O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos do fornecimento de dicas visual, cinestésica, separadamente e em conjunto, na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras por indivíduos surdos. A tarefa utilizada foi o arremesso de dardo de salão. A amostra foi composta por 99 indivíduos do ensino fundamental, de ambos os sexos, sendo 62 com surdez neurossensorial bilateral (de moderadamente severa a anacusia) e 37 ouvintes, com idade média de 10,4 anos (±1,5) e 10,8 anos (±1,4), respectivamente. O estudo constou de três grupos experimentais de indivíduos surdos: dica visual (SV); dica cinestésica (SC) e dica visual e cinestésica (SVC). Para cada um destes grupos foi composto um grupo de ouvintes pareado por idade. O delineamento compreendeu: pré-teste (1 bloco de 5 arremessos); fase de aquisição (6 blocos de 10 arremessos); pós-teste (1 bloco de 5 arremessos) seguido de teste de transferência (1 bloco de 10 arremessos). Somente na fase de aquisição, a cada bloco de 10 tentativas, a dica \"cotovelo flexionado em 90º\" foi fornecida de acordo com a condição, por meio de figura (dica visual), manipulação (dica cinestésica) ou figura e manipulação (dica visual/cinestésica). As análises foram realizadas separadamente para os participantes que aprenderam (PA) e que não aprenderam (PNA) a habilidade. A identificação de indicativo de aprendizagem ocorreu mediante análise descritiva dos desempenhos individuais em relação ao erro radial absoluto. Foram consideradas para a análise não-paramétrica as variáveis precisão e consistência do desempenho (erro radial), respectivamente, erros absoluto e variável e, a tendência direcional através do erro constante; duas variáveis que expressam o padrão de resposta (temporais) e 14 variáveis que correspondem ao padrão de movimento (espaço-temporais). Os indivíduos surdos também foram avaliados quanto ao domínio da língua de sinais brasileira (LIBRAS) por meio da TVRSL 1.3. As medidas de erro, de padrão de resposta e de movimento foram obtidas através dos softwares Launcher Tracker e Kinovea. Os resultados dos PA mostraram que, com a prática, todos os grupos (surdos e ouvintes) diminuíram os erros radiais, absoluto e variável; ou seja, em termos de precisão e consistência do arremesso, aprenderam a habilidade. Na comparação entre os grupos experimentais, os resultados mostraram que o grupo SV obteve desempenho superior ao SC e ao SVC. Não foi detectada diferença na comparação entre os grupos de ouvintes em função da dica fornecida. A confirmação do melhor aproveitamento da dica visual pelos aprendizes surdos também foi verificada nos resultados relativos ao padrão de movimento. A dica visual possibilitou um melhor posicionamento do braço de arremesso, o que interferiu nas variáveis de ângulo, tempo e velocidade, resultando em maior precisão e consistência do arremesso. Estes resultados permitem concluir que: (1) A dica visual é mais eficiente em promover a aprendizagem motora dos surdos do que a dica cinestésica e a visual associada à cinestésica; (2) os efeitos da dica visual são específicos à aprendizagem dos surdos; e (3) o nível de domínio da LIBRAS dos aprendizes surdos - no caso, abaixo do esperado para a idade e escolaridade - não determina a ocorrência ou a não-ocorrência de aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora / The aim of this study was to investigation the effects of providing visual kinesthetic cues, separately and in combination, on the learning of motor skills by deaf individuals. The task used in this study was the dart throwing. The sample consisted of 99 subjects of elementary education, of both sexes, as follows: 62 with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (from moderate/severe to anacusis) and 37 listeners, with an average age of 10.4 years (± 1.5) and 10.8 years (± 1.4), respectively. The study consisted of three experimental groups of deaf individuals: visual cue (SV); kinesthetic cue (SC) and visual and kinesthetic cue (SVC). For each of these groups, an age-matched group of listeners was composed. The project comprised: pre-test (1 block of 5 throws); acquisition phase (6 blocks of 10 throws); post-test (1 block of 5 throws) followed by transfer test (1 block of 10 throws). Only in the acquisition phase, in each block of 10 attempts, the cue \"elbow flexed at 90º\" was supplied according to the condition, by means of figure (visual cue), manipulation (kinesthetic cue) or figure and manipulation (visual-kinesthetic cue). The analysis was