The present investigation took place in the State of Virginia, where the instrument of Statewide change was the Standards of Quality (hereafter SOQ). For the first time in the history of Virginia, performance standards for education were prescribed by the State constitution. The State Board was directed, subject to the ultimate authority of the General Assembly, to prescribe Standards of quality for the Commonwealth's school divisions. It was the goal of the study to define those SOQ factors and processes that affected quality education and to determine to what extent State policy influenced quality education. Inherent in the perception of improved quality of education was the assumption of the academic advancement of students. Correlations and hierarchical (stepwise) analysis methods were used to analyze the effects of SOQ policy implementation school divisions in Virginia from 1972 to 1980. The composition of the total variance in the regression equation was examined to identify the effect of the independent variables, i.e., SOQ policy standards, SOQ financial policy - - per pupil cost and classroom teacher salary, the five year planning process and environmental factors on student achievement in reading, mathematics and language arts as measured by the State standardized testing program. A summary of some significant conclusion of the study follows: 1. State test score norms did improve substantially over the period of implementation of SOQ policy. There was some justification from research findings that SOQ policy contributed somewhat to improved achievement, but non-school factors such as percentage of minorities in the community, family income and student ability were found to have the greatest impact on student achievement. 2. Implementation of SOQ policy did not promote equity in teacher salaries, operational cost per pupil and student achievement in local school divisions in Virginia. If the intent of SOQ policy was the implementation of educational policy throughout Virginia, it must be judged to have been effective in getting localities to meet specific program and personnel quantity standards. Yet, SOQ policy fell far short of assuring equal opportunities for academic achievement for students among the school divisions in Virginia. / Ed. D.

Prior research reveals foodborne pathogens, as well as enteric bacteria, can thrive in agricultural soils. Understanding how macro- and micronutrients, as well as meteorological factors and observational factors, impact pathogen prevalence may promote a better understanding of how pathogens persist in agricultural soils. This study aimed to (i), characterize associations between soil properties (e.g., macro- and micro-nutrient levels) and microbial targets (e.g., S. enterica and L. monocytogenes prevalence, fecal indicator bacteria concentration). Three produce farms in Virginia were selected from different regions (i.e., Blue Ridge Highlands, Piedmont, Coastal Plains). Farms were sampled four times to capture seasonal differences. Five soil samples were collected from 20 plots (25m2) and pooled in equal quantities to form one sample per plot. A total of 240 samples were collected. Listeria and S. enterica samples (25g) were processed using a modified FDA BAM method, while generic Escherichia coli (gEC) and total coliform (TC) samples (5g) were enumerated using Petrifilm. Presumptive Listeria and S. enterica positive samples were confirmed by PCR using a single gene. Bayesian mixed models were used to evaluate associations with each foodborne pathogen and indicator organism with factors of interest. S. enterica prevalence was 4.2% (10/240) in soil samples. Of the ten S. enterica positive samples, nine samples (90%) were from one farm in eastern VA. Listeria spp. prevalence was 10% (24/240) with L.monocytogenes prevalence being 2.5% (6/240). The average gEC and TC concentrations in soil samples were 1.53 (range 0.95-4.01) and 4.21 (range 1.23-7.12) log CFU/g, respectively. Bayesian mixed models revealed that pH impacted prevalence of L. monocytogenes and gEC (MAP=5.48, 95% CI=0.75,345.39, PD=0.98, ROPE=0.01), and (MAP=4.87, 95% CI=2.31,12.22, PD=1.00, ROPE=0.00). There was no evidence of an association between S. enterica prevalence and factors of interest. S. enterica was 11.55 times more likely to be detected on Farm C (where prevalence was highest) compared to other farms (95 % CI= 1.36, 1155.27, PD=0.98, ROPE=0.00). Findings show that while soil nutrient trends differ across all farms, it is difficult to determine the strength of these trends due to strong regional distinctions. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / Fresh produce is essential to our food supply but is often a source of foodborne outbreaks since they are often consumed raw and have absence of a "kill step". Importantly, numerous produce outbreaks are often traced back to the production environment with water and soil and common methods of contamination. Additionally, growers are required to identify potential sources of contamination to minimize public health risks. For example, the FDA Produce Safety Rule mandates that growers identify measures that can be taken to prevent contamination from sources including soil and water. Many growers will often test their soils to determine nutrient levels so they can determine appropriate fertilizer amounts to apply to their crops. By understanding how the level of nutrients as well as weather patterns and management factors impact microbial detection, scientists and growers can gain a better understanding of how pathogens persist in agricultural soils. This study looked at sampling soil from three farms in three different regions of Virginia (i.e., Blue Ridge Highlands, Piedmont, and Coastal Plains). Sampling occurred four times across two seasons (fall and summer). Five soil samples were pooled to form one composite sample per plot which totals twenty samples per farm. A total of 240 samples were collected overall for this study. Samples were processed for Listeria and Salmonella (foodborne pathogens) using a modified method from the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM), while generic Escherichia coli and total coliforms (indicator organisms) were computed using Petrifilm. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to confirm the presence of Listeria and Salmonella. Key results from this study revealed that different regions had a significant impact on the presence or absence of Listeria and Salmonella in Virginia agricultural soils. For example, Salmonella was more likely to be detected in the Coastal Plains region, where interestingly, the prevalence was highest (90%; 9/10). The prevalence of Listeria spp. (63%; 15/24) and L. monocytogenes (83%; 5/6 ) were highest in the Piedmont region. Additionally, there was no association between the occurrence of Salmonella and factors of interest (e.g., soil properties, weather factors, observational factors). Additionally, the study found L. monocytogenes was more likely to be detected when soil pH increased. These findings reveal that while soil nutrient, weather, and observational trends differ across all farms, sampling region and time of year create challenges in determining trends due to clear regional differences. This study offers insights into how growers can potentially utilize soil testing (a practice they are already doing) to identify how pathogens may be present in their agricultural soils.

