The facial pits characterizing the snake subfamily Crotalinae have been demonstrated to be important as thermoreceptors in detecting the presence of prey animals and in directing the stroke towards them. So specialized a receptor as the pit organ, if it is to survive, must be functionally effective. If this organ is important in locating prey under natural conditions it would be expected that if these pits were destroyed this importance would be reflected in growth rates, weight changes,, or survival. In twenty of forty snakes collected in the spring of 1963 the pits were destroyed by electric cautery. After weighing, measuring, and marking, the snakes were released at the point of capture. The growth of the recaptured cauterized and non-cauterized snakes was compared. In addition, controlled tests were made with the recaptured snakes, using live mice and light-proof boxes to determine the effectiveness of cautery. A significant statistical difference was found in the growth rates of the females, the cauterized snakes growing more slowly. No difference was found in the growth rates of the males. However, the controlled tests indicates the pits to be important to the males as well as to the females. Weight changes were too variable to reveal differences between normal and cauterized snakes and no difference in survival was evident between the two treatments. To overcome the effect of individual variation in growth rate further study is required of larger samples over a longer time period. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Unlike desert rodents from North America, Allenby’s gerbil (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from the Negev Desert, Israel has evolved with snakes that do not have heat-sensitive sensory pits that enhance night vision. Does this history affect their ability to assess and respond to a snake that has this ability? As a test, we exposed gerbils to risk of predation from various predators, including snakes, owls, and foxes. The snakes included the Saharan horned viper (Cerastes cerastes) and the sidewinder rattlesnake (Crotalus cerastes). The former snake lacks sensory pits and shares a common evolutionary history with the gerbil. The latter snake, while convergent evolutionarily on the horned viper, has sensory pits and no prior history with the gerbil. The gerbils exploited depletable resource patches similarly, regardless of snake species and moon phase. While the gerbils did not respond to the novel snake as a greater threat than their familiar horned viper, the gerbils were cognizant that the novel predator was a threat. In response to both snakes, giving-up densities (GUDs; the amount of food left in a resource patch following exploitation) of the gerbils were higher in the bush than open microhabitat. In response to moonlight, GUDs were higher on full than on the new moon. Based on GUDs, the gerbils responded most to the risk of predation from the red fox, least from the two snake species, and intermediate for the barn owl. Keywords:

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nicole Cristina Lopes Dutra.pdf: 1587085 bytes, checksum: 7c8f39f69da6456b027da52bf00a0794 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-29 / Studies that concern Cerrado (Brazilian s Savannah) fauna are important as we consider the elevated rate of destruction of its landscapes in the last decades. Bothrops moojeni is one of the species of vipers that occur on the Cerrado area and its venom has shown great applicability in health. In the last years, molecular markers have helped in researches that aim to assess the genetic variability. In the present work, we perform the characterization of 5 populations of Caiçaca (Bothrops moojeni) using RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorphyc DNA) markers and also used a scienciometric approach to highlight the importance of this species in health in the site Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), using the method General Search with the key words: serpente , Bothrops and Bothrops moojeni . The obtained Data were used to estimate the magnitude and distribution of variability within and among the groups using AMOVA. Aiming to analyze the patterns of spatial variation patterns, Pearson relation coefficient (r) was estimated between the matrixes of genetic distances and geographic among the populations. With the 5 primers were obtained 59 loci, from which 81 porcent (48) were polymorphic, ranging between 35% and 69% in the groups. The value of f ST obtained with AMOVA was equal to 0,13 (P smaller 0,0001 - 10000 permutations). Thus, it was possible to observe that Caiçaca populations studied presented a low level of genetic variability (He = 0,19) and most of the genetic variation is within the populations, what might indicate that is already occurring a reduction of the rate of gene flow between the populations. Considering the geographic area studied (lager distance was equal to 851,83 km), populations that are geographically near presented a high level of genetic diversity and the genetic variability is not spatially structured. The populations of Bothrops moojeni studied presented low levels of Genetic