performed separately for the participants who learned (PA) and did not learn (PNA) of motor skill. The identification of learning occurred through a descriptive analysis of the individual performances in relation to the absolute radial error. For the non-parametric analysis, we considered the variables accuracy and consistency of performance (radial error), respectively, absolute and variable errors, and the directional trend through constant error; two variables which express the response pattern (temporal) and 14 variables that correspond to the movement pattern (spatiotemporal). Deaf individuals were evaluated concerning the mastery of the Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS) through the TVRSL 1.3. The measurements of error, standard response and motion were obtained through the software programs Launcher Tracker and Kinovea, respectively. The results of PA showed that, with practice, all groups (deaf and hearing) decreased radial errors, absolute and variable; that is, in terms of accuracy and consistency of the throw, they learned the skill. In the comparison between the experimental groups, the results showed that the SV group performed better than SC and SVC. No difference was detected in the comparison between the groups of listeners, depending on the provided cue. The confirmation of the best use of the visual cue by the deaf learners was also verified in the results related to the movement pattern. The visual cue provided a better positioning of the throwing arm, which interfered in the variables of angle, time and speed, resulting in greater precision and consistency of the throw. These results allow to conclude that: (1) the visual cue is more efficient to promote the motor learning of the deaf individuals than the kinesthetic and visual-kinesthetic cues; (2) the effects of the visual cue are specific to the learning of the deaf individuals; and (3) the mastery level of LIBRAS in deaf learners - in this case, lower than expected for their age and schooling - does not determine the occurrence or failure of a motor skill learning

Flight simulators are widely used by the military, civil and commercial aviation. Visual cues are an essential part of helicopter flight. The required cues for hover are especially large due to closeness to the ground and small movements. In this thesis, density and height parameters of the 3D (Three Dimensional) objects in the scene are analyzed to find their effect on hovering and low altitude flight. An experiment is conducted using a PC-based flight simulator with three LCD monitors and flight control set. Ten professional military pilots participated in the experiment. v Results revealed that object density and object height are effective on the horizontal and vertical hovering performance. There is a peak point after which increasing the density does not improve the performance. In low altitude flight, altitude control is positively affected by smaller object height. However, pilots prefer the scenes composed of the high and mixture objects while hovering and flying at low altitude. Distance estimation is affected by the interaction of the object density and height.

Stereoscopic displays provide 3D vision usually with the help of additional equipment such as shutter glasses and head gears. As a new stereoscopic display technology, autostereoscopic 3D Displays provide 3D vision without additional equipment. Previous studies of depth and distance estimation with autostereoscopic displays indicate the users do not exhibit better performance in 3D. Yet, they claim 3D displays provide higher immersiveness. In this study, perception of the angle of a 3D shape is investigated by comparing 2D, 3D and Real perception cases. An experiment is conducted using an autostereoscopic 3D display. Forty people have participated in the experiment. They were asked to estimate the vertex angle and draw the projections of the object from two different viewpoints. It is found that users can better estimate the angles on a cone when viewed from the top on an autostereoscopic display. This may contribute positively to 3D understanding of the scene. Results revealed that participants make more accurate angle estimation in autostereoscopic 3D displays than in traditional 2D displays. In general, the participants&rsquo / angle drawings were slightly higher than their angle estimations. Moreover, the participants overestimated 35, 65 and 90 degree angles and underestimated 115 degree angle in autostereoscopic 3D display.

