Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία υλοποιείται η δημιουργία ενός user-friendly περιβάλλοντος μέσω του λογισμικού SIMULINK του MATLAB με τη βοήθεια του οποίου είναι δυνατή η αναπαράσταση τόσο των μοντέλων μίας ανεμογεννήτριας διπλής τροφοδοσίας (doubly-fed induction generator) όσο και των υπόλοιπων συνιστωσών του συστήματος. Ο χρήστης μπορεί ανά πάσα στιγμή να επεμβαίνει στα στοιχεία και της παραμέτρους μίας ανεμογεννήτριας διπλής τροφοδοσίας, να θέτει τις δικές του τιμές, και να ελέγχει τη συμπεριφορά και τις αποκρίσεις της. Αναλυτικότερα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο πραγματοποιείται μια επισκόπηση της χρήσης των αιολικών συστημάτων και των ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας γενικότερα σε Ελλάδα και Ευρώπη, καθώς και κάποια οικονομικά στοιχεία που προκύπτουν. Παρουσιάζονται επιπλέον οι νέες κατευθύνσεις και το μέλλον της αιολικής ενέργειας. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα βασικά δομικά εξαρτήματα μιας ανεμογεννήτριας, αναλύεται η έννοια της αεροδυναμικής μετατροπής όπως και οι κύριες μέθοδοι αεροδυναμικού ελέγχου που εφαρμόζονται. Εν συνεχεία αναφέρονται οι πιο διαδεδομένοι τύποι ανεμογεννητριών με τα πλεονεκτήματα και τα μειονεκτήματα τους, καθώς και οι πιο συνήθεις παραλλαγές της ανεμογεννήτριας διπλής τροφοδοσίας όπου και θα εξετάσουμε διεξοδικά στην παρούσα εργασία. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο εξάγεται αναλυτικά η δυναμικές εξισώσεις μιας επαγωγικής μηχανής, καθώς και ο διανυσματικός έλεγχος της. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται το μοντέλο που περιγράφει μια ανεμογεννήτρια διπλής τροφοδοσίας, γίνεται εξαγωγή των εξισώσεων λειτουργίας της από το ηλεκτρικό ισοδύναμο της και παρατίθεται η θεωρία του διανυσματικού ελέγχου της μηχανής στη μόνιμη κατάσταση της. Στο πέμπτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται βήμα προς βήμα η δημιουργία ενός φιλικού στον χρήστη περιβάλλοντος -που δημιουργήθηκε σε SIMULINK περιβάλλον- για τη διαχείριση μίας DFIG, και γίνεται σχολιασμός γραφικών παραστάσεων και αποκρίσεων της μηχανής τόσο στη μόνιμη λειτουργία της, όσο και σε πιο ακραίες συνθήκες λειτουργίας. Στα παραρτήματα Α και Β δίνεται το ευρετήριο των συμβόλων και των παραμέτρων που χρησιμοποιούνται στην ανάλυση της DIFG που εμπεριέχονται στα υποσυστήματα της γεννήτριας, του μετατροπέα και των ελεγκτών. / -

Användandet av betong som ersättare för stål vid produktionen av vindkraftverkstorn har ökat den senaste tiden. Betongtorn är betydligt billigare än ståltorn men problem som sprickbildningar, frostsprängningar och följaktligen armeringskorrosion har uppstått bl a på grund av vibrationer från rotorn. I fundamentet i vindkraftverk kan ovan nämnda problem också uppstå och det uppfyller således inte alltid funktionskraven. Det här examensarbetet undersöker möjligheten att eliminera dessa problem genom att använda en sorts högpresterande betong kallad UHPC 2.2 med syntetfiberarmeringen, STRUX. Jämförelser mellan tidigare empiri om högpresterande betong och laborativa tester på UHPC 2.2 visar att den senare är beständigare och ger möjligheter till en större sprickfrihet. Sammanfattningsvis har den högpresterande betongen med fiberarmeringen STRUX visat sig vara en konkurrenskraftig möjlighet på marknaden. / The use of concrete has recently increased as a replacement to steel for the construction of towers for wind power plants. However there are problems such as cracking or frost scaling and finally corrosion of reinforcement, partly due to vibrations caused by the power plants' blades. In the foundation of power plants, the above problems also occur and do not always fulfill the functional requirements. This thesis investigates the possibility to eliminate these problems by using a special kind of high-performance concrete called UHPC 2.2 with synthetic fiber reinforcement, STRUX. When comparing previous empirics about regular concrete with laboratory tests on this high-performance concrete, we find that the later is more durable. In summary, the high-performance concrete with fiber reinforcement STRUX is shown to be a competitive market opportunity.

