The Western U.S. has experienced widespread extension during the past 10’s of millions of years, largely within the Basin and Range and Rio Grande Rift provinces. Tomography results from previous studies revealed narrow fast seismic velocity anomalies in the mantle on either side of the Rio Grande Rift as well as at the western edge of the Colorado Plateau. The fast mantle anomalies have been interpreted as down-welling that is part of small scale mantle convection at the edge of extending provinces. It was also found that crust was thicker than average ab¬¬ove the possible mantle down-welling, indicating that mantle dynamics may influence crustal flow. We present results from P/S conversion receiver functions using SIEDCAR (Seismic Investigation of Edge Driven Convection Associated with the Rio Grande Rift) data to determine crustal and lithospheric structure beneath the east flank of the Rio Grande Rift. Crustal and lithosphere thickness are estimated using P-to-S and S-to-P receiver functions respectively. Receiver function migration methods were applied to produce images of the crust and lithosphere. The results show variable crustal thickness through the region with an average thickness of 45 km. The crust achieves its maximum thickness of 60km at 105W longitude, between 33.5N and 32.2N latitude. This observation confirms previous receiver function results from Wilson et al, 2005. Body wave tomography (Rocket, 2011; Schmandt and Humphreys, 2010) using similar data to what we used for the receiver function analysis, shows mantle downwelling closely associated with the thickened crust. We believe that the thickened crust might be due to lower crustal flow associated with mantle downwelling or mantle delamination at the edge of the Rio Grande Rift. In this model the sinking mantle pulls the crust downward causing a pressure gradient within the crust thus causing the flow. Our S-P images show signal from the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) with an average LAB thickness of 100 km but with a sharp transition at about 1050 W from 75 km to over 100 km. The region with abnormally thick crust overlies a region where the lithosphere appears to have a break. We interpret our results as showing that lower lithosphere has and is delaminating near the edge of the Great Plains accompanied by lower crustal flow in some places determined by lower crustal viscosity. / text

Semi-crystalline polymers have shown increased crystalline order and size when confined in multilayered films by coextrusion1. The resulting large crystals lead to dramatic improvements in gas barrier properties. Ordered polymers whose characteristics are between that of the liquid phase and the crystalline phase are known as liquid crystalline polymers. The highly ordered mesogens in liquid crystalline polymers contribute to their exceptional bulk properties. In this research, side-chain liquid crystalline polymers were confined in multilayered films, made by either multilayer coextrusion or spin coating, with a non-liquid crystalline polymer in an attempt to improve the ordering of the liquid crystalline mesogens. The liquid crystalline behavior and morphology was studied to understand the correlation between the confinement size and the properties of the multilayer films. Commercial main chain liquid crystalline polymers and hydrogen bonded liquid crystalline polymers were also explored in this research for their use in multilayer coextrusion. / text

A viscous/inviscid interaction method for predicting the effect of viscosity on the performance of wetted and cavitating propulsors is presented. The emphasis is placed on steady wetted and cavitating propulsor flows. A three-dimensional low order potential based boundary element method is strongly coupled with a two dimensional integral boundary layer analysis method based on the strip theory assumption. The influence of viscosity on the outer inviscid flow is modeled through the wall transpiration model by distributing “blowing” sources on the propulsor blade and trailing wake surfaces. The boundary layer edge velocities are expressed as the sum of the inviscid edge velocity and a correction which depends only on the boundary layer variables. The influence of outer potential flow on the inner boundary layer flow is considered through the edge velocities. In the case of sheet cavitation, a “thin” cavity approach is employed and the viscous/inviscid interaction method is applied on the blade surface underneath the cavity. On the cavity surface, the friction force coefficient is forced to be zero. Numerical predictions by the present viscous/inviscid interaction method are presented for open, ducted, and water-jet propulsors. For water-jet propulsors, the flow is solved in an iterative manner by solving the rotor and stator problems separately and by considering the time-averaged effects of one component on the other. Predicted forces, pressure distributions, and boundary layer variables are compared with those predicted by other numerical methods and experimental measurements. / text

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19091号 / エネ博第315号 / 新制||エネ||64 / 32042 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 前川 孝, 教授 中村 祐司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

