In Chapter 2, we consider the hydrostatic equilibrium figure of a rotating earth model with arbitrary radial density profile. We derive an exact non-linear partial differential equation describing the equilibrium figure. Perturbation theory is used to obtain approximate forms of this equation, and we show that the first-order theory is equivalent to Clairaut's equation. In Chapter 3, a method for parametrizing the possible equilibrium stress fields of a laterally heterogeneous earth model is described. In this method a solution of the equilibrium equations is first found that satisfies some desirable physical property. All other solutions can be written as the sum of this equilibrium stress field and a divergence-free stress tensor field whose boundary tractions vanish. In Chapter 4, we consider the minor vector method for the stable numerical solution of systems of linear ordinary differential equations. Results are presented for the application of the method to the calculation of seismic displacement fields in spherically symmetric, self-gravitating earth models. In Chapter 5, we present a new implementation of the direct solution method for calculating normal mode spectra in laterally heterogeneous earth models. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of this method for performing large mode coupling calculations. In Chapter 6, we consider the theoretical basis for the viscoelastic normal mode method which is used in studies of seismic wave propagation, post-glacial rebound, and post-seismic deformation. We show how the time-domain solution to the viscoelastodynamic equation can be written as a normal mode sum in a rigorous manner.

L'effet du temps sur le comportement mécanique du matériau bois est déterminant aussi bien dans l'étude biomécanique de des arbres, que dans la réponse des structures bois ou encore dans l'optimisation des procédé de transformation et de conservation de ce matériau.Du fait de la nature polymérique de ses constituants, le bois présente une viscoélasticité fortement dépendante de l'humidité et de la température de l'environnement. Une variation de la teneur en eau sous chargement mécanique a pour effet d'accroître le fluage ou la relaxation, connu sous le nom d'effet mécanosorptif. Les phénomènes mécanosorptifs sont généralement considérés comme indépendants du temps. Toutefois, les contributions du temps et des variations de teneur en eau sont délicates à séparer.Une approche phénoménologique expérimentale a été mis en oeuvre à partir d'essais de fluage à long terme pour décrire la cinétique d'évolution longitudinale d'origine viscoélastique et l'extrapoler au moyen de modèles paraboliques. Les résultats obtenus ont permit d'évaluer un niveau limite de complaisance pour des temps infinis. Les effets mécanosorptifs ont pu être comparés à cette description viscoélastique semblant mettre en évidence des phénomènes irréversibles.La compréhension des mécanismes en jeu lors de ces processus complexes à fait l'objet d'une étude particulière du comportement in-situ de la cellulose par des expérimentations de diffraction de rayons X. Ce travail a montré un comportement de la cellulose cristalline se déformant proportionnellement à la déformation macroscopique jusqu'à l'application d'une valeur seuil pour laquelle la cellulose ne se déforme plus.Le travail réalisé vise à apporter des éléments fondamentaux pour améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de déformation du bois, confronter les normes en vigueur dans son usage à long terme en structure (Eurocodes 5) et développer les lois de comportement mécaniques macroscopiques. / The effect of time on mechanical behaviour of wood is decisive for biomechanical study of trees as well as response of timber structures or improvement of transformation process and preservation of this material.Originating from the polymeric nature of its constituents, wood presents a viscoelastic behaviour highly dependent on humidity and temperature of the environment. A moisture content change combined with mechanical loading creates an increase of creep or relaxation, known as mechanosorptive effect. Mechanosorptive effects are usually considered as time-independent. However the contributions of time and moisture content change are delicate to separate.An experimental phenomenological approach has been implemented based on long term creep test to describe longitudinal viscoelastic kinetics of evolution and extrapolate using parabolic models. The results obtained allow to quantify a finite value of compliance to infinite time. Mechanosorptive effects have been compared to this viscoelastic description and figure out irreversible phenomena.To understand the underlying mechanisms a specific analysis of in-situ cellulose behaviour by X-ray diffraction experiments has been conducted. The behaviour of crystalline cellulose reveals a proportional relation to macroscopic strain until a limit value is reached where the cellulose does not deform any more.The work performed aims at gathering fundamental elements for a better understanding of deformation mechanisms of wood, setting actual standards against the long term creep prediction of timber (Eurocode 5) and developping constitutive equations of wood.

