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This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Issues include water inrush, structural instability, and engineering uncertainty in these environments. Coupled with the fracturing prevalent in folded sedimentary rocks, karsts are complex and challenging ground control risks. Traditional methods of predicting karst void locations such as probe-drilling are impeded by the inconsistent spatial distribution and variable sizes of the features. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that transmits radio waves into a medium and subsequently detects reflected waves via a receiver. The travel time and energy of received signals are then processed and interpreted. The difference in material properties between limestone and open karst voids causes strong reflections. This work summarizes a series of 2D and 3D GPR surveys for karst void mapping within a mine pillar and within sill pillars between mine levels in a large opening underground limestone mine. In this case study mine, karst voids are hazardous ground control risks that interact with geologic discontinuities, creating free blocks within the rock mass. As tunnels are advanced via blasting, unknown karst voids may be exposed and pose risks to mining personnel. The karst voids also form a hydrogeological network of water reservoirs with spatial locations throughout the rock mass that are difficult to predict with traditional methods such as drilling. While GPR has been utilized throughout several industries for anomaly detection, mapping, and validating other geophysical data sets, this technique has not seen the same proliferation within the mining industry. Regarding published literature, there is a lack of works that detail the applicability of GPR in underground mining scenarios. The aim of this work is to expand on previous methodologies establishing GPR as a useful tool in underground mining applications, and to discuss the benefits and limitations GPR data in such scenarios. / Master of Science / This work focuses on the operational and safety issues associated with karst voids in large opening underground mines. Typical issues include water flooding into the tunnels and rocks falling out from the roof and walls, among other things. Sedimentary rock structures sometimes are geologically complex, and karst voids only add to that complexity. Engineers usually predict karst void locations with drilling or statistics, but this is often challenging as karst voids have various shapes and orientations. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique that sends electric signals into the rock; these signals can reflect off of karst voids and other anomalies. The travel time and energy of signals that come back to the antennas are then processed and interpreted. The difference in material properties between limestone and open karst voids causes strong reflections. This work shows a series of 2D and 3D GPR surveys for karst void mapping within a pillar in a stone mine and also below the floor of mine tunnels. In this mine, karst voids are very dangerous and the miners spend significant time and resources to ensure the tunnels walls are stable. As tunnels are blasted, hidden karst voids may be exposed and pose unpredicted risks to miners. The karst voids are also connected by cracks and discontinuities, providing a path for water to travel along. While GPR has been used in various ways among the construction, civil engineering, and tunneling industries, there is not enough literature pertaining to its benefits for mines. The goal of this work is to grow the available literature on GPR in mining and to talk about the best practices for GPR use as a means of improving health and safety for miners underground.

No / No abstract

The Au-Al bond is a commonly used interconection in IC package.The different composition for Au wire will change the different IMC growth. In this study, we will discuss the pure Au wire, and little Pd or Cu addition in Au wire reacted with Al pad for thermal aging, and we will give the models for these cases.

Cada vez mais freqüente a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cal torna-se atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cal encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cal baseadas em critérios racionais como existe no caso do concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência da quantidade de cal, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência de um solo arenoso tratado com cal e rocha basáltica pulverizada, avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cal e vazios/cal na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples e comparar as variáveis envolvidas com amostras tratadas com cimento em iguais proporções. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de cal e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem não afetou consideravelmente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cal no estado nãosaturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), a relação água/cal não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cal, assim como a relação vazios/cimento, definido pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de aglomerante, ajustado por um expoente, demonstraram ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cal e do solo-cimento estudado. / Not rarely, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-lime technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with lime finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies and design based on rational criteria as it exists in the case of concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of lime amount, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil treated with lime and pulverized basaltic rock, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/lime ratio and a voids/lime ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength and to compare the evaluated variables with samples treated by cement in the same proportions. A number of unconfined compression tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the lime amount and exponentially with the reduction on the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change on the moisture content doesn’t remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in the same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-lime in the unsaturated state (state usually met in compacted fills), the water/lime ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/lime ratio, as well as the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric binder content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the estimate of unconfined compression strength of the studied soil-lime and soil-cement.

Cada vez mais freqüente a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cal torna-se atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cal encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cal baseadas em critérios racionais como existe no caso do concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência da quantidade de cal, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência de um solo arenoso tratado com cal e rocha basáltica pulverizada, avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cal e vazios/cal na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples e comparar as variáveis envolvidas com amostras tratadas com cimento em iguais proporções. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de cal e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem não afetou consideravelmente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cal no estado nãosaturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), a relação água/cal não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cal, assim como a relação vazios/cimento, definido pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de aglomerante, ajustado por um expoente, demonstraram ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cal e do solo-cimento estudado. / Not rarely, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-lime technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with lime finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies and design based on rational criteria as it exists in the case of concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of lime amount, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil treated with lime and pulverized basaltic rock, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/lime ratio and a voids/lime ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength and to compare the evaluated variables with samples treated by cement in the same proportions. A number of unconfined compression tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the lime amount and exponentially with the reduction on the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change on the moisture content doesn’t remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in the same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-lime in the unsaturated state (state usually met in compacted fills), the water/lime ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/lime ratio, as well as the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric binder content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the estimate of unconfined compression strength of the studied soil-lime and soil-cement.

