Using a combination of micromechanical force and flowloop measurements, hydrate deposition on a pipe wall surface was investigated for ‘dry’ hydrates formed in the bulk phase and for hydrates growing on the pipe surface. Cyclopentane ‘dry’ hydrates (without a free water phase) were used to predict whether hydrates, formed in a bulk condensate phase, would adhere to a pipe wall. Adhesion forces between cyclopentane hydrates and steel were measured using a micro-mechanical force apparatus. The average force of adhesion was measured to be very small, less than 0.01 N/m. This force was used in a particle force balance, predicting that hydrates formed in the bulk phase would not deposit on the pipe wall. It was hypothesized than in the presence of a water saturated hydrocarbon, hydrates would grow on the pipe wall as the fluid cooled below its equilibrium temperature. This hypothesis was confirmed using a single pass condensate flowloop. Water was continuously dissolved into the flowloop inlet stream as water deposited in the flowloop test section, resulting in both a pressure drop and fluid temperature increase. This work illustrates the need for a hydrate wall growth model.

Lignin is a key component of plant secondary cell walls, providing strength to the plant and allowing water transport. Lignin is a polymer of monolignols that are synthesized in the cell and transported into the cellulose rich cell wall. The primary goal of this thesis is to understand the mechanism(s) of monolignol deposition during xylogenesis. The currently accepted theory is that monolignols are exported by Golgi-mediated vesicle delivery to the secondary cell wall. When this theory was re-examined using cryofixed developing pine, quantitative autoradiography showed that monolignols did not accumulate in Golgi but were rapidly translocated from cytosol to cell wall. This suggests alternative mechanisms, such as membrane transporters, work in monolignol export. ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters were chosen because they transport other secondary metabolites and some ABC transporter encoding genes are highly expressed in lignifying cells. Four candidate ABC transporters were selected in Arabidopsis (ABCB11, ABCB14, ABCB15 from the ABCB/MDR subfamily and ABCG33 from the ABCG/PDR subfamily) and shown to have overlapping, high vasculature expression patterns. Mutants with T-DNA insertions in single ABC transporter genes had no change in lignification of inflorescence stems. However, a reduced polar auxin transport phenotype was detected in mutants of ABCB11, ABCB14 and ABCB15. An additional approach was the use of inhibitors of ABC transporters. A new assay, which was developed to quantify lignification in primary xylem of Arabidopsis roots, demonstrated that ABC inhibitors did not change lignin deposition. Monolignols are exported and polymerized in the polysaccharide matrix of the cell wall, which includes hemicelluloses that may organize monolignols during polymerization. Since diverse lignified cell types are enriched in either G- or S-lignin, I hypothesized that this pattern could reflect different hemicellulose distributions, which was examined using antibody labeling of xylans or mannans in hybrid poplar xylem. While xylans were generally distributed in all secondary cell walls, mannans were enriched in fibers but not in the ray and vessel walls. In summary, during secondary cell wall deposition, monolignols are exported by unknown transporter(s) rather than Golgi vesicles. In developing poplar wood, the monolignols are deposited into diverse hemicellulose domains in different cell types.

Many architects is working with AutoCAD system. But it is very time consuming work when it is needed to do such a work like drawing 3D models of walls with openings. This can be solved because of AutoCAD open architecture. Advantages of this would be less of errors in drawings and more time for other work for architects. Created software is able from 2D draft of lines make 3D walls and, if was chossed, openings. The user describes dimensions of wall and / or opening and the program will change selected line by set of planes with the opening inside. There are a few aviable options for user choise: openings may have a form of triangle or rectangular, walls maybe be like surfaces or lines, it is possible to create a wall with an array of rectangular openings, and delete already created walls leaving primary lines. For software creation was choosen Visual Basic for Aplication programing language because of it is object – oriented and easy comunication with standart AutoCAD’s classes and graphical objects. User‘s dialog’s form was choosen nearly these, what apear in such software like Architectural Desktop because of its logical simplicity. Supposing created software will be developed further in these ways: o Adding more opening’s shapes o Creating library of opening’s o Supporting all standarts needed for professional.

Mano diplominis darbas pavadinimu ,, Siena“. Kiekvieną dieną žmogus nor÷damas to ar ne, atsik÷lęs ryte pirmiausia išvysta kambario sienas. Taip pat ir mieste, gamtoje, neišvengiamai matome, tvoras, pertvaras, sienas. Vienos jų naujos, ką tik pastatytos, kitos nuo amžiaus pasenusios. Savo diplominį darbą sieju su aukštomis tarsi sienos tvoromis, kuriomis aptvertos statybų teritorijos, apleisti namai. Neretai tokios sienos ,,papuoštos“ grafiti raštais ar visaip aprašin÷tos. Diplominį darbą sudaro dvi dalys: praktinis darbas ir teorinis aprašas. Praktinį darbas sudaro vienas darbas. 1620mm x 2500mm, OSB plokšt÷, aliejus. Teorin÷je dalyje apžvelgiu temos paiešką, darbo priemones, darbo eigą. / My thesis title ,,Wall“. Every day people order it or not, first rose up in the morning departs the room walls. Also in the city, naturally, inevitably, we see fences, walls. Some of them, new matches are constructed, the other from old age. Their associate degree work with a high wall like a fence that enclosed the construction site, abandoned houses. Often these walls, decorated with graffiti letters or dying painted. Thesis consists of two parts: practical work and theoretical description. Practical work is a job. 1620mm x 2500mm, OSB board, oil. I look in the theoretical topics search, work tools, work in progress.

