This essay is an analysis of Emily Brontë’s novel “Wuthering Heights” and revolves mainly around the love between the two main characters, Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how they express this love, either through words or through actions. Paradoxes concerning their love and paradoxes concerning the narration of the novel are of interest as well. The analysis employs Genette’s theories and terminology in the narrative analysis. The essay first discusses the effect of the narrative levels and paradoxes that can be found concerning these narratives and then investigates some events in “Wuthering Heights” that are linked to the two main characters’ love for one another. The events are analyzed in chronological order and discuss the paradoxes found in those events. The essay concludes by giving a short summary of the way Catherine and Heathcliff expresses their love for one another and the paradoxes found concerning this love. The narration is of importance since its complex structure allows for the entire novel to be read as one paradox. Disregarding the narration, the paradoxes found are many. The paradoxical love of Catherine and Heathcliff concern their love for one another in the sense that Catherine chooses to marry Edgar instead of Heathcliff and that she claims that Heathcliff killed her. They concern the way the act upon their love for one another in the sense that Catherine was double natured. The most prominent paradox, however, is the one concerning Catherine’s statement that she is Heathcliff. It is the most prominent because it is referred to throughout the novel in different ways.

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John Bowlby’s work on attachment theory in the 1960s altered the cultural understanding of parent-child relationships. Bowlby argued that the ability for an individual to form attachments later in life, be that familial, romantic, or friendship is affected by whether or not that individual formed a strong attachment to a primary caregiver in early childhood. My thesis uses Bowlby’s theory as a critical lens to examine three novels by the Brontës: Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë, and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall by Anne Brontë. I use this theory in order to demonstrate that these novels are what I have termed proto-attachment narratives, which is to say narratives about attachment before formal attachment theory existed, and, further, that they work to bridge the gap between the contemporary nineteenth-century debate on child rearing and Bowlby’s theory. In addition, I discuss how each of these novels exemplifies, complicates, and expands upon Bowlby’s theory in its own way. Wuthering Heights demonstrates the cyclical nature of damaged attachments and works to find a way to break from that cycle. Jane Eyre gives a clear understanding of an individual’s lifelong struggle with failed attachments and the importance of a balanced power dynamic to forming healthy attachments, and, finally, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall examines how even properly formed, healthy parent-child attachments can lead to development problems, if the power granted to those parental attachment figure is not used responsibly. I further theorize that we can use these novels as a starting point to discuss how we might define attachment narratives as a genre, as they hold many similarities with more clearly defined modern attachment narratives.

This thesis explores the notion of rurality as a form of constructed identity. Just as feminist and postcolonial studies identify the formation of hierarchies within gender and ethnicity, I argue that the rural is constructed as inferior in opposition to its binary counterpart, the urban. The effect of this is the othering of the rural. This thesis takes Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights as a case study, using a critical approach to explore the ways in which it presents rurality, and to consider its role in the creation and reproduction of rural identity. The case study suggests that the adoption of a ‘rural reading’, in which an awareness of rural othering is fostered, can be a useful and productive strategy in textual analysis and interpretation. The first three chapters of this thesis focus on rural construction generally. Chapter 1 draws on semiotic theory to examine the creation of binaries, and Derridean notions of linguistic hierarchies to suggest reasons for the inferior position of the rural. Chapter 2 considers the historical location of the urban/rural binary in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, within the context of the Enlightenment, the growth of capitalism, industrialisation and rapid urban expansion. Chapter 3 explores rural othering as a feature of contemporary culture, examining the textual presence of idyllic and anti-idyllic versions of the rural. Chapter 4 introduces the methodology of the case study, explaining the relevance of Wuthering Heights to the study of rural othering, providing a précis of the novel and an overview of previous critical responses. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 explore the three themes of nature, deviance and space. These are derived from the examination of rural construction in Chapter 3. In Chapter 5, the representation of nature in Wuthering Heights is explored, and the presence of animals within the novel in particular. In Chapter 6, the depiction of deviance in Wuthering Heights is discussed, with special focus given to the presence of deviant speech patterns, reflecting changing expectations of behavioural norms in the early nineteenth century. Chapter 7’s consideration of the relationship between space and rurality within Brontë’s novel considers her representation of landscape. Chapter 8 argues that a similar rural reading can be applied to other texts, literary and otherwise, opening up a fresh set of perspectives and possibilities for interpretation.

This thesis covers the entire range of British and American film adaptations of Emily Brontë’s novel, Wuthering Heights, as no cumulative study on this larger selection has been done thus far. However this will not be the only objective of this thesis, as I create a link between the author’s life to her novel, between the novel to the early criticism, and the criticism to later adaptations, forming a chain of transformation down the ages, to the original novel. By linking the adaptations to the earlier reception of the novel, a change of social interaction will be uncovered as one of its reasons for surviving. These examples of adaptation will be shown to be just as relevant to popular culture history as its original inspiration. This is the result of an unfolding movement of change and mutation, where each adaptation pushes to connect with the past and future. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This thesis offers a textual analysis of Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights and, to a lesser extent, her poems in an effort to understand fully the complicated relationship of gender to time that characterizes her artistic imagination. The study emphasizes the interplay of religious, psychological and sexual forces inherent in her narrative, and their effect when portraying cyclical and linear concepts of time. Narrators' and characters' interactions serve by themselves and as dyads to represent a concept of mythical or eternal time that manifests itself within historical or chronological time. These time concepts differ and complement each other through aspects of wholeness and differentiation. References to Julia Kristeva's psycholinguistic theory and to C. G. Jung's archetypes give support for a unique space and female concept of time within a male discourse. Kristeva's exemplification of time concepts as linear/chronological for the male gender and cyclical/eternal for the female gender happens to be specially relevant to the 19th century, when the patriarchal socio-symbolic order, inhibited, undermined, and/or circumscribed the participation of the feminine within the social contract. / Graduation date: 1991

