False confessions are the most difficult type of confession to detect. Because the Reid interview and interrogation technique is the global gold standard for interviews, interrogations, and confessions, it is used to obtain confessions from suspects. However, the Reid method has been untested in regard to if it can detect false confessions to potentially eliminate wrongful convictions. The purpose of this qualitative study was to perform a content analysis of videos of confessions using several models that make up the Reid interview and interrogation technique. Utilizing attribution theory as a framework, these models were qualitatively assessed for their ability to detect false confessions in comparison with the legal casebook analysis and linguistic analysis. The key research questions addressed how interviewers attribute identification of false confessions through the assessment of the various models and the complete Reid interview and interrogation technique. An additional research question concerned how interviewers identify attribution error in false confessions through the assessment of the various models and the complete Reid interview and interrogation technique. Data were collected from 6 videos and subjected to content analysis, triangulated with discourse analysis and conversation analysis. The results of this study showed that the models applied to the confessions could distinguish between true and false confessions. A social change could occur if some or all of these models are applied to all interrogations to detect false confessions, which would provide law enforcement and the intelligence professions the tools to assess confessions in order to potentially stop wrongful convictions and intelligence failures in interviews and interrogations.

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The aim of the study is to describe women’s view on voluntariness in family care and what formal care can help them in their wants. The study is viewing the results from both a family care perspective and a formal care perspective. The study is split into two sub-studies to better understand the data and give a broader view of the problem. The data from the first sub-study is collected through a survey shared on social media. The survey has collected answers from women who preform family care and is split up into both estimation questions and free form questions. The second sub-study is a semi-structured interview with an “anhörigkonsulent”, a Swedish work title for someone who helps family care workers. The result presents that the women and the anhörigkonsulent both find several problems with the voluntariness among the women who preform family care and what could help them in their role as a family caregiver. Though both have several suggestions that could change for the women and therefore would make a difference in the view of their own voluntariness.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RochesterOA_DISSERT.pdf: 1967968 bytes, checksum: e042fe7c363667513adbe806fe52d94f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The right against self-incrimination is a fundamental right that works in the criminal prosecution, and therefore deserves a study supported by the general theory of criminal procedure. The right has a vague origin, and despite the various historical accounts only arises when there is a criminal procedure structured that aims to limit the State?s duty-power to punish. The only system of criminal procedure experienced that reconciles with seal self-incrimination is the accusatory model. The inquisitorial model is based on the construction of a truth and obtaining the confession at any cost, and is therefore incompatible with the right in study. The consecration of the right arises with the importance that fundamental rights have come to occupy in the Democratic Constitutional States. In the Brazilian experience before 1988 was only possible to recognize that self-incrimination represented a procedural burden for accused persons. Despite thorough debate in the Constituent Assembly, the right remains consecrated in a textual formula that?s closer to the implementation made by the Supreme Court of the United States, known as "Miranda warnings", than the text of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that established originally the right against self-incrimination with a constitutional status. However, the imprecise text does not prevent the consecration of the principle as a fundamental right in Brazilian law. The right against self-incrimination is a right that should be observed in the Criminal Procedure and relates to several of his