Master of Urban and Regional Planning

There are gaps within American history that overlook histories of other cultures that are embedded and interwoven in this nation’s history. The voices of Natives and African- Americans have been drowned out by dominating Eurocentric views and documentation. This study will document and analyze the entangled histories of Natives and Africans in Virginia during the early colonial period. The purpose of my study is to examine more in depth the relationships and interactions between Native Americans and Africans through historic documents and material cultural studies. I want to find out why and how these peoples formed cross-cultural and created hybrid bonds and cultures through community development, marriage and kinship during the 18th century. This study will cross the boundaries of race, ethnicity, gender, class and nationalism and contribute to a deeper understanding of intersectional processes. It will also demonstrate that relationships between Africans and American Indians were prevalent in the Virginia colony and the Upper Southeastern region as a whole. / Introduction -- Theory and literature review -- Historical context -- Race and racism -- Contact of Natives and Africans -- Conclusion. / Department of Anthropology

This kyanite quartzite deposits at Leigh, Baker and Willis Mountains located in the south central Virginia Piedmont were investigated to determine their genesis, extent, and geologic and petrographic character. Kyanite quartzite in Virginia typically contains 20-40 per cent kyanite, 0-5 per cent pyrite, 0.5-1.5 per cent rutile, a per cent or so of mica or clay with the balance quartz. They occur as single beds within metamorphic rocks ranging from slates and phyllites of the greenschist facies south of Leigh Mountain, to schists and gneisses of the amphibolite facies at Baker and Willis Mountains. Post-kyanite hydrothermal alteration along fractures has altered large segments of the Baker Mountain deposit to clay and topaz. The protolith of kyanite quartzite is believed to have been extraordinarily pure mixture of quartz and kaolinite which was produced by either Iateritic weathering or by circulating meteoric waters. Isochemical regional metamorphism is believed to have occurred in a high pressure, moderate temperature environment in which water was either deficient or able to escape. Fluorine may have had a catalytic effect in promoting kyanite crystallization. No evidence was found of hydrothermal introduction of alumina, or localization of kyanite as a result of differential stress. The rocks enclosing kyanite quartzite in the Leigh Mountain area are believed to be basal members of the lower Paleozoic (?) Volcanic-Slate series. The gneisses surrounding Willis and Baker Mountains may be more highly metamorphosed, infolded remnants of the same series. The kyanite deposits of Virginia are extensive and well situated for mining. Possible reserves of kyanite quartzite containing over 25 per cent kyanite available for open pit mining are measured in tens of millions of tons.

