Neste trabalho caracterizamos o nematoide Panagrolaimus sp. linhagem CEW2, originalmente isolado em Monte Negro (RO), Brasil e mantido em nosso laboratório em culturas monoxênicas contendo Escherichia coli. CEW2 se mostrou um nematoide extremófilo capaz de sobreviver ao dessecamento em 10% de umidade relativa por pelo menos 48h. Essa resistência é mais evidente em larvas de primeiro estádio (L1) do que em adultos ou larvas dauer. Quando pré-incubados por 48h em 98% de umidade relativa a sua resistência ao dessecamento aumenta e pode chegar a uma sobrevivência de 86,25% dos indivíduos no caso de L1. Os animais dessecados se tornam também resistentes ao congelamento. Os indivíduos pré-incubados em 98% de umidade relativa tornam-se resistentes ao congelamento. O retorno à atividade após secagem ou congelamento ocorre de maneira diferente dependendo da concentração de NaCl no meio, sugerindo que eles sejam, além de anidrobiontes e criobiontes, sejam também osmobiontes. Um outro aspecto da fisiologia de CEW2 que também começamos a caracterizar é a composição de polipeptídeos das vitelinas de seus ovos. SDS-PAGE das proteínas presente em ovos de CEW2 apresentam 6 bandas principais coradas por Coomassie Blue (com Mr que variam de 85 a 125 kDa), 3 a mais do que aquelas detectadas nos outros dois nematoides cujas vitelinas foram caracterizadas, Caenorhabditis elegans e Oscheius tipulae. Quando comparamos as vitelinas destas três espécies notamos que CEW2 não possui a vitelina de 180 kDa (YP170A e B de C. elegans e VT1 de O. tipulae). Essa análise comparativa das vitelinas de nematoides nos permitiu propor um esquema para a origem das três bandas extras detectadas em CEW2. Não foi possível purificar as vitelinas de CEW2 usando o mesmo protocolo que desenvolvemos para as vitelinas de O. tipulae e C. elegans. Isso se deve a uma atividade proteolítica presente nos homogeneizados de vermes que co-purifica com as vitelinas e leva a sua degradação durante a armazenagem. As atividades proteolíticas presentes nesses homogeneizados foram caracterizados por zimografia e foi possível purificar uma das bandas que cremos ser uma protease digestiva de CEW2 e a responsável pela degradação das vitelinas purificadas. / In this work we characterize some survival and reproductive strategies of the nematode Panagrolaimus sp., strain CEW2. CEW2 was originally isolated in Monte Negro (RO), Brazil. CEW2 is currently maintained in monoxenic cultures with E. coli in our laboratory and has proved to be an extremophile that survives desiccation at 10% relative humidity for at least 48 hours. First instar larvae (L1) are more resistant to desiccation than adults or dauer larvae. When pre-incubated for 48 h at 98% relative humidity their resistance to desiccation increases and can reach a survival rate of 86,25 % with L1individuals. The dried animals also become resistant to freezing. Worms that were pre-incubated at 98% relative humidity become resistant to freezing in water at -20 °C. The return to activity upon drying or freezing occurs differently depending on the NaCl concentration in the medium, suggesting that CEW2 is an osmobiont in addition to its anidrobiotic and criobiotic behavior. We also began to characterize another aspect of CEW2 physiology; the polypeptide composition of the vitellins in their eggs. SDS-PAGE of the proteins present in CEW2 eggs show 6 major Coomassie Blue stained bands (Mr ranging from 85-125 kDa), three more than those detected in the vitellins of Caenorhabditis elegans and Oscheius tipulae. When we compare the vitellins of these three species we notice that CEW2 lacks the yolk proteins of 180 kDa (YP170A and B present in C. elegans and VT1 in O. tipulae). The comparative analysis of nematode vitellins allowed us to propose a model for the origin of the three extra bands detected in CEW2. We propose that in CEW2 the polypeptides that are ortologous to the 180 kDa polypeptides of C. elegans and O. tipulae, suffer a proteolytic cleavage similar to that occurring with the precursor of YP115 and 88 in C. elegans. It was not possible to purify the vitellins of CEW2 using the same protocol developed for the vitellins of O. tipulae and C. elegans. This is due to a proteolytic activity present in homogenized worms which co-purifies with the vitellins and leads to their degradation during the procedure. Proteolytic activities present in these homogenates were characterized by zymography and it was possible to purify one of the bands that we believe to be a digestive protease from CEW2 responsible for the degradation of purified vitellins.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products are a growing concern in the aquatic environment. Compounds from the class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly detected in surface waters and have the potential to negatively affect aquatic organisms. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the acute and chronic effects of ibuprofen on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, vitellogenin (VTG) concentration and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity were evaluated following waterborne ibuprofen exposure of trout to 1 and 10 mg/L in the acute exposure and 1, 32 and 1000 μg/L in the chronic exposure, along with an experimental control, E2 control of 1000 μg/L and an E2-ibuprofen mixed treatment. Ibuprofen did not inhibit COX enzyme activity in either gill or kidney tissue. To evaluate the estrogenic effects of ibuprofen, VTG concentrations were measured; by the end of the 56 day chronic exposure VTG concentrations significantly increased in all of the ibuprofen treatments relative to the controls. EROD activity may have been inhibited by ibuprofen but definitive conclusions could not be made. These findings indicate that more research needs to be done studying ibuprofen in aquatic systems. / UOIT

Social insects have complex forms of social organization. Molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of their reproduction are not fully understood. This dissertation investigated the vitellogenin receptor (VgR), short neuropeptide F (sNPF) receptor, and two insulin receptors (InRs) in the red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta, focusing on their possible roles in the regulation of queen reproduction. Knowledge of these receptors may provide novel ways to manipulate either reproductive castes or overall reproductive outcome, diminishing the fire ant impact as invasive pest. Fire ant virgin queens have more abundant VgR (SiVgR) transcripts than newly-mated queens, but limited egg formation. To elucidate whether queen maturation involved changes in SiVgR expression, we investigated both virgin and mated queens. In both queens, immunofluorescence analysis of ovaries revealed differential SiVgR localization in early and late stage oocytes; however, mated queens showed higher SiVgR expression than virgin queens. In virgin queens, the SiVgR signal was first observed at the oocyte membrane beginning at day 12 post-emergence, coinciding with the maturation period required before a mating flight. SiVgR silencing in virgins through RNA interference abolished egg formation, demonstrating that SiVgR is involved in queen ovarian development pre-mating. The sNPF and insulin signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of food intake and body size, and these peptides also play a gonadotropic role in the ovaries of some insect species. To elucidate the sites of action of the sNPF peptide(s), the sNPF receptor tissue expression and cellular localization were analyzed in the queen brain, subesophageal ganglion (SEG), and ovaries by immunofluorescence. Results suggest that the sNPF signaling cascade may be involved in diverse functions, and the sNPF peptide(s) may act in the brain and SEG as neurotransmitter(s) or neuromodulator(s), and in the ovaries as neurohormone(s). In addition, to elucidate the role of insulin signaling pathway in the fire ant, two putative InRs were cloned. Transcriptional expression analyses show that the receptor abundance was negatively correlated with body size and nutrition status in fire ant immatures. In queens, the expression of InRs in different queen tissues correlates with tissue requirements for queen reproductive physiology and behaviors.

In the present study, both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to investigate modes of action of selected EDCs including mercury chloride (HgCl2), bisphenol A (BPA), vinclozolin (VZ) and Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on male reproductive physiology in fish. Results obtained from in vitro studies showed that EDCs decrease sperm motility via disruption in energetics and damage to spermatozoa; however the effective doses are higher than reported in the environmentally relevant concentrations. In contrast, in vivo studies showed adverse effects of BPA, VZ, and DEHP on sperm quality at environmentally relevant concentrations. Decrease in sperm quality is associated with disruption in testicular steroidogenesis, particularly inhibition of androgens. Only BPA induced vitellogenin production, associated with increase in transcripts of estrogen receptor, androgen receptor and cytochrome P450 mRNA at the high dose approaching environmental level. Inhibition of androgen production is due to disruption in transfer of cholesterol into the steroidogenesis pathway, because transcript of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein mRNA was decreased. In addition, BPA acts through sex steroid-mediated mechanism while DEHP mode of action is sex-steroid independent mechanism.