Given their potential applications for a number of engineering purposes, the geomechanics of shale reservoirs is becoming one of the most important issues in modern geomechanics. Borehole stability modeling, geophysics, shale oil and shale gas reservoirs, and underground storage of CO2 and nuclear waste are some of these potential applications to name a few. The growing interest in these reservoirs, as a source for hydrocarbons production, has resulted in an increasing demand for fundamental material property data. Laboratory analysis and constitutive models have shown that rock elastic and deformational properties are not single-value, well-defined parameters for a given rock. Finding suitable values for these parameters is of vital importance in many geomechanical applications. In this thesis an extensive experimental program to explore geomechanical properties of shale was developed. A series of triaxial tests were performed in order to evaluate the elasticity, yielding, and failure response of Marcellus shale specimens as a function of pressure, temperature, and bedding angle. Additional characterization includes mineralogy, porosity, and fabric. Rock samples used in this study came from three different locations and depths: one actual reservoir (~7,500 ft. deep), and two outcrops (~300 ft. and ~0 ft. deep).

Les biofilms sont des édifices macromoléculaires qui résultent de l'adhérence de microorganismes à une surface. Ils sont constitués de cellules enchâssées dans un réseau d'exopolymères d'origine biologique qui forment une matrice extracellulaire. Les biofilms posent des problèmes technologiques et sanitaires dans de nombreux domaines, aussi bien agroalimentaire, médical, ou industriel. Comprendre les mécanismes de formation de ces structures est donc un enjeu majeur. Malgré une grande diversité de la structure des biofilms, de grands principes semblent en régir la composition. Ainsi, la présence de polysaccharides comme l'alginate et la cellulose joue un rôle majeur dans leur formation et dans la définition de leurs propriétés mécaniques. Si la présence de polymères protéiques comme les fibres amyloïdes semble avoir un caractère universel au sein des biofilms, leur rôle dans la formation de la matrice et dans ses propriétés mécaniques restait à définir. Lors de cette étude, nous avons caractérisé la structure et la composition de trois biofilms monobactériens issus de trois espèces différentes P. aeruginosa NK 125502, S. enterica CIP 58.58 et S. epidermidis CIP 53.124. Nous avons décrit la formation de fibres amyloïdes par différents peptides issus de protéines bactériennes impliquées dans la formation de biofilm et montré par différentes techniques qu'ils sont capables de former des fibres amyloïdes. Nous avons notamment identifié un peptide amyloïde, suggérant la présence de ce type de fibre au sein des biofilms de Staphylococcus, mais aussi plus généralement dans les biofilms des espèces exprimant une protéine de type Bap (Biofilm associated protein). Enfin, nous avons analysé les propriétés mécaniques de différentes matrices synthétiques à base d'alginate et de méthyl-cellulose, en présence et en absence de protéines et de peptides amyloïdes afin de mieux comprendre l'apport qu'a ce type de fibre sur les propriétés de ces structures. Ainsi, les fibres amyloïdes modifient les propriétés mécaniques des gels synthétiques, permettant d'augmenter la déformation sous contrainte. En conclusion, ce travail apporte de nouveaux éléments pour la compréhension du rôle des fibres amyloïdes dans le renforcement de la matrice du biofilm. La capacité à former des fibres amyloïdes par un peptide issu de la protéine Bap de S. epidermidis suggère que cette propriété est plus largement présente au sein de cette famille de protéines. Les travaux menés au cours de cette thèse, et l'ensemble des techniques utilisées, avec notamment la mise au point de l'observation de la biréfringence du rouge Congo par microscopie confocale permettront de développer les études sur cette famille de protéines amyloïdes ainsi que sur les matrices complexes de type biofilm / Biofilms are macromolecular structures which result from the adhesion of microorganisms to a surface. They consist of cells embedded in a network of exopolymers of biological origin which form an extracellular matrix. Biofilms pose technological and health problems in many industrial and medical domains. Understanding the mechanisms of formation of these structures is a major challenge. Despite a great diversity in the structure of biofilms, universal principles seem to govern their composition. Thus, the presence of polysaccharides such as alginate and cellulose plays a major role in their formation and in determining their mechanical properties. If the presence of protein polymers such as amyloid fibers seems to be universal within biofilms, their role in the formation and in the mechanical properties of the matrix remains to be defined. In this study, we characterized the structure and composition of monobacterial biofilms from three different species: P. aeruginosa NK 125502, S. enterica CIP 58.58 and S. epidermidis CIP 53124. We described the formation of amyloid fibers by different peptides from proteins involved in bacterial biofilm formation. Morover our results suggest the presence of this type of fiber within biofilms of Staphylococcus, but also more generally in biofilms of bacteria expressing a protein of the Bap family (Biofilm associated protein). Finally, we analyzed the mechanical properties of various synthetic matrices made of alginate and methyl-cellulose in the presence and absence of protein and amyloid peptides in order to better understand the contribution of this type of fiber on the properties of these matrices. Hence, amyloid fibers modify the mechanical properties of synthetic gels, by increasing the deformation under stress.In conclusion, this study provides new evidence for understanding the role of amyloïd fibers in the biofilm matrix strengthening. The formation of amyloid fibers by the Bap protein of S. epidermidis suggests the possibility of a general amyloid behavior in the Bap protein family. A new application of confocal laser scanning microscopy was developped: the use of the confocal microscope to image the birefringence of Congo red.

