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Aim: The aim of this thesis is to elucidate the effects of gender, age, and class in witch hunts in the sixteenth and seventeenth century in Western Europe from a feminist perspective. It also aims to understand the perception of these witch hunts in our present society. It centers poor, old, women who were accused of witchcraft. Methods: a literature review will be performed to collect literature on witch hunts. Secondary analysis of this literature will be performed using an intersectional theoretical framework. Results: the spread of christianity through Europe brought a new political ideology that divided labour into sexes. The role of women was reduced to childbearing and household tasks. Medicine became institutionalised. There was no protection for poor people or aged people in the new political ideology. Conclusion: the new political ideology affected poor, old women most: they were no longer able to fulfil childbearing duties, could no longer practice as healers or midwives, and were not protected by the state. Due to the misogynistic, ageist and classist values at the time, their expressions of frustration could then be interpreted as witchery. Moreover, lookism could have been a factor in witch accusations.

This dissertation examines the theology of C.S. Lewis in light of the writings of Athanasius, Augustine, and Anselm. Specifically, it looks at the role that justice and mercy play in each of these theologian’s understanding of the atonement. It proceeds on the basis that Lewis does in fact have a specific, robust, and coherent understanding of the atonement, and that his theological anthropology and his understanding of sanctification are an outworking of his understanding of the atonement. Chapter 1 lays out Lewis’ theological orientation and his method. Chapter 2 engages with Athanasius, Augustine, and Anselm on the atonement, and it lays out the particular concepts that were crucial in their understanding of the atonement, namely the justice and mercy of God. It outlines the fundamental concepts that we find in seedling form in Athanasius and Augustine and that were brought to full fruition in Anselm. It also argues that Anselm’s satisfaction theory is best understood as grounded in the nature of God, rather than in Anselm’s feudal, Medieval context. Chapter 3 examines Lewis on the atonement, and it traces the concepts that Lewis uses to describe and explain Christ’s death and resurrection. While Lewis does not adhere to any one doctrine or understanding of the atonement, there is a common thread that unites the various pictures that he takes to be true representations of the atonement. Fundamentally, for Lewis, the atonement is about the restitution of proper order that was disrupted in the Fall. Chapter 3 examines which theories of the atonement Lewis accepts and which he rejects. It also traces his understanding of the atonement to his understanding of the nature of God, relying on the concept of justitia defined as proper order, which has its source in the nature of God himself. In so doing, it aims to show that Lewis’ later understanding of the atonement is fundamentally Anselmian. Chapter 4 engages with Lewis’ theological anthropology and his understanding of sanctification, focusing on the process of “good infection” and how Lewis envisions the spread of the new life made available after Christ’s act of atonement. Sanctification, for Lewis, like the atonement, is also fundamentally about proper order. This plays out in his theological anthropology largely in terms of humility and obedience to God. Finally, chapter 5 addresses Narnia specifically and traces the concepts of justitia and proper order throughout the series and aims to show that, by focusing on proper order, we can see how the series hangs together as a whole theologically as an outworking of Lewis’ understanding of the atonement. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Despite the rationalism implicit in contemporary thinking, in many parts of the world like South Africa, belief in witchcraft exists and is a core belief, influencing the world-view of many people. In these contexts, witchcraft is believed to be responsible for every social experience including, illnesses, sickness and death. The witch-figure, imbued with jealousy, is believed to derive power to harm others with witchcraft through supernatural capacity and an association with the Devil. Witchcraft, it seems represents a theory of misfortune guiding the interactions between people and provides explanations, steeped in the supernatural, for almost every misfortune. Extending on the commonly held notion of violence against women, this doctoral study reflects witchcraft accusations and its violent consequences as an under-represented facet thereof. This follows the fact that historic and contemporary accounts of witchcraft position women as primary suspects and victims. Accused of witchcraft, many women face torture and ultimately death, even today. In this study it is argued that witchcraft accusations result from within a social context, supporting gendered relations that are powered. To this end, I apply a feminist psychological approach as a theoretical lens, allowing us to see witchcraft accusations as one strategy among those supporting male domination. In the first chapter, I outline the feminist psychological approach as an appropriate lens to view witchcraft-related violence. The understanding of witchcraft accusations gained through the application of feminist psychological theory is then applied in the second chapter, focusing on news reports. A focus on the newspaper representations of witchcraft violence is vital, given the media’s influential role in the lives of many. Attention is then focused on understanding of witchcraft held by community members, usually responsible for the violent attacks on those accused. The final chapter locates the witchcraft experience with women so accused. The purposeful repetition of theoretical points made in each chapter was essential. The repetition enabled me to apply the theoretical lens appropriately for each paper and to elaborate on the fundamental premise the PhD argues towards. The reader’s attention is drawn towards awareness of this purposeful repetition of the theoretical lens. It is imperative as together and separately, the chapters in this PhD, function to accentuate on an expression of gendered violence, steeped in a tradition supporting male domination. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil.