John Hartwell Cocke was a Virginia planter and amateur architect whose style evolved from Jeffersonian Classicism to a revival of English Tudor-Stuart or Jacobethan architecture. This dissertation discusses the Cocke family's Elizabethan roots and advances four theses. The first of these theses is that John Hartwell Cocke implemented Thomas Jefferson's principles for the reform of Virginia architecture. Cocke's most ambitious project, a Jeffersonian Palladian mansion called Bremo, was in the planning stages by 1815. The second thesis is that Cocke's off-plantation buildings signals his break from the Palladianism of Thomas Jefferson in favor of the Jacobean style for his houses and his acceptance of classical Jeffersonian elements for public buildings. The third thesis proposes John Hartwell Cocke as the first practitioner of the Romantic Colonial Revival movement in America in his revival of Tudor-Stuart architecture. The fourth thesis is that John Hartwell Cocke's architectural legacy was expanded by Philip St. George Cocke, the second of his three sons, when the younger Cocke commissioned Alexander J. Davis to build Belmead and later promoted Davis among his circle of family and friends.

Cette thèse vise à étudier la lettre comme un objet littéraire, par une perspective endogène, dans sa relation avec l’œuvre, alors même qu’elle s’en distingue. Par une approche comparatiste, les liens entre une production littéraire et une production épistolaire, qui créent une poétique de la lettre au féminin, sont analysés. Pour cela, les notions de genre et de gender ont été confrontées dans le corpus choisi : les lettres de Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) et celles de Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Elles incarnent deux auteures majeures, mais leurs lettres ont été peu étudiées dans leur ensemble. Ces lettres révèlent un questionnement sur la forme et le style, alors que la question du féminin, par le statut de la femme auteure, se greffe à l’analyse. Une résonance se crée entre l’œuvre et la correspondance de ces deux femmes, qui pourtant se distinguent. En repoussant les limites du genre canonique, la lettre est donc envisagée comme un objet au statut ambigu, une zone intermédiaire, qui longe et trouble l’œuvre, qui se fait poétique par le discours de la femme auteure, et par le processus créatif qui se mêle à l’écriture épistolaire. À partir de cette problématique, le corps de la lettre est tracé en trois orientations : la première se focalise sur le discours de la femme de lettres au sein de la correspondance, la deuxième sur la méthode d’application scripturale et la troisième sur l’invention d’un style. / The aim of this thesis is to explore the medium of letters as literary objects, using an endogenous perspective, and taking into account their relationship with the literary work. Through a comparative analysis, this thesis seeks to explore the links between a literary and an epistolary production, which create a feminine poetics of letter writing. Thus, the concepts of genre and gender are explored in the letters of Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) and those of Marguerite Yourcenar (1903-1987). Though they represent two major writers, not all of their letters have been studied. They reveal a concern for form and style, as well as for the feminine and the status of the woman writer. The letters echo the work of art of the two women writers despite their differences. The frontiers of literary genre are hence disregarded and this study considers the ambiguous nature of the letters, as an intermediate area, which runs along the literary work and disrupts it. Therefore, epistolary writing provides a form of poetics through the voice of the woman author and through the creative process that is involved. As a consequence, the study of the letters is threefold: first, it explores the way the woman of letters uses the epistolary genre to construct her identity. Second, it focuses on the method used in the letters, between the self and the other, between writing, reading and creating. Finally, it examines the letters as a space of style experimentation.

O presente trabalho tem por finalidade discutir a leitura que Lucia Miguel Pereira faz de Virginia Woolf em quatro ensaios, Dualidade de Virginia Woolf, Crítica e feminismo, O Big Ben e o carrilhão fantasista e Assombração, nos quais explora aspectos importantes dos ensaios e romances da escritora inglesa. Para Lucia Miguel Pereira, a nova forma do ensaio idealizada por Woolf consiste em uma renovação estética que a distingue de seus predecessores e contemporâneos pela união da linguagem crítica com a narrativa. Denominada de abordagem humanista pela crítica brasileira, a concepção de Woolf possibilita um espaço de criação artística capaz de envolver o leitor e estabelecer uma relação de intensa proximidade com ele. Entretanto, as explicações de natureza estética de Woolf, que congregam mito e movimento feminista para a criação dessa nova forma, são vistas por Pereira mais como resultado de uma visão pessoal da escritora do que como crítica literária propriamente dita. Com relação ao tempo ficcional, seguindo a sugestão de Lucia Miguel Pereira a respeito da necessidade de interação entre tempo cronológico e psicológico no romance, é feita uma leitura comparativa de To the lighthouse e Mrs. Dalloway, de Virginia Woolf, e Amanhecer, da autoria da escritora brasileira, a fim de demonstrar como ambas lidaram com a temporalidade no romance. O fio condutor da análise é a proposta estética de Woolf e o ponto de vista da crítica brasileira. / This thesis aims at investigating Lucia Miguel Pereiras reading of Virginia Woolf in four of her articles, Dualidade de Virginia Woolf, Crítica e feminismo, O Big Ben e o carrilhão fantasista, and Assombração, in which she explores key aspects of the English writers essays and novels. According to Lucia Miguel Pereira, Woolfs essays are formally innovative and her renewal of the form distinguishes her from her predecessors and contemporaries. Such differences are reinforced by the simultaneous use of narrative and critical language, which raises the essay to status of an artistic creation, capable of involving the reader by means of an interaction and closeness which Pereira names as a humanistic approach. However, Pereira considers Woolfs explanations of her aesthetics, which include myth and feminism, as resulting much more from her very personal stance than as literary criticism as such. As for fictional time, taking up Lucia Miguel Pereiras suggestion about the necessary interaction between chronological and psychological time in the novel, we compare To the lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, and Amanhecer, by the Brazilian novelist, in order to demonstrate how both writers deal with temporality in the novel, bearing in mind Woolfs aesthetic proposal and the Brazilian critics point of view.

