Le massif du Cantal, localisé dans la province volcanique Cénozoïque du Massif Central (France), est le plus grand complexe volcanique Miocène d’Europe. Il est majoritairement constitué de brèches volcanoclastiques qui lui confèrent des dimensions impressionnantes et une morphologie surbaissée. Des observations de terrain, couplées à des datations K-Ar, nous ont permis de reconstituer l’évolution morpho-structurale, la dynamique éruptive et l’histoire volcanique du massif. Après avoir contraint dans l’espace et dans le temps une séquence stratigraphique identique tout autour du massif, nous montrons qu’il existe des évidences chrono-stratigraphiques, structurales et géomorphologiques en faveur de la formation d’une caldeira centrale de 8 x 10 km il y a environ 8 Ma occupée par un lac. L’étude morphologique et sédimentologique de la principale unité bréchique du massif, le Grand Écoulement Bréchique, nous a conduit à le définir comme l’un des plus importants debris flow syn-éruptifs connus au monde dont nous estimons un volume de l’ordre de 100 km3. Nous proposons que cet écoulement résulte d’une éruption sous-lacustre intracaldeira majeure. L’interaction entre un magma juvénile et l’eau du lac de caldeira, selon un dynamisme surtseyen, a initié la formation du debris flow qui s’est propagé sur les pentes externes du volcan à 360° jusqu’à plus de 25 km de sa source. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives d’une part quant aux risques volcaniques liés aux éruptions sous-lacustres intracaldériques majeures, et d’autre part quant à la possibilité de reconstituer la morphologie passée de la source d’un écoulement bréchique volcanoclastique âgé de plusieurs Ma, par l’étude de son dépôt selon des critères sédimentologiques et morphologiques.Dans un deuxième temps, la combinaison de nouvelles datations K-Ar et d’observations de terrain nous ont permis de reconstituer l’histoire volcanique du plateau du Cézallier, siège de la plus jeune activité volcanique de France métropolitaine, du plateau de l’Aubrac, et également la chronologie du volcanisme le long du Sillon Houiller. Nous avons pu ainsi établir les relations spatio-temporelles entre le massif du Cantal et les provinces volcaniques adjacentes révélant le rôle important des fractures héritées de l’Hercynien pour la remontée des magmas. Nous confirmons ainsi une migration spatio-temporelle vers le nord du volcanisme en Auvergne. Finalement, l’acquisition au cours de ce travail de 47 nouveaux âges K-Ar de 12,8 Ma à 9 ka complète la chronologie du volcanisme du Massif Central en précisant sa distribution spatio-temporelle. / The Cantal massif, located in the French Cenozoic volcanic province, is the largest Miocene volcano in Europe. It is mainly composed of volcaniclastic breccias giving impressive dimensions and a shield-like morphology. Field observations, coupled with K-Ar datings, allowed us to reconstruct the morpho-structural evolution, the eruptive dynamics and the volcanic history of the massif. We first constrained a stratigraphic sequence which is identical all around the massif. Then, we show that it exists from chrono-stratigraphic, structural and geomorphologic evidences a 8 x 10 km central caldera ca. 8 Myrs ago occupied by a lake. The sedimentological and morphological study of the main breccia unit, the Large Breccia Flow, led us to define it as one of the largest syn-eruptive debris flow in the world. We estimate its volume at ca. 100 km3. We propose that this debris flow resulted from a major intracaldera lake eruption. The interaction between a juvenile magma and the water of the caldera lake, with a surteyan dynamics, initiated the debris flow that propagated on the external slopes of the volcano at 360° until 25 km from its source. This study opens outlets on one hand to volcanic hazards related to major intracaldera lake eruptions ; on the other hand, we show that it is possible to reconstruct the former source morphology of a several Myrs-old volcaniclastic breccia flow by studying the sedimentological and morphological criterion of its deposit.Furthermore, the combination of new K-Ar datings with field observations allowed us to reconstruct the volcanic history of the Cézallier plateau (site of the youngest volcanic activity in the continental France), of the Aubrac plateau, and also the volcanism along the Sillon Houiller. Consequently, we established the spatio-temporal relationships between the Cantal massif and the adjacent volcanic provinces, highlighting the important role of the Hercynian inherited fractures in the magmas ascent. We thus confirm the spatio-temporal migration toward the north in Auvergne. Finally, the acquisition of 47 new K-Ar ages ranging from 12.8 Ma to 9 ka conveys new time constraints on the chronology of Massif Central volcanism by precising its spatio-temporal distribution.

