京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22503号 / 農博第2407号 / 新制||農||1077(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5283(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 健司, 教授 澤山 茂樹, 准教授 豊原 治彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Profiles of plasma estradiol and testosterone concentrations, cathepsin D, L, and B activities, and quantitative and qualitative protein content were developed and evaluated in four commercial strains of channel catfish, Gold Kist (2), Thompson and NWAC-103 for one year (age 2 to age 3). Great variation between individuals of the same strain precluded the identification of any significant, strain-specific differences for the variables under investigation. When variables from fish of all strains were collectively evaluated over time, both estradiol and testosterone concentrations significantly increased in July and then later from February to April. The increase in hormone concentration was accompanied by oocyte growth and increases in proteolytic activity of cathepsins D, L, and B, supporting the role of estradiol in regulating vitellogenesis. Vitellogenin was enzymatically broken down into smaller protein units by cathepsins L, D, and B that were separately predominant at different stages of oocyte development. During oocyte development, there were sequential relationships among hormone concentration, cathepsin activity, protein content, and predominant oocyte proteins. This observation was associated with high levels of activity of cathepsin L in February, suggesting an important role in protein degradation during that time, while high activity of cathepsin B occurred, stimulating during November to January. Cathepsin B is more important in oogenesis or early vitellogenesis, and cathepsin L assumes a principal role during middle vitellogenesis. Twenty hours subsequent to the injection of fish with either carp pituitary hormone or luteinizing hormone releasing hormone, increases in the concentration of plasma estradiol and testosterone, activities of cathepsins L, D, and B, egg size, and egg protein content occurred, stimulating the process of oocyte maturation. The percentages of spawning obtained were 18.8% of LHRH injected fish, 12.4% of CPE injected fish, 9.4% of fish not injected, and 0% of saline injected fish. Injection of females with LHRH can potentially serve as a tool to increase spawning success in appropriate commercial settings, particularly for improving three year old catfish spawning success early in the spawning season. Low estradiol levels in all three-year-old fish suggest that insufficient stimulation of vitellogenin production by estradiol may underlie the lack of vitellogenin incorporation into developing oocytes. In the present study, the measurement of the activities of the cathepsins and their relationships to other parameters were evaluated for the first time. This is also the first study to report plasma estradiol and testosterone concentrations, protein content, and egg size in 2 to 3-year old channel catfish. All of the parameters collectively evaluated may serve to assist in the selection of the best 2- year old channel catfish female broodstock, and to determine the optimal timing of treatments of hormone injection to increase reproductive performance.

Como em outros mosquitos, os trofócitos do corpo gorduroso de Cx. quinquefasciatus sintetizam vitelogenina (Vg), principal proteína armazenada pelo ovócito, formada por duas subunidades de 200 e 86 kDa. A ultraestrutura dos trofócitos revela o rápido desenvolvimento da maquinaria biossintética após a alimentação com sangue (aa) e a consecutiva degradação após as 48 h aa. Antes do repasto (AR), um conjunto de células indiferenciadas, limitado pelo epitélio folicular, conforma os folículos ovarianos. Após AR, o ovócito se destaca pelo acúmulo de lipídeos e Vg. O receptor de vitelogenina é encontrado somente nos ovários e análise por PCR em tempos mostrou aumento dos transcritos nos primeiros cinco dias após emersão e nas primeiras 48 h aa, durante a vitelogênese. O perfil transcricional de Vg mostrou um pico no terceiro dia de vida adulta e ao final do processo ovogênico / As in other mosquitoes, fat body trophocytes of Cx. quinquefasciatus synthesize vitellogenin (Vg), the major yolk protein stored by the oocyte, formed by two subunits of 200 and 86 kDa. The trophocytes ultrastructure reveals the rapid development of the biosynthetic machinery and the consecutive degradation around 48 h post blood meal (PBM). Before blood meal, a set of undifferentiated cells limited by follicular epithelium, conform the ovarian follicles. After blood meal, the oocyte is remarkable by accumulation of lipid inclusions and yolk granules. Vitellogenin receptors (rVitCx), are localized exclusively in the ovaries and real time PCR showed transcripts increase at the first five days after emergence (AE), and at the first 48 h PBM, during oogenesis. Vg transcripts profile showed a peak on the third day AE and at the end of the vitellogenic process

No description available.