Lors du décollement d'un adhésif mou (tels que les adhésifs sensibles à la pression, dits PSA), des mécanismes complexes entrent en jeu à l'interface et dans l'épaisseur du film d'adhésif. Afin d¿optimiser ces adhésifs, il convient de maîtriser les transitions entre les différents modes de décollement. Nous avons étudié ces transitons grâce à des matériaux modèles. Nous avons réalisé une analyse quantitative d'expériences de décollement, en nous appuyant notamment sur une nouvelle technique d'analyse d'image. Nous avons également modélisé le comportement mécanique de nos matériaux en traction uniaxiale grâce à un modèle viscoélastique de Phan-Thien et Tanner (PTT) à deux modes. Ces études ont montré la forte hétérogénéité des mécanismes de décollement où des processus à l'interface et dans l'épaisseur de l'adhésif sont en compétition. Pour obtenir des PSA plus efficaces, nous avons donc optimisé leurs propriétés en introduisant un gradient dans les propriétés viscoélastiques du film selon leur épaisseur. Des systèmes bi-couches optimisés montrent d¿intéressantes propriétés, sur surface de forte ou de faible adhésion. Enfin, des adhésifs à gradient continu ont été réalisés et caractérisés via la diffusion d'un réticulant dans un film de polymère puis activation à un instant précis de la réaction de réticulation. / During the debonding of a soft adhesive (as are Pressure Sensitive Adhesives or PSA), complex mechanisms enter in competition at the interface and in the bulk of the adhesive film. In order to optimize these adhesives, it is crucial to understand the transitions between the different debonding modes. We studied these transitions using model materials and carried out a quantitative analysis of debonding experiments with a new image analysis method. We also modeled the mechanical behavior of our materials under uniaxial deformation by using a 2-modes Phan-Thien and Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic model. These studies showed the strong heterogeneity of the debonding mechanisms where process at the interface and in the bulk are in competition. To obtain more efficient PSA, we optimized their properties by introducing a gradient in the viscoelastic properties of the film along their thickness. Bi-layer optimized systems showed interesting properties on surfaces with high or low adhesion. Finally, adhesives with a continuous gradient were realized and characterized by the diffusion of a cross-linker in a polymer film followed by an activation of the cross-linking reaction at a given time

As doenças periodontais constituem um grupo de condições inflamatórias e infecciosas que afetam as estruturas de suporte dental, resultando na formação de bolsas entre a gengiva e o dente que causam retração gengival e a formação de um ambiente ideal para o crescimento de microorganismos, podendo progredir e causar a perda do dente. O tratamento fundamenta-se na remoção dos microorganismos responsáveis pela infecção e a utilização de antimicrobianos e/ou antiinflamatórios. Existem vários estudos comprovando a atividade da própolis no tratamento de doenças periodontais, na forma de solução extrativa. Além disso, nos dias de hoje, busca-se o controle das bactérias subgengivais através da liberação dos fármacos no interior da bolsa periodontal a partir de sistemas biodegradáveis ou não, permanecendo por tempo pré-determinado, exercendo ação terapêutica. Nesse sentido, no presente trabalho, dois sistemas para liberação de própolis no interior da bolsa periodontal foram desenvolvidos e caracterizados. Os sistemas contendo micropartículas de própolis foram baseados em semisólido bioadesivo termo-sensível, formado por poloxamer 407 e Carbopol 934P®, e em precursor de fase líquida cristalina, formado por álcool cetílico etoxilado 20-OE e propoxilado 5-OP e miristato de isopropila, sendo que ambos demonstraram propriedades adequadas à liberação de própolis intrabolsa periodontal. A determinação do perfil de liberação in vitro desses sistemas demonstrou que a própolis pode ser liberada de forma controlada por um período de, no mínimo, sete dias no interior da bolsa periodontal. / Periodontal diseases are a group of inflammatory and infectious conditions that affects the supporting structures of the teeth. It results in the formation of pockets between the soft tissue of the gingiva and the tooth, producing gingival retraction and an ideal environment to the microorganisms growth and can eventually cause the tooth loss. The treatment of periodontal diseases is based on the removing of microorganisms