The Dinner Creek Tuff is a mid-Miocene rhyolitic to dacitic ignimbrite, consisting of four cooling units with 40Ar/39Ar ages 16--15 Ma. Previous geologists have suspected that the source of the tuff is located in northwestern Malheur County, eastern Oregon. This broad area is called the Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center. This thesis summarizes field work, XRF/ICP-MS geochemistry, thin section petrography, and SEM feldspar analysis from the summers of 2015 and 2016. The main purpose of this study is to identify sources for the Dinner Creek Tuff units within the Dinner Creek Tuff Eruptive Center. The secondary purpose is to map lava flows that pre-date and post-date the Dinner Creek Tuff, and correlate them with regionally extensive volcanic units. Two volcanic centers related to the Dinner Creek Tuff were identified. The southern volcanic center, centered at Castle Rock, is a caldera and source of the Dinner Creek Tuff unit 1 (DIT1). Rheomorphic, densely welded DIT1 is over 300 m thick along the east side of Castle Rock. The northwestern margin of the caldera has been uplifted along faults, showing vertically foliated tuff dikes and associated mega-breccia deposits. Up to 200 m of incipiently welded tuffs, and fluvial volcanoclastic sediments were deposited on the caldera floor, which has been uplifted due to resurgence and regional extension, creating the complex structural relationships between the volcanic units. The northern volcanic center is located at Ironside Mountain, where densely welded rheomorphic Dinner Creek Tuff unit 2 (DIT2) is exposed in outcrops over 600 m thick. The top of the DIT2 consists of glassy, moderately welded tuff. Sources for the DIT2 are tuff dikes along the south and western flanks of Ironside Mountain. The thick deposits of DIT2 at Ironside Mountain indicate that the mountain is an uplifted caldera, herein named the Ironside Mountain caldera. Uplift may have been due to resurgence, but it is most likely due to normal faulting along the Border Fault, a major regional normal fault that strikes across the northern margin of the caldera. Pre-Dinner Creek Tuff lava flows occur throughout the study area, and can be correlated with the Strawberry Volcanics and the Basalt of Malheur Gorge. A distinct lava flow, herein called the Ring Butte trachy-basalt occurs within the center of the study area, and is distinct from regional lava flows. Following the eruptions of the Dinner Creek Tuff units 1 & 2, aphyric basaltic-andesite and icelandite intrude into, and overlie the intra-caldera tuffs and caldera floor sediments at both calderas. These aphyric lavas are similar in appearance and stratigraphic position with the regionally extensive Hunter Creek basalt. Porphyritic olivine basalt overlies the aphyric Hunter Creek basalt at the Castle Rock caldera. This porphyritic lava is similar in appearance and major/trace element geochemistry to the regional Tim's Peak basalt.

Les plaines de laves de Cerberus sur Mars présentent des morphologies volcaniques, fluviatiles et tectoniques. Une étude détaillée de cette région a permis de compiler diverses observations dans une carte géologique dont les morphologies fluviatiles et volcaniques. Les plaines de laves sont datées au plus de 250 millions d'années, et présentent des relations stratigraphiques complexes entre les volcans boucliers et les grosses coulées de lave. Les volumes de laves ont été contraints, à l'aide d'une modélisation originale de bassin, à un maximum de 17.104 km3. La cartographie des plaines de laves à permis de développer deux axes de recherche : (1) L'étude des dépôts volcaniques éoliens. L'étude de la tâche de faible albédo de Cerberus, suggère qu'il s'agit d'une strate de cendres ou de téphras mise à jour par la formation de Grjota' Vallis, distribuée par les vents vers le sud ouest de la zone. Cette tâche est finalement un témoin possible de l'activité explosive de Cerberus. (2) l'étude des dépôts effusifs. L'étude de la rhéologie des coulées de laves met en évidence deux types de viscosités indépendantes des taux d'émission, dont une se situe dans les valeurs de viscosité trouvées sur d'autres édifices martiens (105 Pa.s), et une autre qui présente les plus faibles valeurs de viscosité sur Mars (<103 Pa.s). L'absence d'édifice majeur fait des plaines de Cerberus une province volcanique unique sur Mars, dont l'évolution future reste incertaine.

