No description available.

Twenty-two young men and women of the 49thMilitary Police Brigade of the California National Guard were participants of our nutrition education and health assessment program. The California National Guard has expressed concern of unsatisfactory physical and nutritional status of their personnel related to a nutrition knowledge deficit as evidenced by preliminary data of insufficient dietary intake and poor nutrition knowledge assessment scores. Our program was designed to implement a nutrition intervention including education and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) risk factors, improving body composition, and providing educational lessons intended to alter lifestyle. Baseline data was quantified and analyzed for statistical significance. Participants reported consuming less than average daily recommended calories and variable macronutrient % of recommended values (%Recommended). DXA analysis revealed high %Body Fat (BF), positively correlated with high values of Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) in both sexes. Statistical analyses identify HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and waist circumference as significant predictive variables of VAT, after adjusting for age and sex. Follow-up data from two participants was collected but excluded from statistical analysis due to small sample size. Exploratory (stepwise regression) analysis considering several predictive variables reveals HDL-C is the most significant predictor of VAT (p=0.0011), when waist circumference is excluded from the model, after correcting for age and sex. Waist circumference was excluded with the consideration that waist may be a surrogate measure for VAT. HDL-C seems to be the variable most strongly associated with VAT and HDL-C explains 67% of the variability of VAT (RSquared=0.6741) in the fit model after correcting for age and sex. While the impact of high HDL-C on improved body composition and reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors is well supported by literature, the significance of HDL-C on VAT deposition presented in our findings provokes continued research.

Weight loss has been shown to significantly improve Adipose tissue (AT) function, however changes in AT gene expression profiles particularly in visceral AT (VAT) have not been systematically studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extensive weight loss in response to bariatric surgery (BS) causes AT gene expression changes, which may affect energy and lipid metabolism, inflammation and secretory function of AT. We assessed gene expression changes by whole genome expression chips in AT samples obtained from six morbidly obese individuals, who underwent a two step BS strategy with sleeve gastrectomy as initial and a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as second step surgery after 12 ± 2 months. Global gene expression differences in VAT and subcutaneous (S)AT were analyzed through the use of genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) for adipocytes. Significantly altered gene expressions were PCR-validated in 16 individuals, which also underwent a two-step surgery intervention. We found increased expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA), involved in formation of lipid droplets in both fat depots in response to significant weight loss. We observed that expression of the genes associated with metabolic reactions involved in NAD+, glutathione and branched chain amino acid metabolism are significantly increased in AT depots after surgery-induced weight loss.

No description available.

Não disponível / Background: Visceral adiposity is a risk factor for cardiometabolic diseases and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) represents precise method for measuring visceral adipose tissue (VAT), muscle and bone compartments. The musculoskeletal system deteriorates with aging and may result in osteosarcopenia. Since known risk factors do not fully explain the occurrence of osteosarcopenia, the search for new causal factors, as birth weight (BW) is promising. Objectives: To evaluate whether BW was associated with DXA-determined body composition, bone densitometry and cardiometabolic risk markers in young women from the NutriHS. Paper 1 objective: to propose reference values for DXA-determined VAT, and to test their ability to identify the cardiometabolic risk profile. Paper 2: to examine whether BW was associated with muscle and bone DXA-determined parameters. Paper 3: to investigate whether parameters of muscle and bone compartments were associated and possible predictive factors of these compartments throughout life. Methods: NutriHS is a cohort study conducted in undergraduates and Nutrition graduates and here cross-sectional analyses were performed in 201 healthy women (20-45 years). They answered questionnaires and had anthropometry, muscle strength and performance, DXA-determined body composition and bone densitometry obtained. A random sample of 148 participants had also laboratory tests collected. Multiple regression models, using the directed acyclic graphs-recommended adjustments, were employed. Results: Median age was 23 years and mean BMI was 22.9±2.9 kg/m2. Paper 1: Mean VAT mass and volume were 221.0±306.1 g and 231.8±323.8 cm3, respectively. The third tertiles of VAT were significantly associated with increased frequencies of abnormal anthropometry, HOMA-IR and TyG indexes. Paper 2: Mean BW was 3,199±424 g; BW in quartiles was significantly associated with several muscle and bone parameters. Paper 3: Direct, strong and independent associations between bone and muscle variables were detected. Discussion: Cutoffs for DXA-derived VAT mass (221.0 g) and volume (231.8 cm3) are being suggested for Brazilian young women; these seem able to disclose a mild visceral fat accumulation, prior the deterioration of glucose and lipid metabolism. The role of BW as an early marker for muscle and bone states in young adulthood was shown. In addition, a musculoskeletal profile for a healthy stratus of the Brazilian women was firstly described. Our findings indicated a muscle-bone crosstalk even in young adults and suggested predictive factors (such as BW, physical activity, smoking) of muscle and bone compartments.