In this thesis we study the properties of strongly-coupled large-N conformal field theories (CFT’s) using AdS/CFT correspondence. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction. In Chapter 2 we study the shear viscosity of strongly-coupled large-N conformal field theories. We find that it is affected by \(R^2\) corrections to the AdS action and present an example of 4D theory in which the the conjectured universal lower bound on viscosity-to-entropy ratio \(\eta/s > 1/4 \pi\) is violated by 1/N corrections. This fact proves that there is no universal lower bound of \(1/4 \pi\) on viscosity-to-entropy ratio and may be relevant for the studies of QCD quark-gluon plasma for which this ratio is experimentally found to be close to \(1/4 \pi\). In Chapter 3 we study the formation of the electron star in 4D AdS space. We show that in a gravity theory with charged fermions a layer of charged fermion fluid may form at a finite distance from the charged black hole. We show that these “electron stars” are candidate gravity duals for strongly interacting fermion systems at finite density and finite temperature. Entropy density for such systems scales as \(s \sim T^{2/z}\) at low temperatures as expected from IR criticality of electron stars solutions. / Physics

Stärkelse används vid papperstillverkning för att öka styrkeegenskaperna hos pappret. Denna stärkelse kan av olika anledningar brytas ned och bli sämre, då främst på grund av bakterier. Detta kan leda till försämrad papperskvalitet och i värsta fall kassationer av slutprodukten. För att undersöka om stärkelsen blivit angripen av bakterier kan man göra en bakterieodling. Nackdelen med detta är att det tar väldigt lång tid innan man ser något resultat. En annan effekt av bakterierna är att stärkelsens viskositet blir lägre, dvs. vätskan blir mindre trögflytande. Detta är en parameter som kan mätas med en viskometer. Syftet är att utarbeta en ny mätstandard för att detektera bakteriella angrepp, där den främsta fördelen är att mätmetoden ger en snabb och säker respons och därmed minskar reaktionstiden för att motverka bakterierna. Målet med examensarbetet är att mäta viskositeten på stärkelse kokad i bruket samt på stärkelse kokad på labb och därmed börja bygga upp en databas med värden för att validera viskometern. Arbetet har utförts i laboratoriet på Tech Center vid Smurfit Kappa, Piteå. En viktig upptäckt som gjordes var att pH-värdet kan vara lågt men det betyder nödvändigtvis inte att man har ett bakterieangrepp. Arbetet begränsas väldigt mycket av tidsperioden på fem veckor och det är möjligt att fler mätningar skulle ge ett annat resultat. De mätningar som gjorts tyder dock på att det går att mäta viskositeten på stärkelsen dag till dag och att parametern kommer att vara oförändrad så länge koncentrationen är konstant. Arbetet med insamling av mätdata från labbkokad stärkelse samt stärkelse kokad i jetkokare på bruket är en början till att validera metoden. Fler mätningar kommer att utföras för att kunna föra statistik på viskositeten. Punkter som temperatur och koncentrationsgradienters effekt på viskositeten kommer att utvärderas. Målet är att kunna korrigera för dessa så att man i slutändan ska kunna korrelera data till bakteriella angrepp. Om detta lyckas är nästa steg att implementera metoden som en standard på laboratoriet. / Starch is used in papermaking to increase the strength properties of the paper. The starch can for various reasons degrade and become worse, primarily due to bacteria. This can lead to poor paper quality and in worst case to rejects of the final product. To investigate whether the starch has become infested with bacteria, a bacteria culture can be made. The downside of this is that it takes very long time before any results can be seen. Another effect of the bacteria is that the viscosity of the starch gets lower, i.e. the liquid becomes less viscous. This is a parameter that can be measured with a viscometer. The aim is to develop a new measurement standard for detecting bacterial attacks, where the main advantage is that the method provides a quick and reliable response, thus reducing the reaction time to counteract the bacteria. The goal of the project is to measure the viscosity of starch cooked in the mill and starch cooked in the lab and by doing so, start to build up a database of values to validate the viscometer. The work has been carried out in the laboratory at Tech Center at Smurfit Kappa, Piteå. An important discovery was made that the pH may be low but it does not necessarily have to be a bacterial attack. The work is limited a lot by the time period of five weeks and it is possible that more measurements would produce a different result. The measurements made suggest that it is possible to measure the viscosity of the starch from one day to another and that the parameter will remain unchanged as long as the concentration is constant. The work of collecting data from lab cooked starch and starch cooked in the jet boiler at the mill is the beginning to validate the method. More measurements will be carried out in order to keep statistics of the viscosity. Factors like temperature and concentration’s effects on the viscosity will be evaluated. The goal is to correct for these in order to be able to correlate data to a bacterial infestation. If successful, the next step is to implement the method as a standard in the laboratory.