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The Otway Basin of southeast Australia is the subject of this thesis, which incorporates pre-existing geological, hydraulic and major element hydrogeological data with new isotope hydrogeochemical investigations. The region is an Upper Cretaceous–Tertiary basin, filled with siliciclastic and calcareous aquifers and aquitards and characterised by late volcanic activity, pervasive faulting and karstification. (For complete abstract open document.)

x, 57 p. : ill. (mostly col.) / An extensive area west of the Three Sisters volcanoes of Oregon has been actively uplifting for over a decade. Examining the deformation is imperative to improve understanding of the potential hazards of Cascade volcanism and the emplacement of magma. I refine the timing of the onset of the deformation, resolve the change in uplift rates through time, and quantify the current deformation rate using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar. The deformation is assessed in time and space using single interferogram InSAR, stacks of interferograms, and line-of-sight time series. I examine the shape of the deformation pattern and explore volcanic source parameters using a Mogi model and tension crack model with topographic corrections. By using the best fit model and combining all useable interferograms from different tracks, I create the first complete continuous inflation time series of the Three Sisters volcanic uplift from 1992 to 2010. / Committee in charge: Dr. David A. Schmidt, Chair; Dr. Katharine V. Cashman, Member; Dr. Joshua J. Roering, Member

Plusieurs volcans andésitiques dans le monde connaissent des périodes d’activité en système ouvert pendant plusieurs années, décennies voire siècles, qui sont caractérisées par des manifestations éruptives persistantes d’intensité fluctuante et ponctuées de phases explosives violentes et dangereuses, souvent accompagnées d’écoulements pyroclastiques. La compréhension de la dynamique et de l’origine de ces paroxysmes en système ouvert est un enjeu majeur de la recherche volcanologique dans le but d’améliorer la surveillance de ce type d’activité. Le Tungurahua en Equateur est un excellent exemple pour étudier un système andésitique ouvert : entré en activité en 1999, le volcan a connu une phase paroxysmale en août 2006, avec l’émission d’un panache éruptif de 15 km de hauteur et la mise en place d’écoulements pyroclastiques. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont, à partir de l’étude du dépôt de retombée, d’explorer la dynamique d’un volcan andésitique fonctionnant en système ouvert en étudiant le cas du paroxysme explosif du Tungurahua et de développer une méthode de suivi haute-résolution des budgets éruptifs massiques, transposable à différentes phases éruptives et différents volcans. A l’aide d’une déconvolution automatique des distributions granulométriques bimodales du dépôt, deux sous-populations ont été caractérisées et quantifiées. Ces dernières reflètent la syn-sédimentation de particules grossières depuis le panache éruptif, et de particules fines depuis des nuages co-écoulements pyroclastiques. Cette analyse granulométrique couplée à l’étude de l’amincissement du dépôt indiquent un volume total minimum de 42×106 m3 et un panache de 16-18 km au dessus du cratère. Cette éruption est classée comme une VEI 3 de type subplinien. Un nouveau protocole d’analyses de type et densité de clastes révèle une distribution sigmoïdale des densités des particules vésiculées avec la granulométrie. Cette loi empirique permet de déterminer la charge massique de chaque classe de constituants latéralement dans le dépôt à partir des données de comptage de grains. L’intégration des lois de décroissance massique exponentielle et puissance de chaque classe de constituant dans le dépôt permet d’estimer leur masse totale. Ces budgets massiques indiquent une magnitude~3,5 et une intensité ~9,2. La faible masse de ponces acides (<0.4 wt.%) exclus une origine par mélange de magma. Une proportion de ~98 wt.% et la faible densité de produits juvéniles révèle le caractère magmatique de l’éruption et l’absence d’interactions phréato-magmatiques. Les xénoclastes témoignent d’une fragmentation et d’une érosion des 2 km supérieurs du conduit. Des analyses morphologiques de particules menées avec un outil automatique et innovant (Morphologi G3 de Malvern) montrent le caractère hautement vésiculé des particules juvéniles et la faible viscosité de la lave. L’explosivité élevée d’août 2006 apparaît comme une manifestation extrême d’un système ouvert alimenté par des injections irrégulières de magma andésitique profond. L’activité du Tungurahua depuis 1999 définit un système caractérisé par un conduit très ouvert, une lave peu visqueuse et un dégazage par le