This diploma thesis focuses on the issue of the persecution of witches in the Czech lands, precisely speaking in Bohemia and Moravia, including the necessary European context. Thesis mapped the origin and development of the formation of the dangerous sect of witches and legal basis for persecution servants of the devil designated persons. The chronological definition of work can be dated between years 1400 - 1800, however the medieval period includes a short overlap, which appears to be necessary from the standpoint of the reflection of development of formation of diabolical witchcraft. The core of this thesis becomes early modern period, the period from 1500 to 1800. Attention is also paid to the conclusions of foreign historiography and interdisciplinary approaches to the researched topic. Thesis is also trying, in addition to the analysis of theoretical concepts related to issue, ask about the possibility of application of these concepts in Bohemia and Moravia. Specific cases of judicial proceedings are based mostly on black books. Based on the interrogation protocols the diploma thesis is trying to determine a degree of knowledge of the elements cumulative concept of witchcraft in the domestic environment, including highlighting their limited reception. No less attention is paid to issue...

Moniliophthora perniciosa é um fungo basidiomiceto causador da doença vassoura de bruxa do cacaueiro. Um conjunto de técnicas para controle da doença vem sendo testado e aplicado, incluindo o uso de fungicidas a base de inibidores da cadeia respiratória principal, específicos para fungos. No entanto, M. perniciosa tem se mostrado resistente a estas drogas e uma possível explicação para tal resistência é a atividade de uma oxidase alternativa (AOXp), cuja expressão e atividade já vêm sendo caracterizadas. A análise funcional deste gene de M. perniciosa não foi realizada, pois uma técnica efetiva para produção de mutantes do fungo ainda não foi estabelecida. Assim, este projeto visou testar a hipótese de que a expressão do gene AOX de M. perniciosa (Mp-AOX) previne o estresse oxidativo devido à diminuição na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) pela cadeia respiratória. Para isso realizamos a caracterização do gene Mp-AOX por clonagem e expressão heteróloga em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O vetor de expressão em levedura pYES2/CT com o gene Mp-AOX foi montado e a linhagem de levedura W303-1b transformada. Foram realizadas análises de medição de formação de massa celular, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) mitocondrial, testes de viabilidade na presença de inibidores da cadeia respiratória principal Antimicina A e azoxistrobina e do inibidor específico de AOXp - ácido salicil hidroxâmico (SHAM). Nossos resultados indicam que quando o gene Mp-AOX é expresso em S. cerevisiae há diminuição da geração de biomassa celular, menor proliferação celular e decaimento na produção de ROS, sugerindo que nossa hipótese inicial de que Mp-AOXp causa alívio no estresse oxidativo estar correta. A levedura recombinante expressando o gene Mp-AOX mostrou-se viável para utilização como modelo para estudos de novos análogos químicos para o combate da vassoura de bruxa, auxiliando a agricultura e promovendo novos entendimentos para o combate desse fungo. / Moniliophthora pernicious is a basidiomycete fungus that causes witches\' broom of cacao disease. A number of techniques for disease control has been applied and tested, including the use of the fungicides that inhibits the main respiratory chain, specific to fungi. However, M. pernicious has proven to be resistant to these drugs and one possible explanation to this resistance would be the activity of an alternative oxidase activity (AOXp), whose expression and activity have already been characterized. Functional analysis of this gene in M. pernicious was not performed because an effective technique for producing mutants of the fungus has not yet been established. This project aimed to test the hypothesis that the expression of Mp-AOX gene prevents oxidative stress due to decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the respiratory chain. To perform this characterization, Mp- AOX gene was cloned and heterologous expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast expression vector pYES2/CT with Mp-AOX gene was constructed and the yeast strain W303 - 1b transformed. Analyses measuring cell mass formation, generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), viability tests challenging the cells against inhibitors of the main respiratory chain, Antimycin A and azoxystrobin, and against the specific inhibitor of the AOXp - salicylaldehyde hydroxamic acid (SHAM) were performed. Our results indicate that the Mp-AOX gene expression in S. cerevisiae causes decreased generation of cellular biomass, less cell proliferation and the decay in the production of ROS, suggesting that our initial hypothesis that Mp-AOXp reliefs the oxidative stress is correct. The recombinant yeast expressing Mp- AOX gene was feasible for use as a model for studies of new chemical to fight witches\' broom, helping with agriculture and promoting new understandings to combat this fungus.