In La Migration des coeurs, Maryse Condé rewrites Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights in a Caribbean context. Through its intertextual connection to Brontë's novel, Condé's text can be read in relation to Wuthering Heights according to the rhizomatic structure posited by Deleuze and Guattari, and further employed by Édouard Glissant in his Poétique de la Relation. The rhizome allows a comparison that resists a hierarchical comparison of the texts, and permits dialog and mutual influence between the two novels. Condé's critics, reinforcing this intertextual relation, have rarely considered La Migration des coeurs independently of Brontë's Wuthering Heights. However Windward Heights, Richard Philcox's English translation of Condé's novel, has not been previously considered worthy of a place in the rhizome. As a rewriting of Condé's own rewriting, Philcox's translation merits analysis in relation to the other two novels. This study will examine the nature of translation and rewriting in a postcolonial context. Primarily focusing on La Migration des coeurs, it will show how Condé uses the latent imperialist frame of Wuthering Heights to expose social inequalities in Guadeloupe, and how Philcox communicates this critique back to the English metropolis in Windward Heights.

Submitted by Alessandro Yuri Alegrette (alessandroyuri@bol.com.br) on 2016-07-25T17:55:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE.pdf: 2128764 bytes, checksum: 6f17549653dd8046c2d773eecde0d40b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-28T13:26:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alegrette_ay_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2128764 bytes, checksum: 6f17549653dd8046c2d773eecde0d40b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T13:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alegrette_ay_dr_arafcl.pdf: 2128764 bytes, checksum: 6f17549653dd8046c2d773eecde0d40b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O corpus deste trabalho de pesquisa é O Morro dos Ventos Uivantes, único romance da autora inglesa Emily Brontë que desde de sua primeira publicação em 1847 tem gerado reações contraditórias que oscilam entre o fascínio e o estranhamento entre os leitores. Buscamos analisar alguns aspectos peculiares dessa obra, enfatizando-se dentre eles seu modo de narração, que combina aspectos assustadores do romance gótico com elementos da estética realista do século XIX. Também são objetos de estudo desta pesquisa o que chamamos de “espacialidade gótica”, que se evidencia nas descrições do cenário principal - Wuthering Heights, a antiga e sinistra casa que também dá o título ao romance -, e os temas e motivos do gênero gótico que foram revistos por Emily Brontë, tais como o duplo, o qual é amplamente explorado em textos com inspiração gótica, a exemplo de Manfred, poema dramático de Byron. Por fim, realizamos a análise das características do casal de protagonistas do romance, Catherine e Heathcliff, visando apontar um diálogo intertextual do livro de Brontë com obras do gênero gótico ou inseridas na tradição literária inglesa, tais como Paraíso perdido, de John Milton. / The corpus of this research is Wuthering Heights, the only novel written by the English writer Emily Brontë that since its first publication in 1847 has generated contradictory reactions that oscillate between fascination and repulsion among readers. We analyse some peculiar aspects of this work, emphasizing among them, its mode of narration that combines frightening aspects of Gothic novel with elements of realistic aesthetics of the nineteenth century. They are also objects of this study, which we call "Gothic spatiality" that stands out in the description of its main scenario - Wuthering Heights, the old and sinister house that provides the title of the novel -, and the themes and motifs of the Gothic genre that were reviewed by Emily Brontë, such as the double, which is widely exploited in texts with Gothic inspiration, such as Manfred, dramatic poem of Byron. Finally we analyse the couple of protagonists in the novel, Catherine and Heathcliff, seeking to appoint an intertextual dialogue between Brontë’s book with works of Gothic genre or inserted in the English literary tradition, such as Paradise Lost, by John Milton. / FAPESP: 2012/08393-9

The aim of this essay is to analyse gender representations in Wuthering Heights byusing French literary criticism. French literary critics thought that the language ofliterature was predominantly phallocentric as male authors, who helped shape thatlanguage, dominated it. For female authors to be published, or have any kind ofrecognition for their work, they would therefore use male pseudonyms, as was the casewith Emily Brontë who was initially published as Ellis Bell. Hélène Cixous added to theliterary criticism by noting that the constructed language at the time depended on binaryoppositions such as, passive/active, weak/strong, and intuitive/theoretical, amongstothers. She suggested that these oppositions were applied to represent femininity andmasculinity where feminine attributes were negative and the masculine attributes beingpositive. In effect, the characters in literature having feminine attributes, although somebelonging to the male gender, would automatically mark them as the weaker sex and putthem in the negative category. This, she suggested, determined the outcome from theonset, as those characteristics that was deemed negative would eventually be eliminated,as the binary opposition were not able to co-exist. Kristeva who has theorised the notionof “abject” in her thesis Power of Horror, describes abject as something foul andgrotesque which is always applied to the feminine maternal figure, that also gives creditto Cixous’s theory about the feminine being seen as the negative.

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