Peptidoglycan, the major component of the bacterial cell wall, is essential for cell viability. Several important antibiotics disrupt peptidoglycan metabolism, including the β-lactams and vancomycin. There are several bacterial enzymes involved in peptidoglycan metabolism that are not yet the target of antibiotics, such as the lytic transglycosylases (LTs). Relatively little experimental characterization has been done on LTs, due largely to the difficulties of working with insoluble, heterogeneous, and highly variable peptidoglycan. This research develops a method for the generation of a soluble, homogeneous oligosaccharide substrate that can be used to study LTs. The approach taken was based on the enzymatic degradation of peptidoglycan into fragments of a specific nature, and their separation by HPLC. This work identifies the challenges associated with this approach, and discusses the potential flaws in the 'top-down' generation of a soluble substrate. / This thesis was typeset with LaTeX using Minion Pro and Myriad Pro typefaces.

Teoriniame darbe yra nagrinėjama žalčio semantinė prasmė, jo kultas Lietuvoje, įvaizdis tautodailėje ir tautosakoje, taip pat apžvelgiami žalčio motyvai šiuolaikiniame mene. Senųjų tikėjimų ir pasaulėjautos atmintis tebėra kiekvieno lietuvio sielos dalis. Kas paveldėta iš gilios senovės, neišnyksta be pėdsakų. Bėgant metamas, religijos ir socialinės struktūros keičiasi, daugelis mitinių būtybių bei simbolių išlieka transformuota forma. Skaitant įvairius žurnalistinius straipsnius, stebint šiandieninę visuomenę, pastebimas žmonių pasimetimas tarp daugybės informacijos, pasiūlymų, patarimų, kaip gyventi, kaip mąstyti, ką valgyti ir t.t. Tokiame sraute informacijos žmogus natūraliai pradeda abejoti, ar verta laikytis tradicijų, papročių, ar verta tikėti, pasitikėti. / In theoretical work is analyzed serpent's semantic meaning, his cult in Lithuania, serpent's image in folk art and folklore, also his motifs in contemporary art. The old beliefs and worldview memory is still part of the soul of every Lithuanian. Religion and social structure is changing over the years, many mythical beings and symbols remain transformed forms.Reading journalistic articles, monitoring today's society is noticeable human’s confusion in a lot of kinds of information, suggestions and tips how to live, how to think, what to eat and so on. I With these leather wall composition I am trying to show certain direction, which helps to bring back faith in certain values, which do not sacrifice your beliefs and remain confident.

Vertical inclusions of expanded polystyrene (EPS) placed behind rigid retaining walls were investigated as geofoam seismic buffers to reduce earthquake-induced loads. A numerical model was developed using the program FLAC and the model validated against 1-g shaking table test results of EPS geofoam seismic buffer models. Two constitutive models for the component materials were examined: elastic-perfectly plastic with Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) failure criterion and non-linear hysteresis damping model with equivalent linear method (ELM) approach. It was judged that the M-C model was sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. The mechanical property of interest to attenuate dynamic loads using a seismic buffer was the buffer stiffness defined as K = E/t (E = buffer elastic modulus, t = buffer thickness). For the range of parameters investigated in this study, K ≤ 50 MN/m3 was observed to be the practical range for the optimal design of these systems. Parametric numerical analyses were performed to generate design charts that can be used for the preliminary design of these systems. A new high capacity shaking table facility was constructed at RMC that can be used to study the seismic performance of earth structures. Reduced-scale models of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) walls were built on this shaking table and then subjected to simulated earthquake loading conditions. In some shaking table tests, combined use of EPS geofoam and horizontal geosynthetic reinforcement layers was investigated. Numerical models were developed using program FLAC together with ELM and M-C constitutive models. Physical and numerical results were compared against predicted values using analysis methods found in the journal literature and in current North American design guidelines. The comparison shows that current Mononobe-Okabe (M-O) based analysis methods could not consistently satisfactorily predict measured reinforcement connection load distributions at all elevations under both static and dynamic loading conditions. The results from GRS model wall tests with combined EPS geofoam and geosynthetic reinforcement layers show that the inclusion of a EPS geofoam layer behind the GRS wall face can reduce earth loads acting on the wall facing to values well below those recorded for conventional GRS wall model configurations. / Thesis (Ph.D, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-04-28 16:56:57.084

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