Como em outros mosquitos, os trofócitos do corpo gorduroso de Cx. quinquefasciatus sintetizam vitelogenina (Vg), principal proteína armazenada pelo ovócito, formada por duas subunidades de 200 e 86 kDa. A ultraestrutura dos trofócitos revela o rápido desenvolvimento da maquinaria biossintética após a alimentação com sangue (aa) e a consecutiva degradação após as 48 h aa. Antes do repasto (AR), um conjunto de células indiferenciadas, limitado pelo epitélio folicular, conforma os folículos ovarianos. Após AR, o ovócito se destaca pelo acúmulo de lipídeos e Vg. O receptor de vitelogenina é encontrado somente nos ovários e análise por PCR em tempos mostrou aumento dos transcritos nos primeiros cinco dias após emersão e nas primeiras 48 h aa, durante a vitelogênese. O perfil transcricional de Vg mostrou um pico no terceiro dia de vida adulta e ao final do processo ovogênico / As in other mosquitoes, fat body trophocytes of Cx. quinquefasciatus synthesize vitellogenin (Vg), the major yolk protein stored by the oocyte, formed by two subunits of 200 and 86 kDa. The trophocytes ultrastructure reveals the rapid development of the biosynthetic machinery and the consecutive degradation around 48 h post blood meal (PBM). Before blood meal, a set of undifferentiated cells limited by follicular epithelium, conform the ovarian follicles. After blood meal, the oocyte is remarkable by accumulation of lipid inclusions and yolk granules. Vitellogenin receptors (rVitCx), are localized exclusively in the ovaries and real time PCR showed transcripts increase at the first five days after emergence (AE), and at the first 48 h PBM, during oogenesis. Vg transcripts profile showed a peak on the third day AE and at the end of the vitellogenic process

Einige Zuchtmerkmale der Honigbiene lassen sich sinnvoll an einzelnen Arbeiterinnen messen. Dabei kann der Zuchtfortschritt potentiell beschleunigt werden, wenn Söhne der selektierten Arbeiterinnen zur Besamung herangezogen werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war deshalb die Schaffung von Methoden zur Erzeugung von Söhnen selektierter Arbeitsbienen. Um die Fruchtbarkeit der selektierten Tiere zu fördern wurde zunächst vergeblich versucht, eine Hormonbehandlung zur gezielten Induktion der Eibildung zu entwickeln. Dabei konnten die Mechanismen der Fortpflanzungssteuerung bei Arbeitsbienen teilweise aufgeklärt werden. Um die Fruchtbarkeit in allen Bienen außer den selektierten zu unterdrücken wurde zunächst die Sterilisation durch harte Röntgenstrahlung erprobt. Die erhaltenen Tiere legten keine Eier, zeigten aber starke somatische Schäden. Die Aufzucht von Arbeiterinnen-Larven in überalterten Völkern ergab keine sterilen, sondern besonders fruchtbare Tiere. Schließlich gelang es unter Verwendung von Flugbienen als Begleittieren, in Jungbienen in über 60% der Fälle volle Ovarentwicklung zu erzielen. Auch konnten alle erzeugten Eier Jungbienen zugeordnet werden. Um die Eignung von Arbeiterinnen-gelegten Eiern für Zuchtzwecke zu prüfen, wurden Qualitätsparameter gemessen. Arbeiterinnen-gelegte Eier zeigten sich empfindlicher gegenüber Trockenheit und mechanischer Beschädigung als Königinnen-gelegte Eier. Alle in Völker verbrachten Arbeiterinnen-gelegten Eier wurden ausgefressen. Also wurde eine Methode zur Anfütterung von Larven im Brutschrank entwickelt. Die so erzeugten Larven überlebten aber ebenfalls nicht in Völkern. Deshalb wurde ein Verfahren entwickelt, mit dem aus über 50% der eingesetzten Larven durch Brutschrankaufzucht adulte Tiere erhalten werden können. Ein vorläufiges Protokoll zur Erzeugung von Söhnen individuell selektierter Arbeitsbienen wurde erarbeitet. / Breeding of honey bees usually involves selection at the colony level. However, some important breeding traits exist that can also be measured at the scale of the individual worker bee. In these cases, genetic progress can potentially be accelerated by using drones which are sons of the selected individuals. The aim of this study was therefore to create methods for the production of offspring from individually selected workers. To enhance fertility of selected workers, an attempt was made to develop a hormonal treatment to induce worker fertility. It led to the partial elucidation of the endocrine regulation of reproduction in worker honey bees. Methods were tested to suppress fertility in all bees except the selected workers, in order to prevent competition among workers and enable identification of the eggs of selected bees. Method tested included the application of ultra-hard X-rays and rearing of larvae inside over-aged colonies. Finally, it could be shown that forager bees can be used as companion bees to selected workers. This method led to fully developed ovaries in more than 60% of bees representing the selected workers in these tests, who also were the only animals to produce eggs. The next subtask was the measurement of characteristics linked to viability in eggs from laying workers. Worker-laid eggs showed to be more sensitive to dryness and mechanical damage. When worker-laid eggs were inserted into queenless or queenright colonies for rearing, they were systematically cannibalised. Therefore, a method was developed to rear eggs into living larvae in an incubator. However, the larvae produced in this way were not accepted by colonies either. To circumvent this problem, a protocol was designed and validated that allows to rear worker-derived drone larvae into adults in vitro. The study led to a preliminary protocol for the production of drones that are sons of individually selected worker bees.

Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Endocrine disruption is an alteration of the chemical messaging processes in the body. The value of studies‐ and monitoring of endocrine disruption using techniques included in the field of toxicogenomics is undoubtedly supported by scientific literature over the past four decades, as is demonstrated in Chapter 1 where I review relevant literature on the topic. Clearly, well sustained bio‐monitoring will include studies both in vitro and in vivo, and very well on transcriptional and translational levels. Animals are providing good models for in vivo studies to report or monitor endocrine disruption. It is imperative though to first understand such an animal’s biology, especially its endocrine system, and characterize what is considered “normal” for a species before engaging in endocrine disrupting exposures. A multitude of studies report endocrine disruption in relation to reproductive systems, with more recent work illustrating alteration of metabolism related to thyroidogenic disruption within the last decade. It is therefore essential to consider sex determination and ‐differentiation when studying sentinel species. Apart from the obvious academic interest in the matter of sex differentiation, altered patterns of sex differentiation in certain appropriate species provide for a very convincing endpoint in monitoring estrogenic endocrine disruption. As I approach to study a potential sentinel species for the southern African subcontinent, I set forward to study aspects of endocrine disruption influencing the reproductive system in a piece‐meal manner, starting with estrogenic endocrine disruption as this is the best studied facet of the endocrine disruption hypothesis to date. Yet, one learn from vast amounts of literature that in cases where sex is not exclusively determined by the genetic fraction of an individual, a number other characteristics may very well be used to determine estrogenic disruption in ecosystems. Quantitative production of the egg yolk precursor protein (vitellogenin) resides under these characteristics, and in the proposed sentinel, South African tilapiine, Oreochromis mossambicus phenotypic sex can be altered by environmental sex determination. The present study therefore targeted firstly the product most often used in tier I screening processes, vitellogenin (VTG). Specimens of O. mossambicus were cultured for this purpose from wild breeding stock, sampled at 5 day intervals and the transcription levels of vitellogenin gene (vtg) studied in those. Hereby, Chapter 2 describes the cloning of partial vtg gene and subsequent temporal expression of vtg quantitatively in O. mossambicus. To shed light on the state of gonadal differentiation sub‐samples were subjected to histology, illustrated in Chapter 3. In addition the quantitative vtg responses has been described in this study at a transcriptional level, both of adult males and juveniles subjected to low and very high levels of natural estrogens. In addition, a 3 kb 5’ flanking region of vtg was cloned and sequenced, and several putative binding sites identified for transcription factors of vtg, including several estrogen responsive elements (EREs). These indicate the expected regulational process of vtg by estrogens. Subsequently I measured the transcription levels of the only enzyme capable of aromatizing androgens into estrogens, Cytochrome P450 19 (cyp19) as has been characterized in Chapter 3. For stable binding of an estrogen to an ERE, binding of the ligand to its specific nuclear receptor (Estrogen receptor, ESR) is required. Since E2 is known to have different mechanisms of action in vertebrates, the expression levels of the ESRs were evaluated in our sample set after cloning 3 different homologues of ESR in O. mossambicus. The results on this matter is discussed in Chapter 4 and provides in addition to data on vtg and cyp19 a platform of “normal” transcription levels of these candidate genes involved in estrogenic endocrine disruption of O. mossambicus. Ultimately, characterization of those candidate genes involved extensively in phenotypic sex, contribute to our understanding of sex determination and differentiation in this species in a small way.