Orientador: Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi / Banca: Rosana Mattioli / Banca: Renato de Moraes / Resumo: A capacidade de ajustar a velocidade de progressão é um importante mecanismo que adapta a atividade locomotora para mudanças nas demandas do ambiente. Essa capacidade está comprometida na doença de Parkinson e dicas visuais dinâmicas são efetivas na melhora da locomoção. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência da dica visual dinâmica, em diferentes condições de velocidade, no padrão do andar de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Para tanto, 15 idosos com doença de Parkinson foram convidados a percorrer uma passarela de 8 m e manter uma distância personalizada (estatura do participante) de uma faixa móvel em três diferentes velocidades: lenta (VL), preferida (VP) e rápida (VR). Duas câmeras digitais fizeram o registro do deslocamento dos marcadores reflexivos dos participantes e da faixa a 60 Hz. As variáveis mensuradas foram: comprimento da passada (CP), largura do passo (LP), cadência (CAD), duração da passada (DP), duração da fase de duplo suporte (DDS), duração da fase de suporte simples (DSS) e duração da fase de balanço (DB), ângulos do tornozelo, joelho e quadril no contato do calcanhar (ATC, AJC, AQC respectivamente), ângulos do tornozelo, joelho e quadril na retirada do pé (ATR, AJR, AQR respectivamente) e as amplitudes de movimento durante a passada nas articulações do tornozelo (AMPLTOR), joelho (AMPLJOE) e quadril (AMPLQUA). Foram empregadas análises de multivariância (MANOVA) e análises de regressão múltipla (stepwise) para o tratamento estatístico e o nível de significância mantido em p<0,05. Os participantes modularam 71,55% das tentativas. A MANOVA revelou não haver diferença no padrão de andar entre as condições ML e VP. Entre as condições sob dica visual, a MANOVA revelou diferença entre os padrões para as variáveis espaciais e temporais. O teste de Tukey apontou diferença entre os parâmetros nas tentativas moduladas, com exceção de LP. . / Abstract: The capacity to adjust the progression velocity is an important mechanism that adapts the locomotor activity to changes in environment demands. This capacity is compromised in Parkinson‟s disease patients and dynamic visual cues are effective to promote improvements in the locomotor behavior. In this context, the purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the dynamic visual cue under different velocity conditions in the walking pattern of Parkinson‟s disease patients. In order to do that, 15 older adults with Parkinson‟s disease were invited to walk on a 8 m pathway keeping a personalized distance (their stature) of a mobile stripe under three different velocity conditions: slow (SV), preferred (PV), and fast (FV). Two digital video camcorders registered the trajectories of the reflective markers and the stripe at 60 Hz. The following dependent variables were calculated: stride length (SL), step width (SW), cadence (CAD), stride duration (SD), duration of double support (DDS), duration of the single support (DSS), swing phase duration (SPD); ankle, knee, and hip angles at heel contact (AHC, KHC, HHC, respectively); ankle, knee, and hip angles at toe off (ATO, KTO, HTO, respectively); and the motion amplitudes of ankle (AMA), knee (KMA), and hip (HMA) during the stride. The locomotor pattern were analyzed by means of multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multiple regression analyses (stepwise) as a statistical procedure and the significance level was maintained in p< 0.05. Participants modulated 71,55% of trials. The MANOVA revealed no walking pattern difference between FW and PV conditions. Among the visual cue conditions, the MANOVA revealed differences among the patterns for spatial and temporal variables. Tukey‟s test showed differences on the modulated trials for all parameters excepted for SW. As the velocity increased it was observed an increased in SL, CAD, DSS, and SPD as well as the decreased of SD and DDS. On... / Mestre