The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate if the municipal decision on wind power development can be explained by a model including socioeconomic variables and proxies for the natural environment, using a pooled cross-section data set for Swedish municipalities for the period 2010-2019. The study poses the question whether politicians' decisions-making can be explained by socioeconomic factors. In order to analyse the approving or denying of wind power development in Swedish municipalities, three models are used: the linear probability model, the probit and the logit model. The results show that the Green political party (positively affecting wind power development) and that the unemployment rate, income, population density, protected areas and the affiliations with the Sweden Democrats (negatively affecting the approval rate), has a statistical significant effect on the permissionprocess. Installed capacity of wind power plants seemingly have no impact. Our findings suggest that the municipal decision making is less random than the critics of the municipal veto proposes.

The aim of this study is to act as a pre-study for AirSon Engineering AB regarding a small scale wind turbine they want to install. This by means of collecting data about the windspeeds present at said location, taking into consideration local regulations and doing calculations on the turbulence in the wind, which is affected by nearby obstacles and by the house which the wind turbine is planned to be installed next to. The study puts specific focus on three main questions, namely: What kind of production is to be expected? What is the economy like for the installation of the wind turbine? What are the possibilities/limitations from a construction perspective? An analysis of the location of the installation and a comparison of the selected wind turbines and their respective dimensions, potential for production and economics is presented in this study. The emphasis of the analysis is on examining the respective wind turbines and determining which of them that best fits AirSon with regard to all three aspects. Different graphs have been used to compile wind data and the program used for this study is Matlab. In addition to that the program Excel has been used to compile and present the results for the various wind turbines.  A total of nine small scale vertical axis wind turbines with rated output powers between 1 kW and 10 kW have been examined and are presented as potential suggestions for installation. The manufacturers whose wind turbines are presented are Aeolos, Toyoda and Ropatec. By the end of this study a recommendation from the authors, to AirSon is presented for which windturbine the authors think might fit best. The plan for this study is furthermore to act as a guidance so that AirSon can, following up on the study, directly work toward acquiring and installing said wind turbine. / Syftet med detta arbete är att genomföra en förstudie åt AirSon Engineering AB rörande ett småskaligt vindkraftverk som de vill installera. Arbetet innefattar insamling av data om vindhastigheter från den befintliga platsen samt hänsynstagande till de lokala omständigheterna, till exempel vad gäller turbulensen i vinden, som påverkas av närliggande hinder och av huset vilket vindkraftverket planeras att installeras intill. Examensarbetet har sitt fokus specifikt på tre huvudfrågor, nämligen: Vad för produktion förväntas från platsen? Hur ser ekonomin ut för installationen av vindkraftverket? Vad finns det för möjligheter/hinder ur ett kontruktionsperspektiv? I arbetet presenteras en analys av platsen som vindkraftverket ska installeras på samt en analys av utvalda vindkraftverk med hänsyn till storlek, produktion och ekonomi. Analysens tyngdpunkt ligger i att undersöka det vindkraftverk som passar in bäst för AirSon med hänsyn till alla tre aspekterna. Till analysen har olika grafer använts för att sammanställa vinddata och programmet som användes till detta är Matlab. För att sammanställa och presentera de olika vindkraftverken har Excel använts.  Totalt sett har nio småskaliga vertikalaxlade vindkraftverk med märkeffekter mellan 1 kW och 10 kW undersökts och tagits fram som potentiella förslag för installation. De tillverkare vars vindkraftverk presenteras är Aeolos, Toyoda och Ropatec. I slutet av detta arbete presenteras en rekommendation för vilket vindkraftverk som författarna anser vara lämpligast för AirSon. Avsikten med arbetet är att vägleda AirSon tillräckligt mycket för att de ska kunna använda analysen för att installera verket.