A desregulação endócrina induzida por contaminação ambiental está entre os principais problemas criados pela sociedade moderna de consumo, responsável pela inserção no ambiente de uma série de substâncias interferentes nos sistemas hormonais dos mais diversos organismos, incluindo o próprio homem. A ação destes compostos acarreta, entre outros efeitos, disfunções reprodutivas e estudos apontam que também podem ser indutores de cânceres. A legislação brasileira através do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA) determina os padrões de qualidade das águas, porém muitas substâncias com potencial de desregulação endócrina não tem suas concentrações e emissões especificadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi executar um levantamento da presença e possíveis conseqüências dos hormônios estrogênicos, uma das classes mais potentes de desreguladores endócrinos (ED), nos compartimentos água e sedimento do rio do Monjolinho. Este rio cruza parte da malha urbana da cidade de São Carlos - SP e recebe lançamentos localizados e difusos de esgotos domésticos e industriais. Portanto, amostras de água e sedimentos foram analisadas através de cromatografia líquida, e exemplares de peixes capturados no rio investigados quanto à presença da proteína vitelogenina (VTG) um biomarcador de exposição. Também ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram desenvolvidos em laboratório com diferentes abordagens para verificação de efeitos diversos. Em uma tentativa de abordar os dados gerados através de uma perspectiva ampla, foi delineada uma avaliação de risco ambiental discutindo as possíveis ameaças a biota e a população humana, já que concentrações de hormônios, principalmente o sintético etinilestradiol (concentração máxima de 30,1 ± 3,41 ng/L), a indução da VTG e efeitos em ensaios ecotoxicológicos foram confirmados. / The environmental endocrine disruption is among the main problems arrived with the modern society way of life. The hormonal systems of several organisms are injured by a number of chemicals disposal on hydric bodies in erroneous way. These compounds causes reproductive disturbs, and studies pointed it be cancer inductors. The Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA) do not regulated standards for discharges and concentrations of these substances. This work aims to investigate the probable presence and effects of sexual estrogens hormones, one of the most powerful groups of endocrine disruptors (EDCs), at the Monjolinho river. This small urban river is placed in São Carlos; a town located in the São Paulo state, southwest Brazil, and receives concentrated and diffuse sewage effluents as industrials as domestics. Samples of water and sediments were analyzed by liquid chromatography, and male fishes captured were investigated to survey the vitellogenin protein (Vtg), a biomarker of exposition. To complement the study, ecotoxicological tests with different approaches were considered. Moreover an environmental risk analyze delineation was made because hormones concentrations, mainly the synthetic ethynilestradiol (EE2), VTG induction, and positive effects in ecotoxicity tests were found.