canons, such as the the presumption of not guilty, the accusatory model, the distribution of the burden of proof, and especially the right of defense. Because it a fundamental right, the prohibition of self-incrimination deserves a proper study to her constitutional nature. For the definition of protected persons is important to build a material concept of accused, which is different of the formal concept over who is denounced on the prosecution. In the objective area of protection, there are two objects of protection of the norm: the instinct of self-preservation of the subject and the ability to self-determination. Configuring essentially a evidence rule in criminal procedure, the analysis of the case should be based on standards set previously to indicate respect for the right. These standard include the right to information of the accused, the right to counsel and respect the voluntary participation. The study of violations cases, concentrated on the element of voluntariness, starting from the definition of what is or is not a coercion violative of self-determination. The right faces new challenges that deserve attention, especially the fight against terrorism and organized crime that force the development of tools, resources and technologies about proves, methods increasingly invasive and hidden, and allow the use of information not only for criminal prosecution, but also for the establishment of an intelligence strategy in the development of national and public security / O direito contra a autoincrimina??o ? um direito fundamental que incide sobre a persecu??o criminal, e por isso merece um estudo apropriado amparado pela teoria geral do processo penal. O direito possui uma origem remota imprecisa. Apesar dos relatos hist?ricos mais diversos, apenas surge quando existe um processo penal estruturado que tem como objetivo a limita??o do dever-poder de punir do Estado. O ?nico sistema de processo penal experimentado que se compatibiliza com a veda??o a autoincrimina??o ? o modelo acusat?rio. O modelo inquisitivo baseia-se na constru??o de uma verdade e obtens?o da confiss?o a qualquer custo, e por isso ? incompat?vel com o direito em estudo. A consagra??o do direito surge com a import?ncia que os direitos fundamentais passaram a ter nos Estados Democr?ticos Constitucionais. Na experi?ncia brasileira, antes de 1988 somente era poss?vel reconhecer que a autoincrimina??o representava um ?nus processual ao acusado. Apesar do debate aprofundado na Assembl?ia Constituinte, o direito restou consagrado em uma f?rmula textual que mais se aproxima da concretiza??o feita pela Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos, conhecido como avisos de Miranda , do que do texto da Quinta Emenda da Constitui??o Americana que estabeleceu originariamente em sede constitucional o direito contra a autoincrimina??o. Todavia, a imprecis?o textual n?o impede a consagra??o do direito como norma fundamental no ordenamento jur?dico brasileiro. A veda??o de autoincrimina??o ? um direito que deve ser observado no Processo Penal e se relaciona com diversos de seus c?nones, tais como o a presun??o de n?o culpabilidade, o modelo acusat?rio, a distribui??o do ?nus probat?rio e especialmente o exerc?cio do direito de ampla defesa. Por ser um direito fundamental, a veda??o de autoincrimina??o merece um estudo adequado a sua natureza constitucional. Para a defini??o dos sujeitos protegidos ? importante a constru??o de um conceito material de acusado, que n?o se confunde com o conceito formal daquele denunciado na a??o penal. No ?mbito de prote??o objetivo, dois bens jur?dicos s?o o objeto de prote??o da norma: o instinto de autopreserva??o do sujeito e a capacidade de autodetermina??o. Configurando essencialmente em uma regra quanto as provas no Processo Penal, a an?lise do caso concreto deve se basear em crit?rios previamente fixados para indicar o respeito ao direito. Esses crit?rios s?o estabelecidos, incluindo o direito de informa??o do acusado, o acompanhamento por defensor t?cnico e o respeito a voluntariedade na participa??o. O estudo das hip?teses de viola??o se concentram no elemento da voluntariedade, a partir da defini??o do que consiste ou n?o em coer??o violadora da autodetermina??o. O direito enfrenta novos desafios que merecem aten??o, com destaque para o combate ao terrorismo e a criminalidade organizada que for?am ao desenvolvimento de ferramentas, meios probat?rios e tecnologias cada vez mais invasivas e ocultas e permitem a utiliza??o das informa??es n?o somente para a persecu??o criminal, mas tamb?m para o estabelecimento de uma intelig?ncia no desenvolvimento da seguran?a nacional e p?blica