biais d’explosions stromboliennes de faibles à hautes intensités. La méthode de détermination des budgets éruptifs est un atout majeur pour le suivi et la surveillance des phases éruptives en système ouvert. / Many andesitic volcanoes at subduction plate margins can experience in the course of their evolution periods of continuous eruption during years, decades, or centuries characterized by a fluctuation of the activity interrupted by explosive events of varying size and duration, with possible production of pyroclastic density currents. Magmatic activity lasts for long periods of time before violent explosive eruptions occur, which makes the forecasting of such events a real challenge. I focus on the case of Tungurahua, one of Ecuador’s most active volcanoes, which started an open-vent eruptive period in 1999. The paroxysmal phase occurred in August 2006 and resulted in a sustained eruption column associated with pyroclastic flows and surges. From the study of the tephra fall deposit, the aims of this work are to understand the origin and the dynamics of the August 2006 explosive paroxysmal phase and to develop a transposable method of high-resolution analysis of eruptive mass budgets. Based on a new grainsize deconvolution algorithm, two subpopulations of grains were distinguished, characterized and quantified in the bimodal distributions of the tephra fall deposit. These subpopulations result from the syn-deposition of coarse grains from the main volcanic plume and fine-grained ash elutriated from pyroclastic flows. A bulk minimum tephra volume ~42×106 m3 and a column height of 16-18 km above the vent are assessed. These data support a VEI 3 event of subplinian type. Detailed componentry counting and particle density analyses allow to propose a sigmoidal law to describe the particle density variations with grainsize of vesicular grains. This law is used to calculate the mass per unit area of the componentry classes laterally in the deposit, from the results of the componentry analyses. Integrating the mass decay rates of the componentries in the deposit, we infer their total mass. Results point to a mass magnitude of~3.5 and an intensity of ~9.2. The pumice mass fraction is far too small (< 0.4 %) to account for the high explosivity of the 2006 event. The high juvenile content in the deposit (~98 wt.%)supports a magmatic origin of the eruption, and no phreatic influence on the overall explosivity. The nature and content of non-magmatic material imply that fragmentation and erosional behaviour occurred in the upper ~2 km of the plumbing system. Morphological analyses performed with Morphologi G3 instrument (Malvern) show a high vesicularity of the products and a low viscosity of the lava. These results support an explosive event fed by a deep gas-rich andesitic reinjection, which would have incorporated a pocket of older differentiated magma and eroded the upper conduit during the sub-plinian event. Tungurahua activity describes a eruptive system characterized by an open-vent, a low lava viscosity and a degassing behaviour through strombolian explosions of weak to high intensity. The high-resolution mass-based approach reveals useful to decipher the origin of the violent 2006 paroxysm and has potential to improve magnitude determinations of ancient eruption by considering componentry mass instead of volume. It is also applicable for monitoring purposes in the context of on-going crises at many andesitic eruptive worldwide.

Plains volcanism in Tharsis region on Mars: Ages and Rheology of Eruption Products Remote sensing data show clusters of low shield volcanoes in Tharsis volcanic province on Mars (Hauber et al., 2009). These low shield volcanoes and associated landforms are comparable with terrestrial plain-style volcanic products (Plescia, 1981) as defined by Greeley (1982) in the Snake River Plain in Idaho, which represents an intermediate style of volcanic activity ranging between flood basalts and the Hawaiian shields. While a number of recent studies addressed some aspects of low shield volcanoes, in particular their morphology, morphometry, and lava rheology, no systematic study including the chronology for the entire region of Tharsis is available so far. The goal of this work is to determine relative and absolute ages of low shield volcanoes and surrounding lava flows and their basic rheological properties. We used crater size-frequency distribution method (CSFD) developed by Hartman and Neukum (2001) and Ivanov (2001) for determination of absolute dating of the surface. For calculation of the rheological properties of the lava, we used methods established by Hiesinger et al. (2007). It is known that the low shield volcanoes on Mars consist of basaltic lavas that had low viscosities during their effusion, which can...