Moniliophthora perniciosa é um fungo basidiomiceto causador da doença vassoura de bruxa do cacaueiro. Um conjunto de técnicas para controle da doença vem sendo testado e aplicado, incluindo o uso de fungicidas a base de inibidores da cadeia respiratória principal, específicos para fungos. No entanto, M. perniciosa tem se mostrado resistente a estas drogas e uma possível explicação para tal resistência é a atividade de uma oxidase alternativa (AOXp), cuja expressão e atividade já vêm sendo caracterizadas. A análise funcional deste gene de M. perniciosa não foi realizada, pois uma técnica efetiva para produção de mutantes do fungo ainda não foi estabelecida. Assim, este projeto visou testar a hipótese de que a expressão do gene AOX de M. perniciosa (Mp-AOX) previne o estresse oxidativo devido à diminuição na produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) pela cadeia respiratória. Para isso realizamos a caracterização do gene Mp-AOX por clonagem e expressão heteróloga em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O vetor de expressão em levedura pYES2/CT com o gene Mp-AOX foi montado e a linhagem de levedura W303-1b transformada. Foram realizadas análises de medição de formação de massa celular, geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) mitocondrial, testes de viabilidade na presença de inibidores da cadeia respiratória principal Antimicina A e azoxistrobina e do inibidor específico de AOXp - ácido salicil hidroxâmico (SHAM). Nossos resultados indicam que quando o gene Mp-AOX é expresso em S. cerevisiae há diminuição da geração de biomassa celular, menor proliferação celular e decaimento na produção de ROS, sugerindo que nossa hipótese inicial de que Mp-AOXp causa alívio no estresse oxidativo estar correta. A levedura recombinante expressando o gene Mp-AOX mostrou-se viável para utilização como modelo para estudos de novos análogos químicos para o combate da vassoura de bruxa, auxiliando a agricultura e promovendo novos entendimentos para o combate desse fungo. / Moniliophthora pernicious is a basidiomycete fungus that causes witches\' broom of cacao disease. A number of techniques for disease control has been applied and tested, including the use of the fungicides that inhibits the main respiratory chain, specific to fungi. However, M. pernicious has proven to be resistant to these drugs and one possible explanation to this resistance would be the activity of an alternative oxidase activity (AOXp), whose expression and activity have already been characterized. Functional analysis of this gene in M. pernicious was not performed because an effective technique for producing mutants of the fungus has not yet been established. This project aimed to test the hypothesis that the expression of Mp-AOX gene prevents oxidative stress due to decreased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the respiratory chain. To perform this characterization, Mp- AOX gene was cloned and heterologous expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The yeast expression vector pYES2/CT with Mp-AOX gene was constructed and the yeast strain W303 - 1b transformed. Analyses measuring cell mass formation, generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), viability tests challenging the cells against inhibitors of the main respiratory chain, Antimycin A and azoxystrobin, and against the specific inhibitor of the AOXp - salicylaldehyde hydroxamic acid (SHAM) were performed. Our results indicate that the Mp-AOX gene expression in S. cerevisiae causes decreased generation of cellular biomass, less cell proliferation and the decay in the production of ROS, suggesting that our initial hypothesis that Mp-AOXp reliefs the oxidative stress is correct. The recombinant yeast expressing Mp- AOX gene was feasible for use as a model for studies of new chemical to fight witches\' broom, helping with agriculture and promoting new understandings to combat this fungus.