abstract: The most advanced social insects, the eusocial insects, form often large societies in which there is reproductive division of labor, queens and workers, have overlapping generations, and cooperative brood care where daughter workers remain in the nest with their queen mother and care for their siblings. The eusocial insects are composed of representative species of bees and wasps, and all species of ants and termites. Much is known about their organizational structure, but remains to be discovered. The success of social insects is dependent upon cooperative behavior and adaptive strategies shaped by natural selection that respond to internal or external conditions. The objective of my research was to investigate specific mechanisms that have helped shaped the structure of division of labor observed in social insect colonies, including age polyethism and nutrition, and phenomena known to increase colony survival such as egg cannibalism. I developed various Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) models in which I applied dynamical, bifurcation, and sensitivity analysis to carefully study and visualize biological outcomes in social organisms to answer questions regarding the conditions under which a colony can survive. First, I investigated how the population and evolutionary dynamics of egg cannibalism and division of labor can promote colony survival. I then introduced a model of social conflict behavior to study the inclusion of different response functions that explore the benefits of cannibalistic behavior and how it contributes to age polyethism, the change in behavior of workers as they age, and its biological relevance. Finally, I introduced a model to investigate the importance of pollen nutritional status in a honeybee colony, how it affects population growth and influences division of labor within the worker caste. My results first reveal that both cannibalism and division of labor are adaptive strategies that increase the size of the worker population, and therefore, the persistence of the colony. I show the importance of food collection, consumption, and processing rates to promote good colony nutrition leading to the coexistence of brood and adult workers. Lastly, I show how taking into account seasonality for pollen collection improves the prediction of long term consequences. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Applied Mathematics 2018

Abelhas adultas produzem vitelogenina, a principal proteína da hemolinfa. Ela está envolvida na reprodução, comportamento, imunidade, longevidade e regulação da organização social. A interferência por RNA interference é a mais promissora ferramenta para estudos de função gênica, baseada na introdução de duplex de RNA (dsRNA) que induz a degradação de transcritos alvo-específicos. Injeção de dsRNA altera a transcrição de vitelogenina, mas evidências apontam que a ativação do sistema imune em abelhas seja um efeito colateral destaa manipulação. Desenvolvemos um método para o silenciamento do gene codificador de vitelogenina no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, que minimiza os efeitos da manipulação, onde 0,5 ?g de dsRNA de vitelogenina (dsVg) ou de GFP (controle exógeno, dsGFP) foi oferecido na dieta natural de larvas de segundo estágio, as quais foram mantidas na colônia. Nosso enfoque principal foi a compreensão dos efeitos do silenciamento pós-transcricional de rainhas e operárias de A. mellifera, em especial na fase larval. Operárias adultas reconhecem larvas tratadas e as remove. Mantemos certa distância entre as células de cria que recebiam o tratamento e a remoção de larvas tratadas diminuiu consideravelmente. A expressão de transcritos de vitelogenina em indivíduos sem tratamento e tratados foi analisada no quinto estágio larval de ambas as castas, bem como em operárias adultas de 7 dias e rainhas recémnascidas, utilizando-se PCR em tempo real e a expressão do gene codificador de actina como controle endógeno. Em adultos, controles sem tratamento e dsGFP expressaram quantidades similares de transcritos de vitelogenina. Os grupos alimentados com dsVg tiveram expressão reduzida de vitelogenina, a saber: quinto estágio larval de operárias (91%) e de rainhas (71%), operárias de 7 dias (88%) e rainhas recém-nascidas (70%). O silenciamento da vitelogenina não afetou a morfologia dos adultos, mas sim a fisiologia de larvas de ambas as castas, como nos títulos de hormônio juvenil e concentração de proteínas circulantes na hemolinfa. Concluímos que a ingestão de dsRNA é um método não-invasivo que induz silenciamento gênico e, assim, uma ferramenta eficiente para estudos funcionais pós-genoma. Os mecanismos regulatórios do gene codificador de vitelogenina e seu papel na diferenciação de castas estão em discussão. / Adult bees produce vitellogenin (Vg), the main protein in hemolymph; it is involved in honey bee (Apis mellifera) reproduction, behavior, immunity, longevity and regulation of social organization. Genetic interference mediated by injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function in Apis mellifera. Injection of dsRNA effectively alters vitellogenin transcription; however, evidence has been found of immune system activation in treated bees, which could be a collateral effect of treatment. Consequently, we developed a non-invasive protocol for disruption of the A. mellifera genes exemplified by vitellogenin mRNA silencing, to understand it, mainly, in the female larval context. Second instar larvae were treated as follows: the treatment group received 0,5 ?g of double-stranded vitellogenin RNA (dsVg) mixed with larval food deposited in the worker brood cells; control group 1 was left to develop without treatment, while control group 2 received dsGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), as an exogenous control. Treated and control larvae were maintained in the colony until adult emergence. Workers recognized dsRNAtreated larvae and frequently removed them. To circumvent this problem we increased the distance between the treatment groups. Vg gene expression were determined for fifth instar larvae of both castes and for 7 day-old workers and newly-emerged queens, evaluated by quantitative real time PCR, using actin as an endogenous control. For adults, we found that controls, dsGFP- and non-treated bees expressed similar amounts of Vg transcripts. The dsVg-fed groups had significantly reduced Vg gene expression in fifth instar larvae of workers (91%) and queens (71%) and, also, in 7 day-old workers (88%) and newly-emerged queens (70%). Disruption of the Vg gene did not affect adults morphology but physiological larval traits of both castes, as juvenile hormone titre and protein concentration. We conclude that dsRNA ingestion is an effective non-invasive method for inducing knockdown and an efficient approach for post-genome functional studies. The regulatory mechanisms of vitellogenin gene and its rules during caste differentiation are discussed.

