Purpose and Procedures The purpose of this paper was to construct and validate an instrument which could effectively identify students enrolled in the elementary teacher training program a t Utah State University whose mathematical competency equals or exceeds the standard for completion of the required math content courses prior to taking those courses. It was the hope of the writer that such students would be allowed to waive those courses and substitute courses representing areas of greater need for the individual student. Care was taken in the construction and validation of the instrument to assure content validity with college-level texts designed for such courses and elementary texts which the teacher is expected to use in the teaching situation. Preliminary forms of the instrument constructed in the study were administered to pilot groups. An item analysis was performed to determine the level of difficulty and discriminating power of individual test items as well as the ability of the distractors to distract. The final form consisted of 58 multiple-choice test items. Results Using Kuder-Richardson reliability formula number 20, the reliability coefficient of the instrument was .87, which indicates a high level of reliability for a screening test. The variance was 82.72, resulting in a standard deviation of 9.10. Correlating the test results, when used as a pretest in the above-mentioned courses, with final grades in the course resulted in a correlation coefficient which was significant at the .01 level of significance, indicating high predictive validity of the instrument with actual success int he course.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o instituto da obrigação propter rem à luz do direito positivo brasileiro. Com isso, pretende-se fornecer uma descrição dogmaticamente coerente do instituto. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram analisadas categorias jurídicas que, em sede de obrigação propter rem, são controvertidas, entre as quais, destacam-se a renúncia e o abandono liberatório / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the institute of the propter rem obligation through the light of the Brazilian positive Law. With that, it intends to provide a dogmatically consistent description of the institute. To achieve this goal, there were analyzed legal categories that, in place of propter rem obligation, are issued; including, the waiver and the discharging relinquishment that are stood out.

En droit de l’aide sociale, le terme « renonciation » est très peu utilisé par la doctrine, sans doute parce que, de longue date, il a été considéré que le bénéficiaire ne pouvait renoncer ni tacitement ni expressément à son droit à l’aide sociale. Néanmoins, il réapparaît depuis peu dans les travaux de la doctrine portant sur le non-recours aux droits sociaux. Quoique ces notions désignent indubitablement des situations d’abandon de droits, cet usage du terme « renonciation » ne saurait suffire à convaincre de l’existence de la renonciation en droit de l’aide sociale dans la mesure où, malgré les nombreuses controverses doctrinales autour de la définition de la notion de renonciation, elle a toujours été enfermée par la doctrine majoritaire dans un cadre conceptuel particulièrement étroit. Se révèle alors l’intérêt d’étudier la renonciation en droit de l’aide sociale, étude d’autant plus importante que cette réflexion conduit à envisager sous un angle nouveau non seulement la notion même de renonciation, mais encore la problématique de l’effectivité des droits sociaux. L’objet de cette thèse consiste donc à se questionner sur l’existence et sur les caractéristiques de la renonciation en droit de l’aide sociale et, en filigrane, sur la nature et la spécificité de ces droits ainsi que sur la place du bénéficiaire au sein du droit de l’aide sociale. / In welfare law, the term « waiver » is seldom used by doctrine, no doubt because over the years it has been thought that the beneficiaries could not waiver either tacitly or expressly their rights to welfare. Nevertheless, recently the term has resurfaced in doctrinal research on non-recourse to welfare rights. Although these notions undoubtedly refer to situations whereby beneficiaries renounce their rights, such use of the term “waiver” is definitely not sufficient to prove the existence of waiver in welfare law. Indeed, despite numerous doctrinal controversies pertaining to the definition of the notion of waiver, prevailing doctrine has always circumscribed this definition within a very narrow conceptual framework. Accordingly, the study of welfare law becomes significant, all the more so as it leads to considering from a new perspective not only the very notion of waiver, but also the issue of the effectiveness of welfare rights. The aim of this thesis thus consists in questioning the existence and characteristics of waiver in welfare law and inherently, the nature and specificity of these rights together with the place of the beneficiary within welfare law.

