Ce travail de recherche s'intéresse à la dynamique de bulles en ascension à grand nombre de Reynolds dans un liquide fortement confiné entre deux plaques (cellule de Hele-Shaw). Dans le régime étudié, les trajectoires des bulles et leurs déformations sont contenues dans le plan de la cellule. La dynamique essentiellement bidimensionnelle favorise en particulier l'observation d'interactions entre bulles. Cette étude expérimentale comprend donc deux volets : l'analyse de la dynamique d'une bulle isolée et de son sillage et celle des interactions hydrodynamiques entre deux bulles. La cinématique des bulles (forme, trajectoire et vitesse) est mesurée à partir de visualisations par ombroscopie sur une large gamme de tailles caractérisées par un diamètre équivalent dans le plan, noté d. La dynamique des sillages est quant à elle étudiée par Vélocimétrie par Image de Particules (PIV) à Haute Fréquence. Concernant l'étude de la bulle isolée, nous avons exploré la situation où les bulles montent dans un liquide au repos et celle où elles sont soumises à un écoulement descendant à contre-courant. En liquide au repos, pour des bulles de taille suffisante qui ne sont pas mobiles dans l'interstice d'épaisseur e nous avons montré que la vitesse moyenne d'ascension Vb est proportionnelle à (e/d)⅙ √gd, et que le nombre de Reynolds défini par Re=Vbd/v fixe la déformation des bulles. De plus des lois d'échelle simples sont obtenues dans la gamme 1200≤Re≤3000 et e/d ≤ 0,4 pour les grandeurs décrivant les oscillations de trajectoire dans le repère de la bulle. Par ailleurs, des mesures de vitesse nous ont permis de caractériser la structure du sillage associé aux oscillations de trajectoire de la bulle. Nous avons tout d'abord étudié en détail les caractéristiques du détachement tourbillonnaire. Ces mesures de vitesse dans les sillages ont également mis en évidence l'existence de deux dynamiques distinctes sur deux échelles de temps nettement séparées : la période d'oscillation de la bulle et le temps visqueux défini à partir de e. En écoulement à contre-courant, un résultat intéressant consiste en la disparition de la phase intermédiaire d'appariement tourbillonnaire dans l'allée de von Karman de bulles oscillantes pour la plus importante des vitesses du contre-écoulement. La caractérisation de la cinématique des bulles isolées et des perturbations de vitesse qu'elles induisent dans le liquide a permis d'aboutir à des lois d'échelle suffisamment robustes pour pouvoir prédire leur comportement instationnaire simplement à partir de leur taille. Cette connaissance s'avère cruciale dans l'analyse des interactions entre deux bulles pour explorer les écarts de leur comportement cinématique par rapport au cas isolé. Les expériences d'interaction entre deux bulles consistent à injecter deux bulles successives et à observer leur mouvement ainsi que celui qu'elles induisent dans la phase liquide. Le suivi des bulles par ombroscopie permet de distinguer plusieurs modes d'interaction entre les bulles : attraction horizontale, entrainement vertical, éjection du sillage ou rebond, contournement, positionnement préférentiel et coalescence. Certains mécanismes d'interaction ont été plus spécifiquement étudiés à l'aide de mesures par vélocimétrie. Nous avons ainsi pu quantifier l'effet du sillage de la première bulle sur la deuxième, et notamment caractériser l'interaction bulle - tourbillon. / We study the dynamics of bubbles rising in a liquid confined in a thin-gap cell (Hele-Shaw cell of thickness e). In the regime investigated corresponding to high Reynolds numbers, bubble paths and deformations occur in the plane of the cell. This two-dimensional dynamics facilitates the observation of bubbles interaction. The aim of the investigation is twofold: the analysis of the coupling between the motion of an isolated oscillating bubble and its wake, and the analysis of the hydrodynamical interactions between two bubbles. Bubble motions (shape, trajectory and velocity) are measured from visualizations using shadowgraphy for a large range of bubble sizes characterized by their in-plane equivalent diameter d. The behaviour of the wake is explored using High Frequency Particle Image Velocimetry (HF PIV). We investigated the kinematics of an isolated bubble when its size d increases. We showed that the mean vertical velocity of the bubble Vb is proportional to (e/d)⅙ √gd, and that the Reynolds number Re=Vbd/v determines its mean deformation. Simple scaling laws were then obtained in the range 1200≤Re≤3000 and e/d ≤ 0,4 for all the quantities describing the path oscillations of the bubble in its reference frame. Moreover, measurements of the liquid velocity allowed us to characterize the structure of the wake associated to the oscillating bubbles. We first investigated in detail the characteristics of vortex shedding. We then showed that the time evolution of the bubble wake depends on two contrasted time scales. The first corresponds to short times on the order of the period of oscillation and the second to the effect of wall friction becoming predominant for times comparable to the viscous time scale based on the gap thickness e. In the presence of a sufficiently strong counterflow, we observed the disappearance of the intermediate phase of vortex pairing in the wake of an isolated oscillating bubble. The characterization of the bubble kinematics and of the bubble-induced velocity perturbation in the liquid phase for the isolated bubble provided scaling laws robust enough to predict their periodic motion. This knowledge is fundamental for the discussion of hydrodynamical interactions, allowing us to discuss the kinematics of interacting bubbles as compared to their kinematics as isolated bubbles. Experiments consisted in the injection of two successive bubbles in the cell, the observation of their motions and the measurement of the perturbations induced in the liquid phase. Visualizations of the bubbles motions allowed us to observe several types of interactions: horizontal attraction, vertical entrainment, ejection or bouncing, preferential positioning, and coalescence. Some mechanisms occurring during interaction have been more precisely studied using HF PIV, in particular the effect of the wake of the leading bubble on the trailing bubble, and the associated bubble-vortex interaction.