O acúmulo de tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) está relacionado com a piora da sensibilidade à insulina (SI) e, por isso, tem sido hipotetizado que a retirada de parte deste depósito, lipectomia (L), poderia melhorar este quadro. No entanto, a L pode ocasionar um aumento compensatório ou uma regeneração do tecido retirado. Para investigar se a L e o exercício afetam ou não a SI e a adiposidade, 36 ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica e divididos em 4 grupos: LT (treinado), LS (sedentário), FT (falso operado) e FS, sendo submetidos à L e/ou treinamento aeróbio. O peso corporal e consumo de ração foram medidos semanalmente. A glicemia de jejum e tolerância à glicose foram avaliados pré e pós-intervenções. Índice HOMA, adiposidade e expressão gênica (mRNA) PPAR, PPAR e TNF- e expressão protéica do PGC1- foram analisados pós-intervenções. O grupo L apresentou maior consumo de ração após L (p<0,05). Foi verificada pior tolerância à glicose no grupo LS (p<0,03) e diminuída insulina de jejum nos grupos LT e FT (p<0,00). O grupo LT apresentou melhor SI (p<0,04). Não houve diferença na adiposidade dos animais (p>0,1). Os grupos LT e FS apresentaram maior expressão gênica do PPAR no TAV comparados aos LS e FT, já no músculo o LT apresentou menor expressão gênica comparado ao FS (p<0,05). O grupo LS apresentou maior mRNA do TNF- comparado aos demais grupos (p<0,05) e maior expressão protéica de PGC1- que o grupos LT e FS (p<0,05). Nossos resultados demonstram que o treinamento melhorou a ação da insulina e em associação à L melhorou a SI. Além disso, a L ocasionou aumento no consumo de ração que pode ter colaborado com a recuperação da adiposidade neste grupo / Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may account for the impairment in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity (IS). It has been hypothesized that the partial removal of VAT known as lipectomy (L) could result in the improvement, while a re-growth of the excised tissue and/or a compensatory growth of non-excised depots seem to occur. To investigate whether or not VAT removal and exercise affect IS and adiposity 36 male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet and assigned to 4 experimental groups: EL (exercised), ES (sham-lipectomized), CL (control-sedentary), and CS; animals were submitted to L and/or exercise training. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly. Fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were assessed pre and post-interventions. HOMA Index, body fat content, PPAR, PPAR e TNF- mRNA and PGC1- protein expression were assessed post-interventions. L group showed increased food intake post-L (p<0,05). CL group presented worsening on glucose tolerance (p<0,03). ET and ES showed lower fast insulin (p<0,00) and EL group showed better IS (p<0,04). There were no significant difference on body fat (p>0,1). EL and CL groups showed higher PPAR mRNA on VAT compared to CL and ES, EL showed decreased PPAR mRNA on skeletal muscle compared to CS (p<0,05). CL group showed greater TNF- mRNA (p<0,05) and greater PGC1- protein expression compared to EL and CS (p<0,05). Our results showed that short-term swimming training improved insulin action and, in association with L improve IS. Moreover, lipectomy has induced increased food intake which may be related with an increase in adiposity at this group