Neste trabalho caracterizamos o nematoide Panagrolaimus sp. linhagem CEW2, originalmente isolado em Monte Negro (RO), Brasil e mantido em nosso laboratório em culturas monoxênicas contendo Escherichia coli. CEW2 se mostrou um nematoide extremófilo capaz de sobreviver ao dessecamento em 10% de umidade relativa por pelo menos 48h. Essa resistência é mais evidente em larvas de primeiro estádio (L1) do que em adultos ou larvas dauer. Quando pré-incubados por 48h em 98% de umidade relativa a sua resistência ao dessecamento aumenta e pode chegar a uma sobrevivência de 86,25% dos indivíduos no caso de L1. Os animais dessecados se tornam também resistentes ao congelamento. Os indivíduos pré-incubados em 98% de umidade relativa tornam-se resistentes ao congelamento. O retorno à atividade após secagem ou congelamento ocorre de maneira diferente dependendo da concentração de NaCl no meio, sugerindo que eles sejam, além de anidrobiontes e criobiontes, sejam também osmobiontes. Um outro aspecto da fisiologia de CEW2 que também começamos a caracterizar é a composição de polipeptídeos das vitelinas de seus ovos. SDS-PAGE das proteínas presente em ovos de CEW2 apresentam 6 bandas principais coradas por Coomassie Blue (com Mr que variam de 85 a 125 kDa), 3 a mais do que aquelas detectadas nos outros dois nematoides cujas vitelinas foram caracterizadas, Caenorhabditis elegans e Oscheius tipulae. Quando comparamos as vitelinas destas três espécies notamos que CEW2 não possui a vitelina de 180 kDa (YP170A e B de C. elegans e VT1 de O. tipulae). Essa análise comparativa das vitelinas de nematoides nos permitiu propor um esquema para a origem das três bandas extras detectadas em CEW2. Não foi possível purificar as vitelinas de CEW2 usando o mesmo protocolo que desenvolvemos para as vitelinas de O. tipulae e C. elegans. Isso se deve a uma atividade proteolítica presente nos homogeneizados de vermes que co-purifica com as vitelinas e leva a sua degradação durante a armazenagem. As atividades proteolíticas presentes nesses homogeneizados foram caracterizados por zimografia e foi possível purificar uma das bandas que cremos ser uma protease digestiva de CEW2 e a responsável pela degradação das vitelinas purificadas. / In this work we characterize some survival and reproductive strategies of the nematode Panagrolaimus sp., strain CEW2. CEW2 was originally isolated in Monte Negro (RO), Brazil. CEW2 is currently maintained in monoxenic cultures with E. coli in our laboratory and has proved to be an extremophile that survives desiccation at 10% relative humidity for at least 48 hours. First instar larvae (L1) are more resistant to desiccation than adults or dauer larvae. When pre-incubated for 48 h at 98% relative humidity their resistance to desiccation increases and can reach a survival rate of 86,25 % with L1individuals. The dried animals also become resistant to freezing. Worms that were pre-incubated at 98% relative humidity become resistant to freezing in water at -20 °C. The return to activity upon drying or freezing occurs differently depending on the NaCl concentration in the medium, suggesting that CEW2 is an osmobiont in addition to its anidrobiotic and criobiotic behavior. We also began to characterize another aspect of CEW2 physiology; the polypeptide composition of the vitellins in their eggs. SDS-PAGE of the proteins present in CEW2 eggs show 6 major Coomassie Blue stained bands (Mr ranging from 85-125 kDa), three more than those detected in the vitellins of Caenorhabditis elegans and Oscheius tipulae. When we compare the vitellins of these three species we notice that CEW2 lacks the yolk proteins of 180 kDa (YP170A and B present in C. elegans and VT1 in O. tipulae). The comparative analysis of nematode vitellins allowed us to propose a model for the origin of the three extra bands detected in CEW2. We propose that in CEW2 the polypeptides that are ortologous to the 180 kDa polypeptides of C. elegans and O. tipulae, suffer a proteolytic cleavage similar to that occurring with the precursor of YP115 and 88 in C. elegans. It was not possible to purify the vitellins of CEW2 using the same protocol developed for the vitellins of O. tipulae and C. elegans. This is due to a proteolytic activity present in homogenized worms which co-purifies with the vitellins and leads to their degradation during the procedure. Proteolytic activities present in these homogenates were characterized by zymography and it was possible to purify one of the bands that we believe to be a digestive protease from CEW2 responsible for the degradation of purified vitellins.