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos do fornecimento de dicas visual, cinestésica, separadamente e em conjunto, na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras por indivíduos surdos. A tarefa utilizada foi o arremesso de dardo de salão. A amostra foi composta por 99 indivíduos do ensino fundamental, de ambos os sexos, sendo 62 com surdez neurossensorial bilateral (de moderadamente severa a anacusia) e 37 ouvintes, com idade média de 10,4 anos (±1,5) e 10,8 anos (±1,4), respectivamente. O estudo constou de três grupos experimentais de indivíduos surdos: dica visual (SV); dica cinestésica (SC) e dica visual e cinestésica (SVC). Para cada um destes grupos foi composto um grupo de ouvintes pareado por idade. O delineamento compreendeu: pré-teste (1 bloco de 5 arremessos); fase de aquisição (6 blocos de 10 arremessos); pós-teste (1 bloco de 5 arremessos) seguido de teste de transferência (1 bloco de 10 arremessos). Somente na fase de aquisição, a cada bloco de 10 tentativas, a dica \"cotovelo flexionado em 90º\" foi fornecida de acordo com a condição, por meio de figura (dica visual), manipulação (dica cinestésica) ou figura e manipulação (dica visual/cinestésica). As análises foram realizadas separadamente para os participantes que aprenderam (PA) e que não aprenderam (PNA) a habilidade. A identificação de indicativo de aprendizagem ocorreu mediante análise descritiva dos desempenhos individuais em relação ao erro radial absoluto. Foram consideradas para a análise não-paramétrica as variáveis precisão e consistência do desempenho (erro radial), respectivamente, erros absoluto e variável e, a tendência direcional através do erro constante; duas variáveis que expressam o padrão de resposta (temporais) e 14 variáveis que correspondem ao padrão de movimento (espaço-temporais). Os indivíduos surdos também foram avaliados quanto ao domínio da língua de sinais brasileira (LIBRAS) por meio da TVRSL 1.3. As medidas de erro, de padrão de resposta e de movimento foram obtidas através dos softwares Launcher Tracker e Kinovea. Os resultados dos PA mostraram que, com a prática, todos os grupos (surdos e ouvintes) diminuíram os erros radiais, absoluto e variável; ou seja, em termos de precisão e consistência do arremesso, aprenderam a habilidade. Na comparação entre os grupos experimentais, os resultados mostraram que o grupo SV obteve desempenho superior ao SC e ao SVC. Não foi detectada diferença na comparação entre os grupos de ouvintes em função da dica fornecida. A confirmação do melhor aproveitamento da dica visual pelos aprendizes surdos também foi verificada nos resultados relativos ao padrão de movimento. A dica visual possibilitou um melhor posicionamento do braço de arremesso, o que interferiu nas variáveis de ângulo, tempo e velocidade, resultando em maior precisão e consistência do arremesso. Estes resultados permitem concluir que: (1) A dica visual é mais eficiente em promover a aprendizagem motora dos surdos do que a dica cinestésica e a visual associada à cinestésica; (2) os efeitos da dica visual são específicos à aprendizagem dos surdos; e (3) o nível de domínio da LIBRAS dos aprendizes surdos - no caso, abaixo do esperado para a idade e escolaridade - não determina a ocorrência ou a não-ocorrência de aprendizagem de uma habilidade motora / The aim of this study was to investigation the effects of providing visual kinesthetic cues, separately and in combination, on the learning of motor skills by deaf individuals. The task used in this study was the dart throwing. The sample consisted of 99 subjects of elementary education, of both sexes, as follows: 62 with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (from moderate/severe to anacusis) and 37 listeners, with an average age of 10.4 years (± 1.5) and 10.8 years (± 1.4), respectively. The study consisted of three experimental groups of deaf individuals: visual cue (SV); kinesthetic cue (SC) and visual and kinesthetic cue (SVC). For each of these groups, an age-matched group of listeners was composed. The project comprised: pre-test (1 block of 5 throws); acquisition phase (6 blocks of 10 throws); post-test (1 block of 5 throws) followed by transfer test (1 block of 10 throws). Only in the acquisition phase, in each block of 10 attempts, the cue \"elbow flexed at 90º\" was supplied according to the condition, by means of figure (visual cue), manipulation (kinesthetic cue) or figure and manipulation (visual-kinesthetic cue). The analysis was performed separately for the participants who learned (PA) and did not learn (PNA) of motor skill. The identification of learning occurred through a descriptive analysis of the individual performances in relation to the absolute radial error. For the non-parametric analysis, we considered the variables accuracy and consistency of performance (radial error), respectively, absolute and variable errors, and the directional trend through constant error; two variables which express the response pattern (temporal) and 14 variables that correspond to the movement pattern (spatiotemporal). Deaf individuals were evaluated concerning the mastery of the Brazilian sign language (LIBRAS) through the TVRSL 1.3. The measurements of error, standard response and motion were obtained through the software programs Launcher Tracker and Kinovea, respectively. The