A desregulação endócrina induzida por contaminação ambiental está entre os principais problemas criados pela sociedade moderna de consumo, responsável pela inserção no ambiente de uma série de substâncias interferentes nos sistemas hormonais dos mais diversos organismos, incluindo o próprio homem. A ação destes compostos acarreta, entre outros efeitos, disfunções reprodutivas e estudos apontam que também podem ser indutores de cânceres. A legislação brasileira através do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) determina os padrões de qualidade das águas, porém muitas substâncias com potencial de desregulação endócrina não tem suas concentrações e emissões especificadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi executar um levantamento da presença e possíveis conseqüências dos hormônios estrogênicos, uma das classes mais potentes de desreguladores endócrinos (ED), nos compartimentos água e sedimento do rio do Monjolinho. Este rio cruza parte da malha urbana da cidade de São Carlos - SP e recebe lançamentos localizados e difusos de esgotos domésticos e industriais. Portanto, amostras de água e sedimentos foram analisadas através de cromatografia líquida, e exemplares de peixes capturados no rio investigados quanto à presença da proteína vitelogenina (VTG) um biomarcador de exposição. Também ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram desenvolvidos em laboratório com diferentes abordagens para verificação de efeitos diversos. Em uma tentativa de abordar os dados gerados através de uma perspectiva ampla, foi delineada uma avaliação de risco ambiental discutindo as possíveis ameaças a biota e a população humana, já que concentrações de hormônios, principalmente o sintético etinilestradiol (concentração máxima de 30,1 ± 3,41 ng/L), a indução da VTG e efeitos em ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram confirmados. / The environmental endocrine disruption is among the main problems arrived with the modern society way of life. The hormonal systems of several organisms are injured by a number of chemicals disposal on hydric bodies in erroneous way. These compounds causes reproductive disturbs, and studies pointed it be cancer inductors. The Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA) do not regulated standards for discharges and concentrations of these substances. This work aims to investigate the probable presence and effects of sexual estrogens hormones, one of the most powerful groups of endocrine disruptors (EDCs), at the Monjolinho river. This small urban river is placed in São Carlos; a town located in the São Paulo state, southwest Brazil, and receives concentrated and diffuse sewage effluents as industrials as domestics. Samples of water and sediments were analyzed by liquid chromatography, and male fishes captured were investigated to survey the vitellogenin protein (Vtg), a biomarker of exposition. To complement the study, ecotoxicological tests with different approaches were considered. Moreover an environmental risk analyze delineation was made because hormones concentrations, mainly the synthetic ethynilestradiol (EE2), VTG induction, and positive effects in ecotoxicity tests were found.

Following the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill event, there was a critical need to assess the effects of the oil and dispersant chemicals on the coastal pelagic fish complex in the Gulf of Mexico and the Florida Straits. The objective of this study was to determine if spilled crude oil and dispersant chemicals have posed an ecological risk to the coastal pelagic fish complex through the detection of vitellogenesis. Crude oil containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dispersant chemicals and other estrogen-mimicking compounds are suspected to induce vitellogenin production in male and immature female fish, normally only produced by sexually mature females. Blood plasma and surface mucus were collected from wild-caught adult and juvenile males and females from as many representative coastal pelagic species as possible (including yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares and swordfish Xiphias gladius). To create a control for this experiment, crevalle jacks (Caranx hippos) and lookdowns (Selene vomer) were injected with estradiol-17β (10 μg/g body weight) into the peritoneal cavity to induce vitellogenesis, regardless of sex or reproductive stage. The mucus and blood plasma of each injected fish was collected 7 to 11 days post-injection. Mucus and blood plasma samples of wild-caught and experimentally-injected fishes were separated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, stained with a phosphoprotein specific fluorescent dye (Pro-Q Diamond®), and visualized through ultraviolet transillumination. Vitellogenin was visibly detectable in the mucus collected from the control-injected fish, suggesting a disruption in the endocrine system as a result of estrogen exposure (estradiol-17β). However, there were no elevated levels of vitellogenin detected in any wild-caught fish mucus or blood plasma samples, indicating no vitellogenesis. From this, we infer that there has been no detectable endocrine disruption to the sampled coastal pelagic fish complex in the Gulf of Mexico two years after the start of the spill.