Polymers play a key role in several EOR processes such as polymer flooding, surfactant-polymer flooding and alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding due to their critical importance of mobility control in achieving high oil recovery from these processes. Numerical simulators are used to predict the performance of all of these processes and in particular the injection rate of the chemical solutions containing polymer; since the economics is very sensitive to the injection rates. Injection rates are governed by the injection viscosity, thus, it is very important to model the polymer viscosity accurately. For the predictions to be accurate, not only the viscosity model must be accurate, but also the calculation of equivalent shear rate in each gridblock must be accurate because the non-Newtonian viscosity models depend on this shear rate. As the size of the gridblock increases, the calculation of this velocity becomes less numerically accurate, especially close to wells. This research presents improvements in polymer viscosity model. Using the improvements in shear thinning model, the laboratory polymer rheology data was better matched. For the first time, polymer viscosity was modeled for complete range of velocity using the Unified Viscosity Model for published laboratory data. New models were developed for relaxation time, time constant and high shear viscosity during that match. These models were then used to match currently available HPAM polymer's laboratory data and predict its viscosity for various concentrations for full flow velocity range. This research presents the need for injectivity correction when large grid sizes are used. Use of large grid sizes to simulate large reservoir due to computation constraints induces errors in shear rate calculations near the wellbore and underestimate polymer solution viscosity. Underestimated polymer solution viscosities lead to incorrect injectivity calculation. In some cases, depending on the well grid block size, this difference between a fine scale and a coarse simulation could be as much as 100%. This study focuses on minimizing those errors. This methodology although needs some more work, but can be used in accurate predictions of reservoir simulation studies of chemical enhanced oil recovery processes involving polymers. / text

Iš pirmo žvilgsnio odos terapija atrodo paprasta, tačiau moksliškai pagrįstas pusiau kietų vaisto formų vartojamų ant odos modeliavimas yra vienas sudėtingiausių technologijos aspektų. Gaminant pusiau kietą vaisto formą skirtą vartoti ant odos, vienas svarbiausių uždavinių yra pagrindo parinkimas. Remiantis reologiniais (klampos rodiklio) tyrimais, galima numatyti pusiau kieto preparato stabilumą saugojimo metu. Įvertinant kremų gamybos sudėtingumą ir ypač tirštųjų ekstraktų įvedimo į pagrindą problemas, aktualu pagaminti kremo pagrindą iš tokių komponentų, kad būtų galima išvengti ilgo šildymo proceso. Darbo tikslas yra propolio emulsinio (vanduo aliejuje) kremo sudėties parinkimas, įvertinant fizikines-chemines savybes. Remiantis literatūra ir fizikinių-cheminių savybių tyrimais, parinkta v/a kremo pagrindo sudėtis (polietileno ir vazelino aliejaus mišinys, izopropilo palmitato ir poliglicerolio esterio mišinys, glicerolis ir išgrynintas vanduo) ir pritaikyta technologija stabilios v/a emulsijos gamybai. Tyrimų rezultatai parodė, kad optimali propolio tirštojo ekstrakto koncentracija, kurią galima įterpti į pasirinktą emulsinį pagrindą yra 1% – klampa kito ne daugiau 29%, lyginant su kitų propolio kremų klampa. Kremo pH reikšmė artima odos pH reikšmei. Kremas išlieka stabilus kambario temperatūroje, yra homogeniškas, pasižymi priimtinomis juslinėmis savybėmis. / At first sight cutaneous therapeutics seems simple, but the formulation of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application are reasonable scientifically. It‘s one of the most complicated technological aspects. The choice of basis is one the most important tasks, produced semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application. It‘s possible to suppose a stability of semi-solid preparation during storage time, supported the rheologicals (value of viscosity) researches. It‘s topical to produce the basis of the cream from such components, that would be possible to avoid the long heating process, appreciated a complication of the manufacture of creams and particularly an insertion of softs extracts to the basis problems. The aim of the work is a choice of the composition of propolis emulsion (water in oil) cream, appreciated the physico-chemical properties. A composition of basis of w/o cream (mixture of liquid paraffin and polyethylene, mixture of isopropyl palmitate and polyglycerine ester, glycerine and water) was selected and the technology for manufacture of stable w/o emulsion was fitted, supported a literature and the researches of physico-chemical properties. The results of the researches showed that the optimal concentration of soft extracts of propolis, which is possible to insert to the choiced emulsion basis is 1%. The viscosity varied no more 29%, compared with the viscosity of other propolis creams. The value of cream pH is close to a skin pH. The cream remains stable... [to full text]

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