本文研究了弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫關於非個人化小說創作的現代主義美學思想，以及該思想在其小說中的體現。筆者認為伍爾夫的辯證式非個人化美學思想同時包含非個人化和作家個性特質，這集中體現在其鮮明的性別意識中。在伍爾夫看來，只有當作家在創作過程中保持著非個人化和超然的狀態，才可能創造出具有代表性和普遍意義的人物，且將作家自身的個性和性別特質完全地融入到文中。 / 本文第一章重點討論了伍爾夫的“雌雄同體“這一概念。此概念意在解決男女作家在其作品中表現出的干擾到作品藝術價值的個人憤恨情緒以及過度的性別意識。第二章分析了伍爾夫非個人化思想中的主體普遍性原則，指出作家應當將個人的，獨特的和特定的指代以及經歷提煉並轉化為具有更大包含性的共同經歷以及非個人化藝術。第三章研究了伍爾夫對於意識流小說的原創性貢獻，並提出其在自由間接引語這種敘述手法方面的創新有助於非個人化思想更全面的表述。續前三章分析了伍爾夫非個人化美學思想中緊密相連的三個組成部分之後，第四章探究了伍爾夫非個人化美學觀中非個人化和作家個性特質緊密相連的關係，指出伍爾夫所提出的“女性語句“強調了男女作家在創作過程中對其性別差異以及個性特色有所體現的重要性，並堅持只有當作家達到非個人化狀態後他們的作品才能全面地體現其個性特色。第五章嘗試使用伍爾夫的非個人化小說創作思想分析了她的三部小說，提出伍爾夫的非個人化思想與其作品間的呼應性。結論部分討論了伍爾夫和湯瑪斯.斯特恩斯.艾略特在非個人化美學觀點上的分歧和相似處並重申了本文的中心論點，即伍爾夫的辯證式非個人化小說創作美學思想同時包含了作家非個人化和個性特色。 / This dissertation is a study of Virginia Woolf’s modernist notion of impersonality in fiction writing and its exemplification in her novels. It argues that featured by a strong gender-consciousness, Woolf’s aesthetics of dialectical impersonality embraces both impersonality and personality. In Woolf’s view, only when the writer is impersonal and detached can he/she create characters of universal significance, with the writer’s unique personality and gender traits fully dissolved into the text. / Chapter One is centered around Woolf’s term "androgyny", which deals with the problem of bitter emotions and excessive sex-consciousness in both women’s and men’s writing. Chapter Two analyzes the thematic principle of universality in Woolf’s idea of impersonality, arguing that personal and particular references and experiences should be purified and transmuted into more encompassing experiences and impersonal art. Chapter Three examines the stylistic feature of impersonality, and argues that Woolf’s original contribution to stream of consciousness novels with its narrative technique of free indirect discourse contributes to a full expression of impersonality. After unraveling the three key components of impersonality which are tightly interconnected, Chapter Four explores the dialectical relationship between impersonality and personality, arguing that Woolf’s proposal of "a woman’s sentence" stresses the writer’s gender differences and personality in writing. As an illustration of Woolf’s impersonality theory, Chapter Five attempts to analyze three of Woolf’s fictions in the light of her idea of impersonality. Conclusion reveals Woolf’s divergence from T. S. Eliot’s pervasive doctrine of impersonality, and reinforces my central argument that Woolf’s aesthetics of dialectical impersonality in fiction writing involves both impersonality and personality. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Huang, Zhongfeng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [292]-304). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abbreviations --- p.v / Introduction --- p.1 / An Anatomy of Virginia Woolf’s Aesthetics of Impersonality --- p.6 / The Dialectical Relationship between Impersonality and Personality --- p.28 / The Critical Heritage of Virginia Woolf’s Aesthetics of Impersonality --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter One --- Androgyny --- p.45 / An Anatomy of Androgyny --- p.51 / The Background of Virginia Woolf’s Proposal of Androgyny --- p.53 / Virginia Woolf and Androgyny --- p.62 / Shakespeare’s Incandescence --- p.69 / Coleridge and Virginia Woolf on Androgynous Minds --- p.74 / Androgynous Models in Virginia Woolf’s Works --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Universality --- p.97 / Authorial Absence --- p.102 / Opposition to Politicization of Art --- p.135 / Poetic Spirit --- p.147 / Universality of Greek Literature --- p.156 / Chapter Chapter Three --- Stream of Consciousness --- p.161 / Stream of Consciousness Novels --- p.162 / Virginia Woolf and Stream of Consciousness Novels --- p.168 / Virginia Woolf and Free Indirect Discourse --- p.182 / Chapter Chapter Four --- A Woman’s Sentence --- p.193 / A Man’s Sentence --- p.195 / A Woman’s Sentence --- p.199 / Write the Body and French Feminisms --- p.216 / Criticism of “A Woman’s Sentence --- p.221 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Virginia Woolf’s Fictions and Impersonality --- p.232 / Orlando: A Biography and Androgyny --- p.232 / To the Lighthouse and Universality --- p.249 / Mrs. Dalloway and Stream of Consciousness --- p.264 / Conclusion --- p.282 / Works Cited --- p.292