O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o instituto da obrigação propter rem à luz do direito positivo brasileiro. Com isso, pretende-se fornecer uma descrição dogmaticamente coerente do instituto. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram analisadas categorias jurídicas que, em sede de obrigação propter rem, são controvertidas, entre as quais, destacam-se a renúncia e o abandono liberatório / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the institute of the propter rem obligation through the light of the Brazilian positive Law. With that, it intends to provide a dogmatically consistent description of the institute. To achieve this goal, there were analyzed legal categories that, in place of propter rem obligation, are issued; including, the waiver and the discharging relinquishment that are stood out.

Die Arbeit untersucht Bereicherungsansprüche beim Einzug fremder Forderungen und bei der Anstiftung zum Vertragsbruch im deutschen, englischen, amerikanischen und französischen Recht. Besonders im common law werden beide genannten Fälle zusammenhängend betrachtet. Die tatsächliche Gemeinsamkeit wird darin gesehen, daß sich der Dritte jeweils anstelle der aus dem ursprünglichen Schuldverhältnis berechtigten Partei die dieser geschuldete Leistung oder Gegenleistung zu eigen macht. Die Arbeit zeigt jedoch, dass der Bereicherungsanspruch in beiden Fällen von jeweils unterschiedlichen Erwägungen und Schutzzwecken getragen wird. Beim Einzug fremder Forderungen wird der Bereicherungsanspruch im deutschen, französischen und englischen Recht davon abhängig gemacht, ob der Forderungseinzug auch gegenüber dem wahren Gläubiger schuldbefreiende Wirkung hat. Lediglich im amerikanischen Recht wird der Bereicherungsanspruch bereits vom bloßen Einzug einer fremden Forderung abhängig gemacht. Forderungen werden damit mit einem umfassenden Schutz auch Dritten gegenüber ausgestattet und in ihrer ausschließlichen Zuweisung an den Gläubiger dem Eigentum angeglichen. Diese Verdinglichung vertraglicher Rechte vermag jedoch (im amerikanischen Recht) nur Bereicherungsansprüche beim Einzug fremder Forderungen zu erklären, nicht hingegen bei der Anstiftung zum Vertragsbruch. Hier entsteht ein Bereicherungsanspruch nicht bereits mit dem bloßen Eingriff in ein fremdes Vertragsrecht, sondern setzt vielmehr eine rechtswidrige und schuldhafte Handlung voraus. Der Bereicherungsanspruch dient damit der Verhaltenskontrolle, nicht aber dem Rechtsgüterschutz. Dies gilt jedoch nur im amerikanischen Recht. In den anderen untersuchten Rechten gibt es hingegen keinen Gewinnabschöpfungsanspruch bei der Anstiftung zum Vertragsbruch.

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O objetivo geral do trabalho, além de conceituar as diversas modalidades de renúncia de receita, é demonstrar que referido instituto deve estar amparado na legislação pertinente e, pode, sim, ser instrumento efeito de controle social e impactar na economia – desde que seguidos certo requisitos legais. Como objetivo específico, o trabalho, procura tratar da renúncia de receita em face da legislação e de conceitos doutrinários para conjecturar da admissibilidade e da validade de o ente federativo brasileiro poder renunciar receita, desde que o faça, através de lei e assim haja motivação justificada em prol do bem comum. Por não ser um trabalho isoladamente jurídico ou econômico, e, sim, social, pretende abordar a renúncia como política pública; como elemento de controle social. Sem pretensão alguma de seguir uma linha exclusiva de pensamento (seja jurídica, seja econômica), nem de esgotar-se o tema, discorre-se sobre tributação, intervenção do governo no domínio econômico e na extrafiscalidade do tributo, à guisa de permitir ao leitor, refletir sobre a renúncia fiscal em três aspectos: historicamente, conceitualmente e legalmente. Com esta interdisciplinaridade, busca-se coesão e brevidade para delinear a renúncia fiscal como decorrente da competição tributária existente e intrínseca à Federação Brasileira, competição esta que incentiva a renúncia e vice-versa, em espécie processo ‘retroalimentador’, o qual geralmente, em linhas gerais, ocasiona prejuízos ao setor público – ante sua potencial ineficácia e reflexos que atingem o ente público, indiscutivelmente, produzindo efeitos diretos no setor privado (concorrência empresarial e na alocação de investimentos). Aborda-se, também, a questão do controle, função administrativa que permite aferir se o ente público/privado atingiu o resultado planejado e porquanto desejado, concentrando-se seus institutos e efetuando breve análise sobre a evolução do controle na administração pública, culminando na “accountability” e no controle social – tudo em prol