The Snake River Plain (SRP) is one of the best-preserved examples of continental hotspot volcanis, with a continuous record of volcanism that extends over 16 Ma to the present. Yellowstone-Snake River Plain records the migration of plume-tail volcanism from inception at the Bruneau-Jarbridge caldera complex at 12.6 Ma to its present locus, under the Yellowstone Plateau. Records kept by the Snake River Plain volcanic actions include rhyolite lavas and ignimbritesm minor coeval basalts, and an overlying veneer of younger basalts. The central SRP has received comparatively little attention in the past. The Kimama core hole was drilled as part of Project Hotspot, the Snake River Scientific Drilling Project, which seeks to understand the long-term volcanic and sediment logical history of the SRP volcanic province. The Kimama core hole is the only part of the SRP that has not been scientifically drilled and cored to a significant depth in the past. Investigations of subsurface stratigraphy in continental volcanic provinces such as the SRP-YP are limited by the by the relatively low depth and spatial distribution of cored wells. The study of the Kimama core provides us with a continuous record of basalt and minor sediment deposition. The long-term volcanic history of the SRP, documented by moving magma and its composition, demonstrates that magmatism is mantle plume-derived. Our investigation of the Kimama core, combined with new mantle tomography, provides evidence that refutes non-plume models for the origin of the Snake River Plain volcanic province.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2010. / Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. / Includes bibliographical references. / Volcanic accretion at the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR) occurs over a ~2-4 km wide neo-volcanic zone on either side of the axial summit trough (AST). Eruption ages are critical for understanding the distribution and timing of volcanic and magmatic activity. Uranium series nuclides are susceptible to fractionation by magmatic processes that occur beneath mid-ocean ridges, and the half-lives of 22 6Ra (1.6 kyrs) and 23Th (75 kyrs) make them ideally suited for determining eruption ages and placing constraints on eruption frequency and temporal changes in magma chemistry. Accordingly, major and trace element, and long-lived radiogenic and 2 8 U-2 Th-226Ra isotope compositions were measured in basalts from 9'-10 N EPR to determine eruption ages and to place temporal constraints on volcanic and magmatic processes. At 9030'N EPR, 238U-2 Th-2 26Ra compositions indicate that trace elementally and isotopically enriched mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) collected off-axis erupted >8 ka and that E-MORB magmatism is interspersed with normal, depleted MORB magmatism. Lava ages are consistent with eruption from the AST and flow down the ridge flanks, which is in contrast to previous studies that suggested E-MORB erupted from off-axis vents. At 9'50'N EPR, discrete eruptive units are distinguished by high precision 238U, 32 Th, and 226Ra sample concentrations, but because the resolution of the "2 Th-226Ra model age dating technique is ~±1 kyrs, the surprisingly young ages of these lavas prohibit the construction of an explicit, time-constrained lava stratigraphy. Nonetheless, seven different flows identified within 0.8-2.0 km west of the AST imply greater frequency of flows to these distances than previously recognized. Model age dating of ferrobasalts, basaltic andesites, andesites, and dacites sampled from the east limb of the overlapping spreading center at 9'03'N EPR is difficult due to uncertainties in magma residence times. However, (22 6Ra/23 Th) disequilibria indicate recent basaltic volcanism (<<8 ka) up to -4 km off-axis. The axial graben at the rise crest sources the most recent volcanic activity and is the dominant location for eruption of high-silica magmas. Major element, trace element, 87Sr/86Sr, and (3 4U/238U) isotope compositions are consistent with the formation of dacite magmas by extensive crystallization, and 238U-2Fh-226 Ra systematics imply crustal residence times of -8 kyrs. / by Christopher L. Waters. / Ph.D.