Witches and pagans have long faced historical persecution from the Catholic church and other patriarchal systems of power. In the eyes of mainstream society, they have been reduced to fragments of ancient history and entertaining media stereotypes. Real practitioners of witchcraft and paganism have remained fairly marginalized and trapped in the shadows, but this is starting to change. Witches and pagans have begun to involve themselves in large-scale political movements, combining spiritual power with direct action. While this phenomenon has a longer track record in the United States, in France it is extremely new. France is a country that has an even deeper history of pagan origins and Inquisition witch trials, wih a currently conflicted religious dynamic of being both secular and Catholic. Therefore, the reclamation and practice of witchcraft within an activist setting has even more revolutionary significance. Because the basic tenets of most witch and pagan spiritualities emphasizes fighting oppression, witchcraft has attracted marginalized groups, especially the LGBT community. The occult offers valuable new ways of examining activism and social justice using spirituality and magic.

Since Chu T¡¦ien-wen was sixteen years old, she has been an important role in Taiwan literature. Chu T¡¦ien-wen has been influence by her parents and Zhang Ai-ling in Chinese literature for a long time. In the chinese ritual music cultur, she was educated under Hu Lan-cheng and became an author in the style of Zhang Qiang Hu Diao. Therefor, Chu T¡¦ien-wen and her sister Chu T'ien-hsin published San San magazine. However, after been through Nativist Literature Controversy and Hu Lan-cheng's death, she became a screenwriter for the movie, directed by Hou Hsiao-hsien and became one of the important participant of New Movie Movement in Taiwan. To face the problems of cross-srait relations and the visitions for the relatives, leading Chu T'ien-wen walk out military dependents' village and walk out San San and Grand View Garden, the style has also changed from San San ¢w¢w a young girl¡¦s fantasies style through growth theme of military dependents' village style and turned into the metropolis mature style. After Hu Lan-cheng passed away, Chu T'ien-wen swore to accomplish his unfinished ¡§ Woman Theory ¡¨ . To pass down the Female Writing of Woman Theory of Civilization, she decided to use ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ Notes of a Desolate Man and Words of a Witch. Hu Lan-cheng used to describe Chu T'ien-wen as a Japanese witch, and praised of the youth and beauty of her literature of art, which gives an inspiration to Chu T'ien-wen and to start a journey for witch. In ¡§ the Splendors of Fin de Siècle ¡¨ , giving Chu T¡¦ien-wen an advice as witch who predicted that patriarchal society were devastated. And in Notes of a Desolate Man that a desolate man who had feminine soul to offer Japanese witching dance for god. In Words of a Witch as witching word to fly from time and death that become unique to Chu T'ien-wen¡¦s Witched Writings.

<p>This Bachelor thesis deals with fictional documentaries, and the aim is to show the aesthetics and the problems with the constructed reality that these films contain. The main focus is how this reality is constructed, which documentary aesthetic methods can be found and in what way you can see that it is a fictional movie and not a documentary. The analysis deals with the three movies, Rampljus, The Blair Witch Project and Påtryckaren. The movies are analysed from a documentary perspective and the method beeing used is constructed for this thesis to find some answers behind the fictional ocumentaries.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen behandlar fiktiv dokumentärfilm och vill lyfta fram dess estetik samt belysa den problematik kring det veklighetsanspråk som dessa filmer spelar på. Tyngdpunkten ligger på hur detta verklighetsanspråk skapas, vilka dokumentärt estetiska grepp som finns samt på vilket sätt det går att skönja att det är en spelfilm och inte en dokumentärfilm. I analysen behandlas de tre filmerna Rampljus, The Blair Witch Project och Påtryckaren. Filmerna analyseras utifrån ett dokumentärt perspektiv och den metod som använts är konstruerad för denna uppsats för att få svar på frågorna den fiktiva dokumentärfilmen. </p>