Over the last few decades, wind power has shown a continuous and significant developmentin the energy market globally. Having reached a certain level in both technologyand in dimensions, the role of optimizing wind turbines as well as wind farms hasbecome an additional aspect to future development and research. Since turbine wakescan cause significant power deficits within a farm, research in this area has the potentialfor large improvements in wind farm design. A wake is described as the downstream flow behind the rotor of an operating windturbine. The two main characteristics of wakes are a velocity (momentum) deficit and anincreased turbulence level. The velocity deficit behind the upwind turbine results in apower loss of the downstream turbines, whereas the higher turbulence causes additionalloads on the downstream turbines’ structures resulting in fatigue problems. The study of wakes is a complex topic, they are influenced by an interconnection of anumber of parameters like ambient wind speed and turbulence, atmospheric stabilityconditions (stable, unstable, and neutral), the turbines’ operational characteristics, andthe terrain properties. In order to assess the power deficits affected by wake interaction between turbines,an analysis can be realized by processing SCADA data of turbines in a wind farm. The collected data is treated by a comprehensive filtration process, excluding events of icing, curtailment, faults, etc. and by grouping into different atmospheric conditions, windspeed intervals and wind speed sectors. Finally, power deficit values, as a function ofwind direction, are calculated and quantified, and thereafter analyzed to assess the wakebehavior at different conditions for different cases.In this thesis, the wake-induced power deficit has been investigated in a specificstudy case for three pairs of two neighboring turbines in a forested moderately complexterrain using SCADA data. The production losses amounted between the range of 32% to 67% for the specific site with turbine spacing around 4D. The obtained results werepartially unsatisfactory, caused by the reasons of inaccurate wind direction values due toyaw misalignment issues and challenging separation into different stability conditions. Moreover, the power deficits showed a clear reduction of losses with increasing windspeed. A conclusion regarding the differences between stable and near neutral conditionscould not be determined from the data.

Synthetic aperture radar imaging is an effective tool for imaging the sea surface because of its response to changes in sea surface roughness. This allows for the remote sensing of features on the sea surface, which modulate se surface roughness. In this work, 18 synthetic aperture radar images were collected from the TerraSAR-X and RADARSAT-2 satellites in the Port Everglades, Florida area. In-situ measurements were collected in conjunction with the satellite images in order to provide more information on the features visible in the imagery, and aid in identification of the origin of the features. Information on ships in the area of the satellite image footprints was collected using an automatic information system. Weather conditions were recorded by a meteorological station and a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather radar station. Waves and currents in the observational area were recorded with acoustic Doppler current profilers and wave gauges. Sonar systems and conductivity, depth, and salinity profilers were used to identify stratification in the water column. Surfactant release experiments were also conducted to explore the affects of surface active materials. Results of the experiment show the manifestation of atmospheric effects, oceanic fronts and eddies, wind shadowing, natural and artificial slicks, and ships and ship wakes on the synthetic aperture radar imagery. Atmospheric conditions were found to play a significant role in the visibility of features on the sea surface, and sometimes masked the appearance of features on the ocean surface. Overall the most reliable feature capable of being imaged on the sea surface by the synthetic aperture radar satellites was the signatures of ships and their wakes.