and the utilization of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. There are many studies showing the propolis activity on the periodontal diseases treatment, using propolis extractive solution. Moreover, nowadays, the treatments aim the control of subgingival bacteria through the drug delivery into the periodontal pocket from biodegradable or not-biodegradable systems, staying of a predetermined time, exerting therapeutic action. Thus, in this exclusive study, two into the periodontal pocket propolis delivery systems were developed and characterised. Systems containing propolis microparticles were based in thermo-sensitive bioadhesive semi-solid, composed by poloxamer 407 with Carbopol 934P®, and based in precursor system of liquid crystalline phase, composed by 20-OE ethoxilated and 5-OP propoxylated cetyl alcohol with isopropyl myristate. Both of the systems had showed suitable properties to delivery propolis into the periodontal pocket. The determination of in vitro delivery behaviour of these systems showed that the propolis can be delivered of a controlled way for a time of, at least, seven days within the periodontal pocket.

The tensile strength of the fiber/matrix interface was determined through the development of an innovativetest procedure.Aminiature tensile coupon with a through-thickness oriented, embedded single fiberwas designed. Tensile testing was conducted ina scanning electron microscope (SEM)while the failure process could be observed.Finite element stress analysis was conducted to determine the state of stressat the fiber/matrix interface in the tensile loaded specimen, and the strength of the interface.Test specimensconsistingof dry E-glass/epoxy and dry and seawater saturatedcarbon/vinylester510Awere preparedand tested.The load at the onset of debondingwascombined withthe radial stressdistributionnear thefree surface of the specimento reducethe interfacial tensile strength. For glass/epoxy, was 36.7±8.8MPa.For the dryand seawater saturated carbon/vinylester specimensthetensilestrengthsof the interface were 23.0±6.6 and 25.2±4.1MPa, respectively.The difference is not significant. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

There is a growing interest in the field of Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs).A DEA consists of a thin DE lm coated with a compliant electrode. It expandsin planar directions and contracts in thickness under a driving voltage. Becauseof the similar actuation capability compared with human muscles, it is oftenreferred as artificial muscle. One possible application is to integrate the DEA inwearable devices for tremor suppression. In this thesis, the development of theDEA has been advanced towards this application in three aspects: performanceenhancement, modelling accuracy and self-sensing control. The results presented demonstrate that the combination of pre-strain and motion constraining enhances the force output of the DEA significantly but it also leads to the pre-mature electric breakdown that shortens the operational life. This drawback was suppressed by optimising the electrode configuration to avoid the electrically weak regions with low thickness across the DE lm, together with the lead contact o the active electrode region. The durability of the enhanced DEA was therefore improved significantly. Polyacrylate, a commonly used DE, was characterised for dynamic mechanical loading and electrical actuation. The conventional Kelvin-Voigt model was proved to be deficient in simulating the viscoelastic behaviour of polyacrylate in the frequency domain. The error in modelling was substantially reduced using a higher material model that contains multiple spring-damper combinations. It allows the system dynamics to be shaped over frequency ranges. A detailed procedure was given to guide the parameter identification in higher order material model. A novel self-sensing mechanism that does not require superposition of drivingvoltage and excitation signal was also designed. It reconfigures the conventionalDEA to have separate electrode regions for sensing and actuating. As the DElm deforms under driving voltage, the capacitive change in the electrode regionfor sensing was measured via a capacitor bridge and used as the feedback foractuation control. The self-sensing DEA can, therefore, be implemented with anyhigh voltage power supply. Moreover, the sensing performance is demonstratedto have improved consistency without interference of the electrical field. It alsohas a unique feature of DE lm wrinkling detection.

