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Provas em vídeo: uma análise discursiva das decisões das varas criminais da comarca de Minas Gerais e São Paulo dos anos de 2009, 2010, 2011 e 2012Silva, Beronalda Messias da 04 November 2014 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2014-11-04 / O progresso tecnológico invadiu o poder judiciário e o uso das provas visuais como
instrumento de prova e persuasão são crescentes. De fato, a utilização de fotografias, gráficos,
imagens médicas, manipulações computacionais, vídeos no contexto das ações judiciais estão
cada vez mais frequentes e tem gerado no cerne da prática e da teoria jurídica a necessidade
de discussão interdisciplinar sobre seus efeitos. Assim, o presente trabalho procurar refletir
acerca do aspecto da inteligibilidade e da retórica das provas visuais, bem como compreender
através das narrativas jurisprudenciais como os juízes estão lidando com esse tipo de prova.
Dessa maneira, além do levantamento bibliográfico sobre uso da imagem e a justiça, o
presente trabalho abarca um estudo empírico de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa das
decisões que envolvem provas em vídeo nos Tribunais de Justiça de Minas Gerais e de São
Paulo durante os anos de 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 com o objetivo de ajustar as problemáticas
teóricas e pragmáticas à realidade da justiça brasileira. / Technological progress has invaded the judiciary and the use of visual evidence as
instruments of proof and persuasion are increasing. In fact, the use of photographs, graphics,
medical imaging, computational manipulations, videos in the context of lawsuits are
increasingly more frequent. It has created at the core of practice and legal theory the need for
interdisciplinary discussion about its effects. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to reflect
on the aspect of intelligibility and rhetoric of visual evidence, as well as understand through
jurisprudential narratives: how judges are dealing with this type of evidence. Therefore,
besides the literature on the use of images, the present paper covers a qualitative and
quantitative empirical study of the nature of the decisions involving video evidence in the
Courts of Justice of Minas Gerais and São Paulo during the years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
with the aim of adjusting the theoretical and pragmatic reality of Brazilian justice issues.
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Caméras portées par les policiers : le paradoxe de la meilleure preuvePoirier, Brigitte 04 1900 (has links)
L’adoption grandissante des caméras portatives par les organisations policières dans les dernières années a visé plusieurs objectifs. Il est généralement attendu que l’utilisation de la technologie puisse contribuer à rendre les organisations plus transparentes, à assurer une plus grande imputabilité des policiers, ou encore à réduire l’utilisation de la force à l’endroit des citoyens. En étant activées lors des interventions policières, les caméras portatives permettraient aussi la production d’enregistrements qui pourront être utilisés tout au long de la chaîne judiciaire, que ce soit lors d’enquêtes ou de procédures judiciaires. Toutefois, la littérature scientifique s’étant largement intéressée aux impacts des caméras portatives sur les interactions entre les policiers et les citoyens, les conséquences de leur utilisation sur les tribunaux demeurent un aspect toujours sous-étudié. La présente thèse vise à mieux comprendre l’apport des enregistrements de caméras portatives au traitement des causes criminelles par les tribunaux. Quatre objectifs spécifiques sont visés : 1) explorer les représentations que se font les acteurs judiciaires de la valeur probante des images de caméras portatives ; 2) mieux comprendre le rôle des images de caméras portatives dans les pratiques des acteurs judiciaires ; 3) mettre en lumière les éléments pouvant affecter le recours aux images de caméras portatives ; et 4) évaluer l’impact de la disponibilité des images de caméras portatives sur le traitement des causes criminelles par les tribunaux, et plus particulièrement sur les verdicts de culpabilité et le temps de traitement des dossiers. Le point de départ de la thèse est un projet pilote de caméras portatives mené par le Service de police de la Ville de Montréal, et une méthodologie mixte conjuguant des entretiens menés auprès de procureurs et d’avocats de la défense (N = 22) à l’analyse statistique de données issues de dossiers judiciaires (N = 525) permet de répondre aux objectifs énoncés. D’un point de vue empirique, il est soutenu que l’apport des images de caméras portatives au processus judiciaire représente une forme de paradoxe, où la forte valeur probante étant associée aux images par les acteurs judiciaires ne correspond pas totalement à l’utilisation qui en est faite ni aux impacts qui sont observés sur le traitement des dossiers. Bien qu’une baisse significative du temps de traitement soit observée pour certains dossiers, plusieurs facteurs semblent mettre un frein à l’utilisation des images par les acteurs judiciaires. D’un point de vue théorique, la thèse propose d’approfondir les réflexions sur le pouvoir de l’image dans le processus judiciaire. En empruntant la notion de savoir autoritaire, il est soutenu que le paradoxe observé dans l’apport de l’image au processus judiciaire puisse s’expliquer par la source même de la supériorité de la preuve. Au-delà de leur contribution potentielle à la découverte des faits, les images de caméras portatives sont utilisées dans un contexte où la productivité du tribunal demeure un objectif central, ce qui peut amener les acteurs judiciaires à accorder une priorité à d’autres formes d’information, dont la version des policiers. / The growing adoption of body-worn cameras by police organizations in recent years has served several objectives. It is generally expected that the use of this technology will help make organizations more transparent, ensure greater accountability for police officers, or even reduce the use of force against citizens. By being activated during police interventions, body-worn cameras would also allow the production of recordings that can be used throughout the judicial chain, whether during investigations or legal proceedings. However, scientific literature having been mainly interested in the impacts of body-worn cameras on interactions between police officers and citizens, the consequences of their use on courts remain an aspect that is still understudied. This thesis aims to better understand the contribution of body-worn camera recordings to the processing of criminal cases by courts. Four specific objectives are targeted: 1) to explore the representations that judicial actors have of the evidentiary value of body-worn camera recordings; 2) to better understand the role of body-worn camera recordings in the practices of judicial actors; 3) to highlight the elements that may affect the use of body-worn camera recordings; and 4) to assess the impacts of the availability of body-worn camera recordings on the processing of criminal cases by courts, and more particularly on guilty verdicts and case processing times. The starting point of the thesis is a body-worn camera pilot project led by the Service de police de la Ville de Montréal, and a mixed methods design combining interviews conducted with prosecutors and defence lawyers (N = 22) with statistical analysis of data from court cases (N = 525) is used to meet the stated objectives. From an empirical standpoint, it is argued that the contribution of body- worn camera recordings to the judicial process represents a form of paradox, where the high evidentiary value being associated with images by the judicial actors does not fully correspond to the use that is made of it or the impacts that are observed on case processing. Although a significant reduction in processing time is observed for some cases, several factors seem to put a brake on the use of recordings by judicial actors. From a theoretical standpoint, the thesis proposes to deepen the reflections on the power of images in the judicial process. By borrowing the notion of authoritative knowledge, it is argued that the paradox observed in the contribution of body-worn camera recordings to the judicial process could be explained by the very source of their superiority. Beyond their potential contribution to the discovery of the facts, body-worn camera recordings are used in a context where productivity remains a central objective to the court, which can lead judicial actors to prioritize other forms of information, including police officers’ versions.
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