Abelhas adultas produzem vitelogenina, a principal proteína da hemolinfa. Ela está envolvida na reprodução, comportamento, imunidade, longevidade e regulação da organização social. A interferência por RNA interference é a mais promissora ferramenta para estudos de função gênica, baseada na introdução de duplex de RNA (dsRNA) que induz a degradação de transcritos alvo-específicos. Injeção de dsRNA altera a transcrição de vitelogenina, mas evidências apontam que a ativação do sistema imune em abelhas seja um efeito colateral destaa manipulação. Desenvolvemos um método para o silenciamento do gene codificador de vitelogenina no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário, que minimiza os efeitos da manipulação, onde 0,5 ?g de dsRNA de vitelogenina (dsVg) ou de GFP (controle exógeno, dsGFP) foi oferecido na dieta natural de larvas de segundo estágio, as quais foram mantidas na colônia. Nosso enfoque principal foi a compreensão dos efeitos do silenciamento pós-transcricional de rainhas e operárias de A. mellifera, em especial na fase larval. Operárias adultas reconhecem larvas tratadas e as remove. Mantemos certa distância entre as células de cria que recebiam o tratamento e a remoção de larvas tratadas diminuiu consideravelmente. A expressão de transcritos de vitelogenina em indivíduos sem tratamento e tratados foi analisada no quinto estágio larval de ambas as castas, bem como em operárias adultas de 7 dias e rainhas recémnascidas, utilizando-se PCR em tempo real e a expressão do gene codificador de actina como controle endógeno. Em adultos, controles sem tratamento e dsGFP expressaram quantidades similares de transcritos de vitelogenina. Os grupos alimentados com dsVg tiveram expressão reduzida de vitelogenina, a saber: quinto estágio larval de operárias (91%) e de rainhas (71%), operárias de 7 dias (88%) e rainhas recém-nascidas (70%). O silenciamento da vitelogenina não afetou a morfologia dos adultos, mas sim a fisiologia de larvas de ambas as castas, como nos títulos de hormônio juvenil e concentração de proteínas circulantes na hemolinfa. Concluímos que a ingestão de dsRNA é um método não-invasivo que induz silenciamento gênico e, assim, uma ferramenta eficiente para estudos funcionais pós-genoma. Os mecanismos regulatórios do gene codificador de vitelogenina e seu papel na diferenciação de castas estão em discussão. / Adult bees produce vitellogenin (Vg), the main protein in hemolymph; it is involved in honey bee (Apis mellifera) reproduction, behavior, immunity, longevity and regulation of social organization. Genetic interference mediated by injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a powerful tool for the analysis of gene function in Apis mellifera. Injection of dsRNA effectively alters vitellogenin transcription; however, evidence has been found of immune system activation in treated bees, which could be a collateral effect of treatment. Consequently, we developed a non-invasive protocol for disruption of the A. mellifera genes exemplified by vitellogenin mRNA silencing, to understand it, mainly, in the female larval context. Second instar larvae were treated as follows: the treatment group received 0,5 ?g of double-stranded vitellogenin RNA (dsVg) mixed with larval food deposited in the worker brood cells; control group 1 was left to develop without treatment, while control group 2 received dsGFP (Green Fluorescent Protein), as an exogenous control. Treated and control larvae were maintained in the colony until adult emergence. Workers recognized dsRNAtreated larvae and frequently removed them. To circumvent this problem we increased the distance between the treatment groups. Vg gene expression were determined for fifth instar larvae of both castes and for 7 day-old workers and newly-emerged queens, evaluated by quantitative real time PCR, using actin as an endogenous control. For adults, we found that controls, dsGFP- and non-treated bees expressed similar amounts of Vg transcripts. The dsVg-fed groups had significantly reduced Vg gene expression in fifth instar larvae of workers (91%) and queens (71%) and, also, in 7 day-old workers (88%) and newly-emerged queens (70%). Disruption of the Vg gene did not affect adults morphology but physiological larval traits of both castes, as juvenile hormone titre and protein concentration. We conclude that dsRNA ingestion is an effective non-invasive method for inducing knockdown and an efficient approach for post-genome functional studies. The regulatory mechanisms of vitellogenin gene and its rules during caste differentiation are discussed.