diversity for the RAPD loci evaluated. Genetic variability is not spatially structured. Concerning scienciometry analyses, the following key-words: serpente , Bothrops and Bothrops moojeni most of the studies concerning zoology (51 porcent), Pharmacology and Pharmacy (32 porcent) and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (23 porcent), there was no paper published till the present date, that aimed to evaluate genetic variability in this species, as well as in the genus Bothrops. We recommend a wide-ranging study to evaluate genetic variability in this species due to its importance to conservation of the ecosystem from which it belong as well due to the great interest in health. / Estudos sobre a fauna do Cerrado são importantes considerando a alta taxa de destruição das suas paisagens naturais durante as últimas décadas. Estudos com marcadores moleculares se fazem importantes, pois auxiliam nas pesquisas que pretendem acessar a variabilidade genética para fins de conservação. Entre as espécies do Cerrado, Bothrops moojeni é uma serpente que vem demonstrando grande aplicabilidade na saúde. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética de cinco populações de Caiçaca (Bothrops moojeni Hoge, 1966) a partir de marcadores RAPD (Random Amplified Polimorphyc DNA), bem como realizar um levantamento cienciométrico da importância da espécie para a área da saúde no sítio Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), utilizando o método GeneralSearch com a palavras chaves: serpentes, Bothrops e Bothrops moojeni. Os dados gerados com marcadores RAPD foram utilizados para avaliar a magnitude e a distribuição da variabilidade entre e dentro das populações por meio da Análise de Variância Molecular (AMOVA). A fim de se avaliar os padrões de variação espacial, foi estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) entre a matriz de distâncias genéticas e geográficas entre as populações. Com base nos cinco primers foram obtidos 59 locos, dos quais 81 por cento (48) foram polimórficos, variando entre 35 por cento e 69 por cento nas populações. O valor do Fí ST obtido pela AMOVA foi igual a 0,13 (P menor 0,0001 - 10000 permutações). Foi possível observar que as populações de Caiçaca estudadas apresentam baixos níveis de variabilidade genética (He = 0,19) para os locos RAPD estudados, sendo que a maior parte da variação encontra-se dentro das populações, o que poderia indicar que já está ocorrendo uma redução na taxa de fluxo gênico entre as populações. Considerando a escala geográfica em estudo (maior distância igual a 851,83 km), populações que estão próximas geograficamente apresentam uma considerável divergência genética e a variabilidade genética não se encontra estruturada espacialmente. No que diz respeito a cienciometria, nas palavras-chave serpente , Bothrops e Bothrops moojeni a maioria dos estudos foi sobre zoologia (51 por cento), Farmacologia e Farmácia (32 por cento) e Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular (23 por cento), não existindo nenhum trabalho publicado, até a presente data, que avalie a variabilidade genética desta espécie. Deve-se proceder com uma análise mais sistemática e de maior magnitude para avaliar a variabilidade genética desta espécie que além de sua importância para a conservação é uma espécie de muito interesse para a área de saúde.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T11:15:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-12T11:30:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-12T11:30:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Cleber Ten Caten - 2018.pdf: 2396519 bytes, checksum: f33219129581f393738906ad6922cecf (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-14 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Traditionally, ecologists and biogeographers have been interested in ecogeographical patterns with increasing demand over the last years. Bergmann´s and Rapoport´s rules are two of the most debated ecogeographical patterns, which propose increasing in species body size and range size, respectively, with latitudes. However, whether such rules widely apply to reptiles remains unclear. Moreover, there might be uncertainty regarding the method used to obtain species geographical range that might change our perception of such patterns. Here we tested different hypotheses regarding Bergmann’s and Rapoport’s rules using the New World Pit vipers (Viperidae: Crotalinae) as biological model, as well as analyzed the robustness of different methods to obtain species geographical range and evaluated both ecogeographical patterns using different approaches. We gathered occurrence data for the 136 Crotalinae species and generated geographical ranges by building polygons from Alpha Hull method and Ecological Niche Modelling. We assessed both rules using a ‘cross-species’ and an ‘assemblage’ approach. The former considers each species as an independent data, whereas the latter consider each assemblage (i.e. a grid cell) to be an independent data. We used Phylogenetic Least Squares (PGLS) and Generalized Least Squares (GLS) to evaluate the cross-species and the assemblage pattern, respectively. The former considers