Estrogen-regulated synthesis of vitellogenin (Vg), a yolk-protein precursor required for reproduction, was monitored to explore the potential antiestrogenic effects of the coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (3,4,5-HCB), in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The effects of 17β-estradiol on 3,4,5-HCB induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) were also examined. Trout were injected with 3,4,5-HCB (0.25, 2.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or a vehicle control, and after 10 weeks, they were sampled or injected with 17β-estradiol (0.1 mg/kg). Markers of vitellogenesis, such as liver somatic index, hepatic estrogen- binding sites, and plasma Vg concentrations, in 17β-estradiol-treated fish were not affected by 3,4,5-HCB. Maximal induction of CYP1A protein and mRNA occurred at doses above 2.5 mg/kg, and 17β-estradiol reduced CYP1A protein content at a single dose (0.25 mg 3,4,5-HCB/kg). Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity was induced by 3,4,5-HCB doses of between 0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg, but induction was reduced at higher doses, indicating that 3,4,5-HCB suppressed CYP1A catalytic activity. In 3,4,5-HCB/17β-estradiol-treated fish, plasma estradiol was significantly reduced at 100 mg 3,4,5-HCB/kg, but the depression was not associated with CYP1A induction or with other antiestrogenic effects. Although CYP1A was induced, 3,4,5-HCB did not interfere with vitellogenesis, which suggests that the PCB congener is not a potent antiestrogen in rainbow trout.

Heterorhabditis é um gênero de nematoides entomopatogênicos, simbiontes de bactérias do gênero Photorhabdus. Juntos, infectam e matam artrópodes. A linhagem LPP7 de H. baujardi foi isolada na cidade de Monte Negro (RO). A vitelogênese compreende o acúmulo de reservas dentro do ovócito em crescimento. A vitelogenina é uma lipoproteína transportadora de lipídeos para o ovócito, formando o vitelo. Sequenciamos um fragmento de 800pb do gene vit-6 de LPP7, codificante do fim do polipeptídeo homólogo ao VT3 de O. tipulae ou ao YP88 de C. elegans. Seu transcrito possui 61% de identidade com VIT-6 de O. tipulae CEW1 e 46% de identidade com VIT-6 de C. elegans. As vitelogeninas purificadas de LPP7 mostram três bandas com pesos moleculares próximos às vitelogeninas de O. tipulae (VT1, VT2 e VT3). Mas, ao contrário do que foi mostrado em O. tipulae, onde a banda VT1 é apresenta um polipeptídeo, VT1 de LPP7 aparentemente contém um par de bandas com massas moleculares quase idênticas, como ocorre com a proteína YP170 de C. elegans. / Heterorhabditis is a genus of entomopathogenic nematodes that are associated with bacteria of the genus Photorhabdus. Together, they infect and kill arthropods. Heterorhabditis baujardi strain LPP7 was isolated in Monte Negro (RO). The yolk reserves are transported to the growing oocyte by a lipoprotein called vitellogenin. We have cloned and partially sequenced a fragment of 800pb of the vit-6 gene from LPP7. This fragment contains a portion of a homologous to those coding for the vitellins VT3 of O. tipulae and the YP88 C. elegans polypeptides. The polypeptide coded by the sequenced fragment showed that it has 61% identity to VIT-6 protein of O. tipulae CEW1 and 46% of identity to VIT-6 of C. elegans. The purified proteins of LPP7 show three bands with migrations close to the vitellins of O. tipulae (VT1, VT2 and VT3). However, unlike what was shown in O. tipulae where the VT1 band is comprised of a single polypeptide, LPP7 VT1 apparently contains a pair of bands with almost identical molecular masses as occurs with the homologous vitellin of C. elegans YP170.