To maximize the effectiveness of the rapidly increasing capacity of installed wind energy resources, new models must be developed that are capable of more nuanced control of each wind turbine so that each device is more responsive to inflow events. Models used to plan wind turbine arrays and control behavior of devices within the farm currently make questionable estimates of the incoming atmospheric flow and update turbine configurations infrequently. As a result, wind turbines often operate at diminished capacities, especially in arrays where wind turbine wakes interact and inflow conditions are far from ideal. New turbine control and wake prediction models must be developed to tune individual devices and make accurate power predictions. To that end, wind tunnel experiments are conducted detailing the turbulent flow in the wake of a wind turbine in a model-scale array. The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is applied to characterize the spatial evolution of structures in the wake. Mode bases from distinct downstream locations are reconciled through a secondary decomposition, called double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD), indicating that modes of common rank in the wake share an ordered set of sub-modal projections whose organization delineates underlying wake structures and spatial evolution. The doubly truncated basis of sub-modal structures represents a reduction to 0.015% of the total degrees of freedom of the wind turbine wake. Low-order representations of the Reynolds stress tensor are made using only the most dominant DPOD modes, corrected to account for energy excluded from the truncated basis with a tensor of constant coefficients defined to rescale the low-order representation of the stresses to match the original statistics. Data from the wind turbine wake are contrasted against simulation data from a fully-developed channel flow, illuminating a range of anisotropic states of turbulence. Complexity of flow descriptions resulting from truncated POD bases is suppressed in severe basis truncations, exaggerating anisotropy of the modeled flow and, in extreme cases, can lead to the loss of three dimensionality. Constant corrections to the low-order descriptions of the Reynolds stress tensor reduce the root-mean-square error between low-order descriptions of the flow and the full statistics as much as 40% and, in some cases, reintroduce three-dimensionality to severe truncations of POD bases. Low-dimensional models are constructed by coupling the evolution of the dynamic mode coefficients through their respective time derivatives and successfully account for non-linear mode interaction. Deviation between time derivatives of mode coefficients and their least-squares fit is amplified in numerical integration of the system, leading to unstable long-time solutions. Periodic recalibration of the dynamical system is undertaken by limiting the integration time and using a virtual sensor upstream of the wind turbine actuator disk in to read the effective inflow velocity. A series of open-loop transfer functions are designed to inform the low-order dynamical system of the flow incident to the wind turbine rotor. Validation data shows that the model tuned to the inflow reproduces dynamic mode coefficients with little to no error given a sufficiently small interval between instances of recalibration. The reduced-order model makes accurate predictions of the wake when informed of turbulent inflow events. The modeling scheme represents a viable path for continuous time feedback and control that may be used to selectively tune a wind turbine in the effort to maximize power output of large wind farms.