the phylogenetic independence of the data as the latter the geographic autocorrelation and both provide unbiased coefficients and significance levels. Our results show that Bergmann’s rule did not occur in the cross-species level, whereas it was statistically significant in the assemblage level regardless of the method used to obtain range size. We found support for Rapoport’s rule in the cross-species level regardless of the method used to generate range size. Meanwhile, the assemblage analysis was not robust methodologically, revealing different ecogeographical patterns depending on the method used to generate species geographical range. Our findings point that there are inconsistences between the patterns observed in the cross-species and the assemblage analysis, which could indicate that different processes producing these patterns in the cross-species and assemblage levels. Finally, our results highlight that this sensibility is especially evident in Rapoport’s rule assemblage analysis and that when evaluating this pattern in assemblage level the method that will be used to obtain species geographical range should be carefully chosen. / Tradicionalmente, ecólogos e biogeógrafos tem demonstrado grande interesse por padrões ecogeográficos, especialmente durante as ultimas décadas. As regras de Bergmann e de Rapoport são dois dos padrões ecogeográficos mais debatidos, os quais propõe um aumento no tamanho corporal e na área de distribuição geográfica das espécies, respectivamente, com aumento na latitude. No entanto, ainda é incerto se repteis seguiriam essas regras. Além disso, ainda há duvida se o método utilizado para obter a área de distribuição geográfica das espécies pode afetar nossa percepção de tais padrões. No presente trabalho, testamos diferentes hipóteses em relação as regras de Bergmann e Rapoport usando os viperídeos do Novo Mundo (Viperidae: Crotalinae) como modelo biológico, além de analisarmos a robustez de diferentes métodos de obter a distribuição geográfica das espécies e avaliamos os dois padrões ecogeográficos usando diferentes abordagens. Nós reunimos dados de ocorrência para as 136 espécies de Crotalineos e geramos suas distribuições geográficas construindo polígonos utilizando o método Alpha Hull e através de modelos de nicho ecológico. Nós avaliamos ambas as regras utilizando uma abordagem interespecífica e uma de assembleia. A primeira considera cada espécie como um dado independente enquanto a segunda considera cada assembleia (i.e. célula de grid) como um dado independente. Nós utilizamos Quadrados mínimos generalizados filogenéticos (PGLS) e Quadrados mínimos generalizados (GLS) para avaliar os padrões interespecíficos e de assembleias, respectivamente. O primeiro considera a independência filogenética do dado enquanto o segundo a autocorrelação espacial e ambos fornecem coeficientes e níveis de significância não enviesados. Nossos resultados demonstram que a regra de Bergmann não ocorre a nível interespecífico, ao passo que é estatisticamente significativa em nível de assembleia e independente de como foi obtido a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Nós encontramos suporte para regra de Rapoport a nível interespecífico independente de como geramos a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Por outro lado, a analise de assembleia não foi robusta metodologicamente, revelando diferentes padrões ecogeográficos dependendo do método usado para gerar a distribuição geográfica das espécies. Nossos resultados demonstram inconsistência entre os padrões observados nas análises interespecíficas e de assembleia. Finalmente, nossos resultados ressaltam que essa sensibilidade é especialmente evidente na análise de assembleia da regra de Rapoport e que ao avaliar esse padrão em nível de assembleia o método que será usado para obter a distribuição geográfica das espécies deveria ser escolhido cuidadosamente.

Det som studien behandlar är om det finns någon skillnad mellan en elitförening och enmindre ideell förening kopplat till innebandy i Växjö. Centralområdena är ledarnastrivsel, kommunikation och relation inom sina föreningar – Gransholms IF och VäxjöVipers. Genom både kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod har innebandyledare i de bådaföreningarna svarat på enkäter, samt har vissa medverkat i intervjuer. Ledarnas svaranalyserades genom statistiken från enkätsvaren samt det insamlade materialet från deöppna frågorna i enkäten och intervjuerna. Det ideella ledarskapet är det som Sverigesidrottsföreningar runt om i landet lever på. Många ledare tas för givet och vissa får inteden uppmärksamhet som i många fall önskas. Större innebandyföreningar har anställda,medan mindre föreningar lever på det ideella arbetet fullt ut. Risken finns att de tapparsina ideella krafter om man inte visar att man bryr sig om dem. De ideella krafterna ärnämligen inte det enklaste att locka till sig.Hur ser det ut i föreningarna och vad kan man göra åt det? Det är något som kommerpresenteras i slutet av denna studie. Förhoppningen är att studien på lång sikt kan ge ettverktyg till innebandyföreningarna som deltagit, samt att man på sikt delar med sig avdetta verktyg till andra föreningar