A viscoelasticidade do pulmão do mamífero é determinada principalmente pelas propriedades mecânicas, estrutura e regulação do músculo liso das vias aéreas. A exposição ao ar poluído pode deteriorar essas propriedades com consequências danosas à saúde individual. O formaldeído é um importante poluente presente em ambientes internos que adentra o músculo liso formando ligações covalentes entre proteínas da matriz extracelular e da estrutura intracelular deteriorando algumas funções do músculo liso das vias aéreas, alterando propriedades mecânicas e induzindo a hiperresponsividade. O primeiro objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de rede viscoelástica bidimensional baseada na tesselação de Voronoi para reproduzir algumas propriedades mecânicas do músculo liso de via aérea a nível de tecido. O segundo objetivo foi comparar os resultados obtidos com o nosso modelo com aqueles previamente observados em experimentos com tiras de tecido após a exposição ao formaldeído. Nosso modelo simula as propriedades mecânicas do músculo liso de via aérea usando um conjunto de molas e amortecedores. Esse conjunto de molas e amortecedores não somente mimetiza as propriedades viscoeláticas do músculo liso mas também o aparato contrátil das células. Nós hipotetizamos que a formação de ligações covalentes, devido à ação do formaldeído, pode ser representada no modelo por uma alteração simples na constante elástica das molas, enquanto que a ação da metacolina reduz o tamanho da mola. Nosso modelo é hábil para reproduzir uma medida de força isométrica onde o músculo liso é sujeito a um agente contrátil, com e sem exposição in vitro ao formaldeído. Assim, a nossa nova abordagem mecanicista incorpora diversas propriedades bem conhecidas do sistema contrátil das células em um tecido a nível de modelo. O modelo pode também ser usado em diferentes escalas biológicas / The viscoelastic properties of the mammalian lung is mainly determined by the mechanical properties, structure and regulation of the airways smooth muscle. The exposure to polluted air may deteriorate these properties with harmful consequences to individual health. Formaldehyde is an important indoor pollutant that permeate through the smooth muscle tissue forming covalent bonds between proteins in the extracellular matrix and intracellular protein structure deteriorating some of the airways smooth muscle functions, changing mechanical properties, and inducing hyperresponsiveness. The first objectives of this work was to develop a two-dimensional viscoelastic network model based on Voronoi tessellation to reproduce some of the mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle at the tissue level. The second objective was to compare the results obtained with our model with those previously observed in tissue strip experiments after the tissue exposure to formaldehyde. Our model simulates the mechanical properties of airway smooth muscle using a set of springs and dashpot. This set of springs and dashpot not only mimic the viscoelastic properties of the smooth muscle but also the cells contractile apparatus. We hypothesize that the formation of covalent bonds, due to the action formaldehyde, can be represented in the model by a simple change in the elastic constant of the springs, while the action of methacholine reduce the size of the spring. Our model is able to reproduce an isometric force measurement, where the smooth muscle is subjected to a titration of a contractile agent, with and without an in vitro exposure to formaldehyde. Thus, our new mechanistic approaches incorporates several well know features of the contractile system of the cells in a tissue level model. The model can also be used in different biological scales

A magneto-acustografia ou, em uma nova terminologia mais abrangente, vibromagneto-acustografia (VMA) é uma técnica que combina técnicas magnéticas e acústicas, a fim de observar o comportamento visco-elástico de um meio material marcado com partículas magnéticas (alvo). A força magnética oscilatória de frequência () provoca, dentro do alvo, movimento das partículas e do meio material com frequência (2). O feixe acústico pulso-eco utilizado para detectar o movimento das estruturas, tem uma frequência de repetição de pulso (PRF), no mínimo, cinco vezes maior que a frequência do movimento do alvo. Assim, a proposta deste projeto foi desenvolver um protocolo de aquisição, processamento e análise da técnica VMA, por meio da implementação de uma plataforma automatizada de aquisição, que forneça dados estruturados para posteriormente através de uma plataforma de processamento analisar diferentes aplicações da técnica VMA em