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:23:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6292.pdf: 2287765 bytes, checksum: b3d00bafed75c8cbfaf179911ce21881 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-09 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Ovariectomy in animals (surgical removal of ovaries) is a model used to mimic the menopause in women. The ovarian hormone deficiency alters the lipid profile, increases inflammation and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, sarcopenia, osteopenia, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Resistance training (RT) has been used as a non-pharmacological tool to prevent or reverse the postmenopausal effects. However, there are few studies evaluating the ovariectomy (Ovx) and RT effects on the morphology and angiogenesis of visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the Ovx and RT influence at the size and adipocytes number, gene expression and VEGF-A protein levels and microvessel density in VAT of rats. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n=6 per group): Sham-operated sedentary (Sham-Sed), ovariectomized sedentary (Sed-Ovx), Sham-operated resistance training (Sham-Tr) and ovariectomized resistance training (Ovx- Tr). During the resistance training period, the animals climbed a 1.1m vertical ladder with weights attached to their tails, which were progressively increased; the sessions were performed three times a week, with 4-9 climbs and 8-12 dynamic movements per climb with intervals of 2 minutes between climbs. Histological analysis was performed to analyze vascular micro density and morphology of VAT; gene expression and VEGF-A protein levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Ovx resulted in higher body weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, decreased both VEGF-A mRNA and protein and VEGF-R2 mRNA expression, and decreased the micro vascular density in the VAT of sedentary rats. However, RT was not able to prevent any changes induced by ovariectomy. The data indicated that Ovx impaired the morphology and angiogenesis of rats VAT and that RT protocol adopted did not prevent these changes. We suggest future studies performing adaptations in this resistance training program, associated or not to hypocaloric diet and treatment with estradiol. / A ovariectomia em animais (remoção cirúrgica dos ovários) é um modelo de estudo utilizado para mimetizar a menopausa em mulheres. A deficiência dos hormônios ovarianos altera o perfil lipídico, aumenta a inflamação e o risco de diabetes tipo 2, sarcopenia, osteopenia, obesidade e doenças cardiovasculares. O treinamento resistido (TR) tem sido empregado como ferramenta não farmacológica na tentativa prevenir ou reverter os efeitos da pósmenopausa. No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre os efeitos da Ovx e TR na morfologia e angiogênese do tecido adiposo visceral (TAV). Diante disto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a influência da Ovx e do TR no tamanho e no número dos adipócitos, expressão gênica e concentração proteica de VEGF-A e densidade microvascular do TAV de ratas. Ratas Sprague-Dawley adultas foram dividas em quatro grupos experimentais (n=6 por grupo): Sham operado sendentário (Sham-Sed); Ovariectomizado sedentário (Ovx-Sed); Sham operado treinamento resistido (Sham-Tr) e Ovariectomizado treinamento resistido (Ovx-Tr). Durante o período de treinamento resistido, os animais escalaram uma escada vertical de 1,1 m com pesos atados em suas caudas, que foram aumentados progressivamente; as sessões foram realizadas três vezes na semana, com 4-9 escaladas por sessão de treino e 8- 12 movimentos por escalada com intervalos de 2 minutos entre as escaladas. A morfologia e densidade vascular foram avaliadas por meio de análises histológicas, a expressão gênica e proteica do VEGF-A foram analisadas por PCR em tempo real e ELISA, respectivamente. A ovariectomia aumentou a massa corporal e provocou hipertrofia dos adipócitos, diminuição da expressão de VEGF-A e seu receptor, diminuição da concentração de VEGF-A e redução da densidade microvascular no TAV das ratas. O treinamento resistido não foi eficiente em prevenir nenhuma destas alterações. Sugere-se futuros estudos realizando adaptações neste programa de treinamento resistido, associadas ou não à dieta hipocalórica e ao tratamento com o estradiol.

