Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, United States Army, 1973. / "March 1973." Typescript. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in microfiche.

In Sweden, the concept of waivers in conjunction with notification of breach of contract is not regulated by the law. Instead, the Swedish High Court has devel-oped non-statuary principles regarding waivers and notification of breach in the past years. A party affected by a breach of contract may waive their contractual rights, or the right to assert penalties for breach of contract, either by approving the non-performance in whole or partially, or by refraining from enforcing some or all of the penalties associated to the breach. A waiver may be established expressly or through passivity. While waivers are not regulated by Swedish law the concept of waivers and notice of breach has long been regulated by American law through the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) in general, UCC § 2-209 es-pecially, and American case law (common law). The codification of a legal area, such as regulations of waivers, is uncommon in American law and yet the UCC regulates fundamental parts of American contract law. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze waivers in conjunction with notice of breach in Swedish commercial contracts through elements of comparison with American law to further the discussion de lege ferenda. The ratio legis behind notification of a breach of contract is to inform the counterparty of the breach and inducing reasonable expectations that no waiver has been constituted. The notification needs to be made within a reasonable amount of time, and in Swedish precedent, disloyal actions can extend the acceptable time of notification. Moreover, The Swedish High Court has developed the concept of waivers based on principles of loyalty and passivity. In American law another element is added to distinguish if the non-breaching party has waived their rights: he or she must have acted actively against his or her contracted rights in a way that may be proved by “undisputed acts or language so inconsistent with [the party’s] purpose to stand upon his [or her] rights as to leave no opportunity for a reasonable inference to the contrary”. The standard for waivers is higher in American Law than in Swedish law and favors the written contract over inconsistent legal acts, or duties to act. There are primarily two reasons as to why an international outlook to the American legal system might help the Swedish legal system handle the concept of waivers and non-statuary notice of breach. First, it might help by raising the standard on when waivers are found to have been established in contractu, and furthermore it might create foreseeability for commercial parties over equity in individual cases.

A written objective-type waiver examination for the introductory foods course at Utah State University has been developed and evaluated. Results of the study showed that the examination improved with revision. In addition, it was found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the score students achieved on the waiver examination and the total numerical score representing the final grade in the basic foods course. There was apparently no significant relationship between the number of years experience students had in food preparation, the type of experience in food preparation, and their performance on the waiver examination. Apparently depth of knowledge of basic food preparation principles was a more important factor than just years or breadth of experience (skill) in contributing to the waiver examination score. The waiver examination has been adopted for use by the Department of Food and Nutrition at Utah State University. Recommendations are made regarding use of the examination and the possible need for re-evaluation of the curriculum for introductory foods work.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-192). Also Available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University of Pennsylvania. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 94-105).

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Esta dissertação trata do financiamento do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), trazendo os gastos tributários em saúde como mecanismo importante de análise nas relações entre o Estado e o Direito sob a influência do capital portador de juros. A temática relaciona-se ao campo da saúde coletiva, que visa contribuir ao debate da economia da saúde. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar os gastos tributários na saúde no orçamento da Seguridade Social, no que tange, especificamente, ao financiamento do SUS, a partir do papel do Estado no contexto da dominância do capital portador de juros. Nesta perspectiva, ressalta-se os gastos tributários proporcionados às pessoas físicas e jurídicas, à indústria farmacêutica (medicamentos e produtos químicos) e às organizações sem fins lucrativos (hospitais filantrópicos), pois estes dispositivos legais podem encorajar determinados comportamentos dos contribuintes, ou então, de viabilizar a redução/isenção do imposto/contribuição a pagar de certos grupos sociais dominantes. Este trabalho se utiliza de dados secundários extraídos das estatísticas da Receita Federal do Brasil, do Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada e do Sistema de Integração Financeira do Governo Federal para se evidenciar os gastos tributários em saúde selecionados nesta pesquisa. O referencial teórico que norteia este trabalho é o materialismo histórico dialético de Marx, trazendo a luz aspectos importantes para se compreender a lógica das políticas econômicas brasileiras no capitalismo contemporâneo. Desta forma, a renúncia fiscal (gasto tributário) na saúde realça no curto prazo, o caráter benéfico das famílias e empresas reaverem os dispêndios em bens e serviços privados de saúde. Entretanto, no longo prazo, evidencia-se o agravamento das desestruturas sociais, posto que os trabalhadores e as famílias de baixa renda comprometem-se (proporcionalmente) mais com os gastos em saúde, devido ao caráter regressivo do sistema tributário brasileiro. Além disso, as isenções, deduções e alíquotas zero (gasto tributário) à indústria farmacêutica e aos hospitais filantrópicos, podem exprimir aspecto de distorção na prioridade de recursos direcionados ao SUS. Assim, é possível admitir que, sob a égide do capital portador de juros, o Estado é capaz de transformar o plano ideológico do corpo social da sociedade capitalista. / This dissertation deals with the financing of the Unified Health System (SUS), bringing health tax expenditures as an important mechanism of analysis in the relations between the State and the Law under the influence of interest bearing capital. The theme is related to the field of public health, which aims to contribute to the debate on health economics. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyze health tax expenditures in the Social Security budget, specifically regarding SUS financing, from the role of the State in the context of the dominance of interest bearing capital. In this perspective, the tax expenditures provided to individuals and legal entities, the pharmaceutical industry (medicines and chemical products) and non-profit organizations (philanthropic hospitals) are highlighted, as these legal provisions may encourage certain behaviors of the taxpayers, to enable the reduction / exemption of the tax / contribution payable from certain dominant social groups. This work uses secondary data extracted from the Brazilian Federal Revenue Service, the Institute of Applied Economic Research and the Federal Government\'s Financial Integration System to show the tax expenditures selected in this research. The theoretical framework that guides this work is the dialectical historical materialism of Marx, bringing to light important aspects to understand the logic of Brazilian economic policies in contemporary capitalism. In this way, the fiscal waiver (tax spending) on health highlights in the short term the beneficial character of families and companies recovering the expenditure on private health goods and services. However, in the long term, there is evidence of worsening of social structures, since workers and low-income families are (proportionally) more committed to health spending, due to the regressive nature of the Brazilian tax system. In addition, exemptions, deductions and zero rates (tax expenditures) to the pharmaceutical industry and philanthropic hospitals can express an aspect of distortion in the priority of resources directed to SUS. Thus, it is possible to admit that, under the aegis of interest bearing capital, the state is capable of transforming the ideological plane of the social body of capitalist society