fantomas e in vivo. A primeira etapa foi desenvolver a plataforma de aquisição utilizando um equipamento de ultrassom diagnóstico por imagem. Nesta etapa foi desenvolvido um software, com interface gráfica de usuário, escrito em C++ e Qt com a função de automatizar a excitação magnética e a aquisição acústica de alta resolução temporal, foram definidos os protocolos padrão dos modos de excitação magnética e de aquisição acústica em termos da taxa de aquisição dos frames ultrassônicos para gerar movimentos oscilatórios ou ondas de cisalhamento. Em seguida, os dados provenientes das aquisições foram estruturados por meio de um cabeçalho para transferência para outros computadores através do protocolo TCP/IP. Depois foi desenvolvida um software, com interface gráfica de usuário, para a fase de processamento e análise. O processamento dos frames adquiridos em modo radiofrequência (RF) consistiu em obter mapas de deslocamentos ou velocidades das estruturas internas do meio material utilizado como alvo. Nesta etapa adaptamos o algoritmo de correlação cruzada normalizada com correção de pico de máxima correlação x e obtivemos mapas otimizados para a técnica VMA. A avaliação da otimização destes mapas foi baseada na avaliação entre a resolução espacial e tempo computacional. A partir do uso destes softwares em experimentos com fantomas e in vivo foram desenvolvidos métodos de análise da frequência dos deslocamentos e segmentação/caracterização de ondas de cisalhamento em termos da sua velocidade e atenuação. Por fim, foi implementado um sistema VMA automatizado composto, por uma plataforma de aquisição embarcada em equipamento de diagnóstico por ultrassom para aquisição de mapas de RF e, que posteriormente eram transferidos para um computador com hardware superior para geração de mapas de deslocamento do meio material. Os mapas foram analisados para determinação de parâmetros visco-elásticos. Além disso, através da implementação da técnica VMA, viabilizou-se estudos clínicos de maneira rápida e eficiente, por exemplo, análises gástricas após a digestão de alimentos marcados com partículas magnéticas e produção de ondas de cisalhamento para caracterização viscoelástica. / The magneto motive ultrasound (MMUs) is a novel technique, which combines magnetism and acoustics, in order to observe viscoelastic behavior of medium labeled with inserted magnetic particles. The magnetic force with modulation frequency () creates a mechanical disturbance in the object of study with twice the modulation frequency (2). Was applied a pulse-echo ultrasonic beamforming with pulse repetition frequency (PRF) at least five times greater than frequency of internal structure movement. The aim of this study was to develop an acquisition, processing and analysis protocol for MMUs through implementation of an automated platform for acquisition, which provides structured datasets for further processing and analysis of different applications (tissue mimicking phantoms or in vivo) of MMUs. First step was to develop the acquisition platform using an ultrasound research interface (URI). At this stage was developed a software with graphical user interface (GUI) written using C++ and Qt. This software automates magnetic excitation and acoustic acquisition, which has high frame rate. In addition, were defined default presets to provide oscillatory movement or shear waves. Then was created datasets acquired were structured and a header and transferred to an external personal computer through TCP/IP network. Second, the processing software with graphical user interface for processing and analyzing was developed. The frames acquired in radiofrequency (RF) mode were processed into displacement or velocity maps of medium internal structures. In this stage, we adapted a cross correlation algorithm to optimize for MMUs datasets. The evaluation of these maps was based on tradeoff between spatial resolution and computation time. Protocols for analysis of motion frequency and segmentation/characterization of shear waves, extracting velocity and attenuation for experiments performed with phantoms or in vivo were developed . In this work, it was implemented an automated MMUs system integrated with a software framework running on an ultrasound research interface (URI), which is used for acquisition of RF maps, further transferred for a PC with robust hardware to process into displacement maps. These maps were analyzed to obtain viscoelastic parameters of the medium. Moreover, this implementation of MMUs enables clinical fast and efficient trials for gastric evaluation of meals with magnetic particles and shear wave production for viscoelastic characterization.