Cada vez mais freqüente a utilização de técnicas tradicionais da engenharia geotécnica depara-se com obstáculos de caráter econômico e ambiental. A técnica do solo-cal torna-se atrativa quando o melhoramento das propriedades do solo do local constitui-se numa alternativa de projeto. A técnica de tratamento de solos com cal encontra aplicação, por exemplo, na construção de bases para pavimentos, na proteção de taludes em barragens de terra e como camada de suporte para fundações superficiais. Entretanto, ainda não existem metodologias de dosagem e projeto das misturas de solo-cal baseadas em critérios racionais como existe no caso do concreto, onde a relação água/cimento desempenha papel fundamental na obtenção da resistência desejada. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem por objetivo quantificar a influência da quantidade de cal, da porosidade e do teor de umidade de moldagem, sobre a resistência de um solo arenoso tratado com cal e rocha basáltica pulverizada, avaliar a adequação do uso das relações água/cal e vazios/cal na estimativa da sua resistência à compressão simples e comparar as variáveis envolvidas com amostras tratadas com cimento em iguais proporções. Para isso foram realizados ensaios de compressão simples e medidas de sucção matricial. Os resultados mostram que a resistência à compressão simples cresceu linearmente com o aumento da quantidade de cal e exponencialmente com a redução na porosidade da mistura compactada. Além disso, a variação do teor de umidade de moldagem não afetou consideravelmente a resistência à compressão simples em misturas compactadas numa mesma massa específica aparente seca. Verificou-se que, para o solo-cal no estado nãosaturado (estado em que normalmente se encontram os aterros compactados), a relação água/cal não é um bom parâmetro para estimativa da resistência à compressão simples. Ao contrário, a relação vazios/cal, assim como a relação vazios/cimento, definido pela razão entre a porosidade da mistura compactada e o teor volumétrico de aglomerante, ajustado por um expoente, demonstraram ser o parâmetro mais adequado na estimativa da resistência à compressão simples do solo-cal e do solo-cimento estudado. / Not rarely, the use of traditional techniques in geotechnical engineering faces obstacles of economical and environmental nature. The soil-lime technique becomes attractive when the improvement of the local soil is a project alternative. The treatment of soils with lime finds application, for instance, in the construction of pavement base layers, in slope protection of earth dams and as a support layer for shallow foundations. However, there are no dosage methodologies and design based on rational criteria as it exists in the case of concrete technology, where the water/cement ratio plays a fundamental role in the assessment of the target strength. In that sense, this study aims to quantify the influence of lime amount, the porosity and the moisture content on the strength of a sandy soil treated with lime and pulverized basaltic rock, as well as to evaluate the use of a water/lime ratio and a voids/lime ratio to assess its unconfined compression strength and to compare the evaluated variables with samples treated by cement in the same proportions. A number of unconfined compression tests and measures of matric suction were carried out. The results show that the unconfined compression strength increased linearly with the increase of the lime amount and exponentially with the reduction on the porosity of the compacted mixture. Besides, the change on the moisture content doesn’t remarkably affected the unconfined compression strength of mixtures compacted in the same dry density. It was verified that, for the soil-lime in the unsaturated state (state usually met in compacted fills), the water/lime ratio is not a good parameter for assessment of unconfined compression strength. In the other hand, the voids/lime ratio, as well as the voids/cement ratio, defined by the reason between the porosity of the compacted mixture and the volumetric binder content, adjusted by an exponent, demonstrated to be the most appropriate parameter in the estimate of unconfined compression strength of the studied soil-lime and soil-cement.

Protection of buried pipes is a serious issue that concerns countries around the world. Therefore, there is a need for new soil improvement techniques such as geosynthetic materials installation to protect these pipes from damage. This study used large-scale laboratory tests to study the behaviour of buried pipes. A total of 22 large-scale tests were performed to study the behaviour of buried flexible HDPE pipes with and without void presence under the protection of the geogrid reinforcing layers subjected to incrementally increasing cyclic loading. The presence of voids located at the spring-line of the flexible buried pipes, led to a considerable increase in the soil surface settlement, pressure recorded at the pipe crown, spring-line and invert, pipe deformation and strain recorded in the pipe wall. Increasing the pipe burial depth contributed to significant reductions in the soil surface settlement, pressure recorded at the pipe crown and invert, pipe deformation and strain recorded in the pipe wall. However, the void presence limited the contribution of increasing the pipe burial depth. The inclusion of a geogrid reinforcing layer contributed to a considerable reduction in the soil surface settlement, pressure recorded at the pipe crown, spring-line and invert, pipe deformation and strain recorded in the pipe wall. The use of a combination of geogrid reinforcing layers and increasing the pipe burial depth contributed in diminishing the ground void presence effect, where better pressure distribution inside the system was achieved. Consequently, more protection was provided to the buried pipe.