Digital interventions in healthcare have the potential to act as a positive approach to the demographical and social dilemmas existing in sparsely populated regions. Much emphasis lies on designing implementations that are beneficial and used to a large extent. The impact of responsible stakeholders in designing and implementing those interventions is vital to successful outcomes, but research about their perspective on the topic is lacking. The role of voluntariness in eHealth is unclear, and management’s view on determining factors that impact user adoption can contribute to the Information Systems literature. This study aimed to investigate healthcare management’s perspective regarding eHealth. A qualitative study was performed by conducting semi-structured interviews with management and decision-makers in Swedish healthcare on the regional and municipal levels. Their attitude towards the digitalization of healthcare is generally positive, and its benefits for the future are evident. Digitalizing the health sector is seen as necessary as long as equal care and high quality in healthcare can be maintained. Much work lies in increasing adherence to use eHealth solutions, and there is a desire to improve national coordination. Factors that influence adoption are generally compatible with existing technology acceptance literature, but the impact of some determinants differs. The results indicate that social influence has a more important impact in the voluntary context of eHealth than previous literature suggests. An introduction of mandatory elements in healthcare may have benefits for continuous use. Future research about the differences between voluntary and mandated contexts can give rich insight into how to view factors that affect technology adoption and adherence to eHealth solutions.

The thesis deals with the prostitution and its casual links to both moral and legislation matters. In this context, it focuses on recent efforts to legalize prostitution in the Czech Republic. The thesis starts with a brief treatise concerning an image of the prostitution as a phenomena, including a few possible reasons for getting involved in it. Thereafter, the thesis addresses a human sexuality and standards, which, through their application in practice, have an influence on our perception of this phenomena. This is also linked to the way we are proceeding to regulate prostitution, and why. The following chapter shows linkages to prostitution-related criminality, in which the majority of standards are broken. The point of this chapter lies in the fact that there is a real necessity for action, longed for by society, in order to regulate this field and to ensure both legal- and practice-wise protection to all threatened categories of people. This thesis also includes a chapter on current legal regulation of prostitution and its legalization in the Czech Republic. It covers various matters, e.g. how to take preventive measures against the crime in question; how to protect prostitutes, their clients or even a society; and how to comply with all these three parties' wishes in the most favourable...

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / All research involving human subjects should be conducted in accordance to the general ethical principles of autonomy or respect for persons, beneficence and justice. Competent adults can exercise their autonomy and can choose to take on risk for the sake of others, therefore are able to protect their own interests while in the pediatric research the ‗best interests of the child‘ takes precedence over autonomy. In other words giving informed consent in the pediatric context, is not ‗who decides‟ but „what is the best decision for the child‟. Due to lack of consensus gold standard to guide researchers and assess the quality of parental informed consent in Botswana, the practical and ethical challenges posed in obtaining parental informed consent for child enrolment in pediatric HIV clinical trials were examined. The study aimed to determine the readability of the consent forms used in pediatric HIV clinical trials; assess communication methods, practices and perceptions of the trial staff regarding the informed consent process; assess the extent to which parents recall and understand the information disclosed to them and their satisfaction with the informed consent process as well as to identify and describe the reasons for parental approval to child enrolment into HIV clinical trial studies.

AI is entering clinical care and the healthcare sector in a big way, at the same time, a growing number of scholars are concerned that this technology cannot adhere to current bioethical principles. In particular, there are increasing concerns that AI poses a threat to the autonomy of patients by being irreconcilable with the practice of informed consent. In this essay, I shall defend the thesis that some applications of AI can be reconciled with a revised version of informed consent – what I call AI Adapted Informed Consent. This solution shall not rest on the idea of making black box AI more transparent or explicable. Instead, I shall argue that black box AI does not necessarily withhold the kind of information necessary for informed consent. Rather, patients can be given epistemic access to the kind of information necessary to make an informed decision, as well as being informed as to how the AI is used in the medical decision-making and in the assessment of their medical situation. Hence, this solution offers a re-interpretation of informed consent as information about contextual functioning and role of AI in medical decision-making. Drawing on republican interpretations of freedom as nondomination, I argue that demands for informed consent can only be restrained if it preserves the voluntariness of our decisions. Hence, I shall conclude that my adapted informed consent thesis allows for the possibility that some applications of black box AI in clinical care can be reconciled with informed consent and due respect for patient autonomy – if three specific conditions can be met.