de constater un ou plusieurs homicides est plus élevée dans les paroisses les plus peuplées. Toutefois, le taux d’homicide diminue avec le niveau de population dans les paroisses où se produisent des homicides. Concernant les crimes contre la propriété, les résultats confirment l’influence positive de la population sur le nombre de crime par habitant. Enfin, nous estimons l’impact des matchs de football sur le nombre d'homicides et de crimes contre la propriété dans 16 cantons d’Équateur, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence des matchs de football sur les profils temporels et géographiques des crimes, ainsi que l’impact des émotions (frustration et euphorie) liées aux résultats des matchs sur la criminalité. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'homicides augmente 0.18% avant le match, tandis que le nombre de crimes contre la propriété augmente 12% après le match, à proximité du stade. Les matchs de football entraînent également une diffusion spatiale de la criminalité dans des quartiers éloignés des stades. Les jours de matchs, les crimes contre la propriété diminuent 0.88% avant le match et les homicides diminuent 0.05% pendant le match, dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Après le match, les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété augmentent de manière significative dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Enfin, l'effet des émotions sur les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété n'est pas significatif au niveau agrégé, alors qu’il est significatif en ce qui concerne les homicides commis dans la capitale de l'Équateur, Quito. / Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events.Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels.First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls.Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant.Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito.
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Therapist countertransference experiences of clients' violent crime narratives in the South African context.Berry, Kelly Joan. January 2012 (has links)
AIM: This study endeavoured to explore and understand countertransference reactions that occur when the therapist is exposed to clients‘ stories of violent crime. The study focused on the therapist‘s experiential responses resulting from exposure to traumatic stories and the subsequent consequences thereof. This was contextualized from the particular perspective of South African therapists and their above average exposure to crime related trauma.
METHODOLOGY: A qualitative research design was used with Smith‘s Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) as the methodology of choice. This included a double hermeneutic approach of analysing firstly the perceptions and secondly the meaning of such perceptions within the context of current literature. Nine South African psychologists were purposively selected and interviewed to provide the required data.
CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that both concordant and complementary countertransference play a large role in the therapist‘s experience of 'identification with suffering‘ and feelings of avoidance whilst listening to stories of violent crime. Such concordant identification with the client, if not mediated through awareness of one‘s internal dynamics, can result in the therapist‘s over-identification with the client which may be associated with features of vicarious trauma. One way in which such vicarious trauma states may be resolved by the therapist is through the concordant mimicking of the client‘s need to purge and be contained. Experiences linked to vicarious trauma, however, are not a certainty when working with trauma but rather an outcome that depends greatly on a therapist‘s level of experience, self-awareness and ability to implement coping strategies. Through these mediating factors, what may usually be experienced as vicariously traumatic may be transformed into resilience and self-growth. It appears that the implementation of coping strategies (such as normalization and reframing) are also what allow South African therapists to manage in the context of high crime rates and caseloads. Despite the barriers that the public sector poses, the tenacity and hopefulness demonstrated by some of the participants allowed them to overcome some of the difficulties linked to working with trauma. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
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An exploration of diferences in childhood maltreatment between violent and non-violent male juvenile delinquents, and, Childhood maltreatment and its effects on male delinquent crime physical neglect trumps all : a project based upon an independent investigation /Robertson, Caroline Irene Bill. January 2009 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-60).
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