O acúmulo de tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) está relacionado com a piora da sensibilidade à insulina (SI) e, por isso, tem sido hipotetizado que a retirada de parte deste depósito, lipectomia (L), poderia melhorar este quadro. No entanto, a L pode ocasionar um aumento compensatório ou uma regeneração do tecido retirado. Para investigar se a L e o exercício afetam ou não a SI e a adiposidade, 36 ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à dieta hiperlipídica e divididos em 4 grupos: LT (treinado), LS (sedentário), FT (falso operado) e FS, sendo submetidos à L e/ou treinamento aeróbio. O peso corporal e consumo de ração foram medidos semanalmente. A glicemia de jejum e tolerância à glicose foram avaliados pré e pós-intervenções. Índice HOMA, adiposidade e expressão gênica (mRNA) PPAR, PPAR e TNF- e expressão protéica do PGC1- foram analisados pós-intervenções. O grupo L apresentou maior consumo de ração após L (p<0,05). Foi verificada pior tolerância à glicose no grupo LS (p<0,03) e diminuída insulina de jejum nos grupos LT e FT (p<0,00). O grupo LT apresentou melhor SI (p<0,04). Não houve diferença na adiposidade dos animais (p>0,1). Os grupos LT e FS apresentaram maior expressão gênica do PPAR no TAV comparados aos LS e FT, já no músculo o LT apresentou menor expressão gênica comparado ao FS (p<0,05). O grupo LS apresentou maior mRNA do TNF- comparado aos demais grupos (p<0,05) e maior expressão protéica de PGC1- que o grupos LT e FS (p<0,05). Nossos resultados demonstram que o treinamento melhorou a ação da insulina e em associação à L melhorou a SI. Além disso, a L ocasionou aumento no consumo de ração que pode ter colaborado com a recuperação da adiposidade neste grupo / Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may account for the impairment in peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity (IS). It has been hypothesized that the partial removal of VAT known as lipectomy (L) could result in the improvement, while a re-growth of the excised tissue and/or a compensatory growth of non-excised depots seem to occur. To investigate whether or not VAT removal and exercise affect IS and adiposity 36 male Wistar rats were fed a high-fat diet and assigned to 4 experimental groups: EL (exercised), ES (sham-lipectomized), CL (control-sedentary), and CS; animals were submitted to L and/or exercise training. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly. Fasting glucose and glucose tolerance were assessed pre and post-interventions. HOMA Index, body fat content, PPAR, PPAR e TNF- mRNA and PGC1- protein expression were assessed post-interventions. L group showed increased food intake post-L (p<0,05). CL group presented worsening on glucose tolerance (p<0,03). ET and ES showed lower fast insulin (p<0,00) and EL group showed better IS (p<0,04). There were no significant difference on body fat (p>0,1). EL and CL groups showed higher PPAR mRNA on VAT compared to CL and ES, EL showed decreased PPAR mRNA on skeletal muscle compared to CS (p<0,05). CL group showed greater TNF- mRNA (p<0,05) and greater PGC1- protein expression compared to EL and CS (p<0,05). Our results showed that short-term swimming training improved insulin action and, in association with L improve IS. Moreover, lipectomy has induced increased food intake which may be related with an increase in adiposity at this group

Image-based quantifications of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volumes from segmented VAT areas are increasingly considered for risk assessment in obese patients. The goal of this study was to determine the power of partial VAT areas to predict total VAT volume in morbidly obese patients (BMI > 40 kg/m2) as a function of gender, age and anatomical landmarks. 130 morbidly obese patients (mean BMI 46.5 kg/m2; 94 females) underwent IRB-approved MRI. Total VAT volumes were predicted from segmented VAT areas (of single or five adjacent slices) at common axial landmark levels and compared with the measured ones (VVAT-T, about 40 slices between diaphragm and pelvic floor). Standard deviations σ1 and σ5 of the respective VAT volume differences served as measures of agreement. Mean VVAT-T was 4.9 L for females and 8.1 L for males. Best predictions were found at intervertebral spaces L3-L4 for females (σ5 = 688 ml, σ1 = 832 ml) and L1-L2 for males (σ5 = 846 ml, σ1 = 992 ml), irrespective of age. In conclusion, VAT volumes in morbidly obese patients can be reliably predicted by multiplying the segmented VAT area at a gender-specific lumbar reference level with a fixed scaling factor and effective slice thickness.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by consistently high blood glucose, resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and reduced capacity of β-cells to secret insulin. While the exact causes of T2DM is yet unknown, obesity is known to be a major risk factor as well as co-morbidity for T2DM. As the global prevalence of obesity continues to increase, the association between obesity and T2DM warrants further study. Traditionally, mathematical models to study T2DM were mostly empirical and thus fail to capture the dynamic relationship between glucose and insulin. More recently, mechanism-based population models to describe glucose-insulin homeostasis with a physiological basis were proposed and offered a substantial improvement over existing empirical models in terms of predictive ability. The primary objectives of this thesis are (i) examining the predictive usefulness of semi-mechanistic models in T2DM by applying an existing population model to clinical data, and (ii) exploring the relationship between obesity and T2DM and describe it mathematically in a novel semi-mechanistic model to explain changes to the glucose-insulin homeostasis and disease progression of T2DM. Through the use of non-linear mixed effects modelling, the primary mechanism of action of an antidiabetic drug has been correctly identified using the integrated glucose-insulin model, reinforcing the predictive potential of semi-mechanistic models in T2DM. A novel semi-mechanistic model has been developed that incorporated a relationship between weight change and insulin sensitivity to describe glucose, insulin and glycated hemoglobin simultaneously in a clinical setting. This model was also successfully adapted in a pre-clinical setting and was able to describe the pathogenesis of T2DM in rats, transitioning from healthy to severely diabetic. This work has shown that a previously unutilized biomarker was found to be significant in affecting glucose homeostasis and disease progression in T2DM, and that pharmacometric models accounting for the effects of obesity in T2DM would offer a more complete physiological understanding of the disease.