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Trata-se de analisar a relaÃÃo entre a morte e o real nas psicoses, utilizando os romances Ao Farol e Mrs. Dalloway da escritora inglesa Virginia Woolf. Recorreu-se à teoria psicanalÃtica desde Sigmund Freud para compreender-se a categoria da morte, chegando atà Jacques Lacan e sua teoria sobre o real nas psicoses. Investigou-se sobre a vida de Virginia Woolf a partir de diÃrios e biografias da autora e percebeu-se que as mortes de diversos entes queridos foram-lhe extremamente marcantes, o que pareceu restar como marca em sua obra literÃria. Dado que a morte era aquilo que do real emergia que mais lhe causava angustia, escrever sobre a morte enquanto um dos nomes do real parecia agir como um intervalo de elaboraÃÃo frente a uma existÃncia fadada ao encontro com o que à da ordem do sem sentido. Exploraram-se os dois citados romances no intuito de compreender de que forma a morte emerge em sua escrita, na tessitura narrativa, na construÃÃo dos personagens, na elaboraÃÃo do enredo, entre outros aspectos. A pesquisa permitiu relacionar como a morte e o real surgem na categoria das psicoses e, particularmente, analisar as possibilidades de elaboraÃÃo para Woolf, via escrita, frente ao encontro com o real, que nÃo fossem um total assujeitamento aos elementos mortÃferos desse real. / This work analyzes the relation between the death and the Real in psychosis, by using the novels To the Lighthouse and Mrs. Dalloway from the english writer Virgina Woolf. One has studied the psychoanalytical theory from Sigmund Freud to understand the category of death, reaching as far as Jacques Lacan and his theory of Real in psychosis. The life of Virgina Woolf was investigated through her diaries and biographies, leading to realize that the death of several loved ones was extremely significant to her, which seems to remain as trace in her life work. Since death was what emerged from the Real that distressed her the most, to write about death as one of the names of the Real seemed to act as an elaboration intermission in the face of an existence fated to meet that whic is from the category of meaningless. The two novels were studied in order to understand how death emerges in her writing, in the storyâs fabric, in the characterâs creation, in the storyâs making, among other aspects. The research allowed one to understand how the relation between death and the Real appears in psychosis and, in particular, to analyze the possibilities of elaboration to Woolf, through her writing and in the face of the encounter with the Real, that werenât her complete submission to the deadly elements of the Real.