The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Altamont) near Livermore, California is the oldest and largest wind farm in the United States. It is known as a location of high avian mortality, especially for diurnal raptors such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Using the avian monitoring data collected at Altamont for over thirteen years (1998-2003, 2005- 2011), records were analyzed of 134 golden eagle deaths caused by wind turbine collisions. All wind turbines present during the same temporal range were characterized according to turbine variables, and geographic placement characteristics. Values of turbines that killed golden eagles were compared to values of turbnes that did not. It was discovered that turbines that have killed golden eagles (kill turbines) share characteristics that are significantly different from those that have not. Kill turbines are more often situated on lattice structure towers, have larger rotor blade-swept areas, placed in less dense turbine arrays, are further away from the next nearest turbine and are less often placed on top of ridgelines compared to nonkill turbines. Finally, kill turbines are more often situated at the end of a turbine row than are nonkill turbines. The differences between kill and nonkill turbine model, hill slope, tower height, generating capacity, array diversity, row count of turbines and placement in a hill saddle were found to be not significant. These findings support in part, earlier turbine studies at Altamont, but do not concur with all previous findings. The methods used in this study can be applied to any bird species at Altamont and at any wind resource area throughout the world. As the wind industry continues to grow, techniques used in studies such as this are an important tool that can be used to direct wildlife conservation policies.

In this thesis the Counter Rotating vertical Axis Floating Tilting wind turbine (CRAFT) has been explored by creating a simulation model in the program Simulink. The CRAFT prototype is a new type of wind turbine under development by World Wide Wind and Uppsala University with the aim to produce a large scale floating vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) with two cone shaped counter rotating turbines. The objective of this thesis is to study the required size of the secondary generator in the CRAFT. The generator is required in order to keep both of the turbines rotating with the same but opposite rotational speed, even when the turbines are experiencing different wind loads. Further areas that are investigated are if certain parameters have a specifically high impact on the need for the secondary generator.  The objective was reached by creating a model of the prototype and implementing control algorithms for both the secondary and main generator in order to control the rotational speed of the turbines. The behaviour of the CRAFT was then simulated with different wind loads and varying parameters such as the size of the main load, the size of the power output to the secondary generator and the wing length of the lower turbine. The simulations showed that it is possible to keep the rotational speed of the two turbines equal and opposite even during turbulent wind loads with the chosen control algorithm. The simulation also showed that if a small deviation in the turbine's rotational speed is allowed, a secondary generator of only 1 kW is needed instead of the currently used 5 kW generator. It was also shown that the elongating of the lower turbine wings had a small and positive effect on the energy output of the CRAFT.

Wind power is a renewable energy source that is making great strides in the global energy sector. While wind power is a renewable energy source, it is not entirely free from carbon emissions. This is because the production of wind turbines is dependent on the use of energy, and as a result can emit large amounts of carbon dioxide. This is because the production of wind turbines is dependent on the use of energy and as a result can emit large amounts of carbon dioxide. The emissions come from two sources, the materials used in the wind turbine and the energy used in the manufacturing process. Because wind turbine production is global, the geographical location also affects the climate impact. The purpose of this study is therefore to evaluate the climate impact from material and energy use for the different turbine components. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate the total climate impact between on-and offshore wind power as well as evaluate the climate impact between production in Sweden, Germany and China. The climate impact is based on 13 Vestas LCA reports, together with a model developed in excel. The results show that the location of production plays a significant role in the total emissions, due to the large variation in the electricity mix between different countries. Generally, the steel components are the largest contributors to the total CO2 emissions. Consequently, offshore wind has a higher climate impact than its onshore counterpart because the offshore foundation is made of steel. The result is, however, limited due to the lack of standardisation and since specific information regarding wind power is hard to acquire. / Vindkraft är en förnyelsebar energikälla, som gör stora framsteg inom den globala energisektorn. Samtidigt som vindkraften är förnyelsebar, är den inte helt fri från koldioxidutsläpp. Detta beror på att produktionen av vindkraftverk kräver energi och kan därför släppa ut stora mängder koldioxid. Utsläppen kommer från två källor, de material som används i vindkraftverket och energin som behövs vid tillverkningen. Eftersom produktion av vindkraftverk sker på ett globalt plan, har även den geografiska platsen där tillverkningen sker en påverkan på klimatpåverkan. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka klimatpåverkan från material och energianvändningen fördelat över vindkraftverks huvudkomponenter. Utöver detta, syftar den även till att undersöka den totala klimatpåverkan mellan land- och havsbaserad vindkraft samt hur klimatpåverkan skiljer sig åt mellan produktion i Sverige, Tyskland och Kina. Studien utgår från 13 Vestas LCA rapporter och använde en excelmodell för att utvärdera utsläppen av koldioxid. Resultatet visar att den geografiska platsen där produktionen sker har stor betydelse för de totala utsläppen, eftersom det är stor variation i energimix mellan olika länder. Överlag är det de stora stålkomponenterna som har störst bidrag till klimatpåverkan. Till följd av detta har havsbaserad vindkraft större klimatpåverkan än landbaserad, eftersom fundamentet primärt består av stål. Resultatet är dock begränsat, på grund av bristen av standardisering i rapportering och eftersom det är svårt att tillhandahålla specifika data gällande vindkraft.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 B32 / Master of Science