results of PA showed that, with practice, all groups (deaf and hearing) decreased radial errors, absolute and variable; that is, in terms of accuracy and consistency of the throw, they learned the skill. In the comparison between the experimental groups, the results showed that the SV group performed better than SC and SVC. No difference was detected in the comparison between the groups of listeners, depending on the provided cue. The confirmation of the best use of the visual cue by the deaf learners was also verified in the results related to the movement pattern. The visual cue provided a better positioning of the throwing arm, which interfered in the variables of angle, time and speed, resulting in greater precision and consistency of the throw. These results allow to conclude that: (1) the visual cue is more efficient to promote the motor learning of the deaf individuals than the kinesthetic and visual-kinesthetic cues; (2) the effects of the visual cue are specific to the learning of the deaf individuals; and (3) the mastery level of LIBRAS in deaf learners - in this case, lower than expected for their age and schooling - does not determine the occurrence or failure of a motor skill learning

Individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) present with motor and non-motor symptoms, including in the visuospatial domain. Correction of walking abnormalities through application of visual cues in the environment has been reported in PD, but the mechanisms of action are poorly understood. The present project examined competing explanations of the effects of visual guidance on multiple aspects of gait in PD. Comfortable over-ground walking was performed by 9 participants with left-side motor onset (LPD), 11 with right-side motor onset (RPD), and 13 age-matched normal control participants (NC). Study 1 examined whether veering in PD is predominantly induced by asymmetrical perception of the visual environment or by motor asymmetry between relatively affected and relatively non-affected body side. Walking conditions were eyes-open, vision-occluded, and egocentric reference point (walk toward the perceived center of a distant target). The visual hypothesis predicted that LPD, with a known tendency toward left spatial hemineglect, would veer rightward, whereas RPD would veer leftward. The motor hypothesis predicted the opposite pattern of results because the more affected body side has shorter step length. The results supported the visual hypothesis. In Study 2, visually-cued gait was examined to establish whether the key variable to improvement is attention to pattern rhythmicity, or instead if improvement may arise from perception of dynamic flow. Floor patterns included transverse lines (attention; 3 frequencies) and randomly-placed squares (dynamic; 3 densities). Relative to baseline, both transverse lines and random squares, especially at higher frequency/density, resulted in gait improvements and induced more stable interlimb coordination, especially for LPD, the subgroup known to have greater visual dependence. Effects lasted after the cues were removed. The success of the random-squares cuing indicates that the mechanism of improvement may be dynamic flow of visual texture rather than attention, and further suggests that vision-based interventions need not be restricted to transverse lines. Taken together, the studies lay the foundation for the development of treatments for walking disturbances in PD by addressing critical issues that could influence the outcomes of therapeutic interventions, including the role of visual input and the differential effects on PD subgroups. / 2017-07-01T00:00:00Z

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:16Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_cra_me_rcla.pdf: 375954 bytes, checksum: 801bf1cb2e7467bac6e2fd6534b80a25 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A capacidade de ajustar a velocidade de progressão é um importante mecanismo que adapta a atividade locomotora para mudanças nas demandas do ambiente. Essa capacidade está comprometida na doença de Parkinson e dicas visuais dinâmicas são efetivas na melhora da locomoção. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a influência da dica visual dinâmica, em diferentes condições de velocidade, no padrão do andar de indivíduos com doença de Parkinson. Para tanto, 15 idosos com doença de Parkinson foram convidados a percorrer uma passarela de 8 m e manter uma distância personalizada (estatura do participante) de uma faixa móvel em três diferentes velocidades: lenta (VL), preferida (VP) e rápida (VR). Duas câmeras digitais fizeram o registro do deslocamento dos marcadores reflexivos dos participantes e da faixa a 60 Hz. As variáveis mensuradas foram: comprimento da passada (CP), largura do passo (LP), cadência (CAD), duração da passada (DP), duração da fase de duplo suporte (DDS), duração da fase de suporte simples (DSS) e duração da fase de balanço (DB), ângulos do tornozelo, joelho e quadril no contato do calcanhar (ATC, AJC, AQC respectivamente), ângulos do tornozelo, joelho e quadril na retirada do pé (ATR, AJR, AQR respectivamente) e as amplitudes de movimento durante a passada nas articulações do tornozelo (AMPLTOR), joelho (AMPLJOE) e quadril (AMPLQUA). Foram empregadas análises de multivariância (MANOVA) e análises de regressão múltipla (stepwise) para o tratamento estatístico e o nível de significância mantido em p<0,05. Os participantes modularam 71,55% das tentativas. A MANOVA revelou não haver diferença no padrão de andar entre as condições ML e VP. Entre as condições sob dica visual, a MANOVA revelou diferença entre os padrões para as variáveis espaciais e temporais. O teste de Tukey apontou diferença entre os parâmetros nas tentativas moduladas, com exceção de LP. . / The capacity to adjust the progression velocity is an important mechanism that adapts the locomotor activity to changes in environment demands. This capacity is compromised in Parkinson‟s disease patients and dynamic visual cues are effective to promote improvements in the locomotor behavior. In this context, the purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the dynamic visual cue under different velocity conditions in the walking pattern of Parkinson‟s disease patients. In order to do that, 15 older adults with Parkinson‟s disease were invited to walk on a 8 m pathway keeping a personalized distance (their stature) of a mobile stripe under three different velocity conditions: slow (SV), preferred (PV), and fast (FV). Two digital video camcorders registered the trajectories of the reflective markers and the stripe at 60 Hz. The following dependent variables were calculated: stride length (SL), step width (SW), cadence (CAD), stride duration (SD), duration of double support (DDS), duration of the single support (DSS), swing phase duration (SPD); ankle, knee, and hip angles at heel contact (AHC, KHC, HHC, respectively); ankle, knee, and hip angles at toe off (ATO, KTO, HTO, respectively); and the motion amplitudes of ankle (AMA), knee (KMA), and hip (HMA) during the stride. The locomotor pattern were analyzed by means of multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multiple regression analyses (stepwise) as a statistical procedure and the significance level was maintained in p< 0.05. Participants modulated 71,55% of trials. The MANOVA revealed no walking pattern difference between FW and PV conditions. Among the visual cue conditions, the MANOVA revealed differences among the patterns for spatial and temporal variables. Tukey‟s test showed differences on the modulated trials for all parameters excepted for SW. As the velocity increased it was observed an increased in SL, CAD, DSS, and SPD as well as the decreased of SD and DDS. On...

The process of visualizing n-D data presents the user with four problems: finding a hyperdimensional graphics package capable of rendering n-D data, finding a suitable presentation technique supported by the package that allows insight to be gained, using the provided user interface to interact with the presentation technique to explore the information in the data, and finding a way to share the information gained with others. Many graphics packages have been written to solve the first problem. However, existing packages do not sufficiently solve the other three problems. A hyperdimensional graphics package that sufficiently solves all these problems simplifies the user experience and allows the user to explore, interact with, and share the data. I have implemented a package that solves all four problems. The package is able to render n-D data through appropriate encapsulation of presentation techniques and their associated visual cues. Through the use of an extensible plugin system, presentation techniques can be easily added and accommodated. Desirable features are supported by the user interface to allow the user to interact easily with the data. Sharing of visualizations and annotations are included to allow users to share information with one another. By providing a hyperdimensional graphics package that easily accommodates presentation techniques and includes desirable features, including those that are rarely or never supported, the user benefits from tools that allow improved interaction with multivariate data to extract information and share it with others.