de mostrar que não é útil considerar o controle de legalidade e mesmo o contábil/financeiro, caso o resultado não seja avaliado e explicitado publicamente com clareza a todos aquele que, em última instância, é o destinatário do serviço: o povo (que, no viés pensado, deveria definir as políticas e, não apenas não por meio dos representantes eleitos, mas por outros mecanismos democráticos). / The overall objective of the work, in addition to conceptualize the various waiver forms of revenue, is to demonstrate that the institute should be supported in the relevant legislation and can indeed be an instrument effect of social control and impact on the economy - since followed certain requirements cool. As a specific objective, the work seeks to address revenue of resignation in the face of legislation and doctrinal concepts to guess the admissibility and validity of the Brazilian federative power forego revenue, provided it is done by law and so there is justified motivation for the common good. Why not be a legal work in isolation or economic, and, yes, social, aims to address the resignation as public policy; as social control element. No pretension to follow an exclusive line of thought (whether legal, or economic), or running out the issue if talks on taxation, government intervention in the economic domain and in tribute extrafiscality by way of allowing the reader, reflect on the tax relief in three ways: historically, conceptually and legally. With this interdisciplinary approach, we seek to cohesion and brevity to outline tax breaks as arising from existing and intrinsic tax competition to the Brazilian Federation, contest this that encourages resignation and vice versa, which usually in Generally speaking, causes losses to the public sector - at his potential inefficiency and reflections that reach the public entity, arguably producing direct effects in the private sector (business competition and allocation of investments). Addresses is also the issue of control, administrative function for judging whether the public / private entity reached the planned result and because desired, concentrating its institutes and making brief analysis of the evolution of control in public administration, culminating in "accountability" and social control - all for the sake of showing that it is not useful to consider the legality of control and even the accounting/financial, if the result is not evaluated and publicly explained clearly to all who, ultimately, is the recipient of the service: the people (who, in thought bias, should define the policies and not only not by elected representatives but by other democratic mechanisms).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angelica Petian.pdf: 994086 bytes, checksum: c730a841e0f7339da5d5ff0ebb79f91e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-25 / This study aims to further examine the procedure of direct contracting by emergency, widely used by Public Administration, since it frequently results in the application of several kinds of sanctions to public agents. In order to approach this issue, we examined the conditions necessary to perform the contract legally, starting from the definition of the requirements that would characterize an emergency situation. Following, we worked through the procedural prerequisites for formalization of direct contracting. This step comprised the exam of the justification of the contracted price, just as important as controversial in the practice of administrative activity. Finally, we discussed, and proposed the possibility of deferment of emergency contracts. We further laid down solid premises that led us to this conclusion, all of which were grounded in the purpose of the legislation and the satisfaction of the primary public interest / O presente estudo tem por objetivo aprofundar o exame da contratação direta por emergência, procedimento largamente utilizado pela Administração e que, com frequência, enseja a aplicação de sanções de diversas naturezas aos agentes públicos. Para cumprir tal mister, examinamos as condições necessárias para realizar a contratação de forma legal, a partir da definição dos requisitos que caracterizam a situação emergencial que a enseja. Vencida essa etapa, nos debruçamos sobre os requisitos procedimentais para formalizar a contratação direta, oportunidade na qual cuidamos do tema da justificativa dos preços contratados, tão importante quanto controvertido na prática da atividade administrativa. por fim, discutimos e propusemos a possibilidade de prorrogar os prazos dos contratos emergenciais, estabelecendo premissas sólidas que nos conduziram a essa conclusão, todas alicerçadas na finalidade da norma e na satisfação do interesse público primário