Nowadays, electricity markets are becoming more deregulated, especially development of smart grid and introduction of renewable energy promote regulations of energy markets. On the other hand, the uncertainties of new energy sources and market participants’ bidding bring more challenges to power system operation and transmission system planning. These problems motivate us to study spot price (also called locational marginal pricing) of electricity markets, the strategic bidding of wind power producer as an independent power producer into power market, transmission expansion planning considering wind power investment, and analysis of the maximum loadability of a power grid. The work on probabilistic spot pricing for a utility grid includes renewable wind power generation in a deregulated environment, taking into account both the uncertainty of load forecasting and the randomness of wind speed. Based on the forecasted normal-distributed load and Weibull-distributed wind speed, probabilistic optimal power flow is formulated by including spinning reserve cost associated with wind power plants and emission cost in addition to conventional thermal power plant cost model. Simulations show that the integration of wind power can effectively decrease spot price, also increase the risk of overvoltage. Based on the concept of loacational marginal pricing which is determined by a marketclearing algorithm, further research is conducted on optimal offering strategies for wind power producers participating in a day-ahead market employing a stochastic market-clearing algoivrithm. The proposed procedure to drive strategic offers relies on a stochastic bilevel model: the upper level problem represents the profit maximization of the strategic wind power producer, while the lower level one represents the marketing clearing and the corresponding price formulation aiming to co-optimize both energy and reserve. Thirdly, to improve wind power integration, we propose a bilevel problem incorporating two-stage stochastic programming for transmission expansion planning to accommodate large-scale wind power investments in electricity markets. The model integrates cooptimizations of energy and reserve to deal with uncertainties of wind power production. In the upper level problem, the objective of independent system operator (ISO) modelling transmission investments under uncertain environments is to minimize the transmission and wind power investment cost, and the expected load shedding cost. The lower level problem is composed of a two stage stochastic programming problem for energy schedule and reserve dispatch simultaneously. Case studies are carried out for illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed model. The above market-clearing or power system operation is based on direct current optimal power flow (DC-OPF) model which is a linear problem without reactive power constraints. Power system maximum loadability is a crucial index to determine voltage stability. The fourth work in this thesis proposes a Lagrange semi-definite programming (SDP) method to solve the non-linear and non-convex optimization alternating current (AC) problem of the maximum loadability of security constrained power system. Simulation results from the IEEE three-bus system and IEEE 24-bus Reliability Test System (RTS) show that the proposed method is able to obtain the global optimal solution for the maximum loadability problem. Lastly, we summarize the conclusions from studies on the above mentioned optimization problems of electric power market under modern grid, as well as the influence of wind power integration on power system reliability, and transmission expansion planning, as well as the operations of electricity markets. Meanwhile, we also present some open questions on the related research, such as non-convex constraints in the lower-level problem of a bilevel problem, and integrating N-1 security criterion of transmission planning. / Graduate / lei.ming296@gmail.com

Thesis (M.Tech.: Civil Engineering)-Dept. of of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xii, 89 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm / The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.