Vortex identification techniques are used to analyze the flow structure in a 4 x 3 array of scale model wind turbines. Q-criterion, Δ-criterion, and λ2-criterion are applied to Particle Image Velocimetry data gathered fore and aft of the last row centerline turbine. Q-criterion and λ2-criterion provide a clear indication of regions where vortical activity exists while the Δ-criterion does not. Galilean decomposition, Reynolds decomposition, vorticity, and swirling strength are used to further understand the location and behavior of the vortices. The techniques identify and display the high magnitude vortices in high shear zones resulting from the blade tips. Using Galilean and Reynolds decomposition, swirling motions are shown enveloping vortex regions in agreement with the identification criteria. The Galilean decompositions are 20% and 50% of a convective velocity of 7 m/s. As the vortices convect downstream, these vortices weaken in magnitude to approximately 25% of those present in the near wake. A high level of vortex activity is visualized as a result of the top tip of the wind turbine blade; the location where the highest vertical entrainment commences.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21352号 / 工博第4511号 / 新制||工||1702(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 八木 知己, 教授 清野 純史, 教授 高橋 良和 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Flow measurements were made on two highly loaded, low pressure turbine blade configurations in a low-speed, linear cascade facility. The L1M blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.34 with a peak cp near 47% cx (mid-loaded) and the Pack B blade has a design Zweifel coefficient of 1.15 with a peak cp at 63% cx (aft-loaded). Flow velocity and surface pressure measurements were taken for Rec=20,000 and 3% inlet freestream turbulence. For these operating conditions, a large separation bubble forms on the blade suction surface, beginning at 59% cx and reattaching at 86% cx on the L1M blade and a non-reattaching bubble beginning at 68% cx on the Pack B. A spanwise row of discrete vortex-generating jets located at 59% cx on the Pack B and 50% cx on the L1M were used as a separation control device and were pulsed at a frequency of 5 Hz with a duty cycle of 25%. The Pack B with its open separation bubble proved to be a better candidate for VGJ control than the L1M with its closed separation bubble. Further studies were made on the Pack B blade comparing wake and VGJ effects. A wake generator was used to simulate the periodic passing of upstream wakes through the blade passage for the Pack B configuration. The wake passing frequency of 4.5Hz was set to match a typical engine flow coefficient for a low pressure turbine. Data were taken using PIV and a hot-film anemometer mounted on a blade following device. Velocity, turbulence, and intermittency measurements were made along the suction surface of the blade to characterize the bubble dynamics and transitional behaviors for both the presence of unsteady wakes and pulsing VGJs. The wakes caused early breakdown of the separated free shear layer resulting in a thinning of the separation region. The VGJs caused an upstream disturbance which convects downstream, temporarily pushing off the separation bubble. Overall, both wakes and VGJs suppress the size of the steady-state separation bubble, though through different mechanisms. Three-dimensional aspects of the jet disturbance are studied by investigating the effects of the VGJs at two spanwise locations.

Advancement in turbine technology has far reaching effects on today's society and environment. With more than 90% of electricity and 100% of commercial air transport being produced by the usage of gas turbine, any advancement in turbine technology can have an impact on fuel used, pollutants and carbon dioxide emitted to the environment. Within the turbine engine, fully understanding film cooling is critical to reliability of a turbine engine. Film cooling is an efficient way to protect the engine surface from the extremely hot incoming gas, which is at a temperature much higher than allowable temperature of even the most advanced super alloy used in turbine. Film cooling performance is affected by many factors: geometrical factors and as well as flow conditions. In most of the film cooling literature, film effectiveness has been used as criterion to judge and/or compare between film cooling designs. Film uniformity is also a critical factor, since it determines how well the coolant spread out downstream to protect the hot-gas-path surface of a gas turbine engine. Even after consideration of all geometrical factors and flow conditions, the film effectiveness is still affected by the stator-rotor interaction, in particular by the moving wakes produced by upstream airfoils. A complete analysis of end wall film cooling inside turbine is required to fully understand the phenomena. This full analysis is almost impossible in the academic arena. Therefore, a simplified but critical experimental rig and computational fluid model were designed to capture the effect of wake on film cooling inside an annular test section. The moving wakes are created by rotating a wheel iv with 12 spokes or rods with a variable speed motor. Thus changing the motor speed will alter the wake passing frequency. This design is an advancement over most previous studies in rectangular duct, which cannot simulate wakes in an annular passage as in an engine. This rig also includes film injection that allows study of impact of moving wakes on film cooling. This wake is a simplified representation of the trailing edge created by an upstream airfoil. An annulus with 30° pitch test section is considered in this study. This experimental rig is based on an existing flat plate film cooling (BFC) rig that has been validated in the past. Measurement of velocity profiles within the moving wake downstream from the wake generator is used to validate the CFD rotating wake model. The open literature on film cooling and past experiments performed in the laboratory validated the CFD film cooling model. With these validations completed, the full CFD model predicts the wake and film cooling interaction. Nine CFD cases were considered by varying the film cooling blowing ratio and the wake Strouhal number. The results indicated that wakes highly enhance film cooling effectiveness near film cooling holes and degrades the film blanket downstream of the film injection, at the moment of wake passing. However, the time-averaged film cooling effectiveness is more or less the same with or without wake

No description available.

Unsteady flow fields over a NACA 0012 at an angle of attack are investigated. The first is the classical pitching motion about the airfoil's quarter chord. The second is the flow over a fixed airfoil immersed in the wake of the pitching airfoil. Large reduced frequencies are considered. Measurements were obtained in a water tunnel by Laser-Doppler velocimetry. Ensemble-averaged velocity measurements were obtained in the vicinity of the trailing edges of both the pitching and the fixed airfoils. The flowfields in the wake and at the trailing edges of both airfoils were studied visually. The validity of the quasi-steady and an extension to an unsteady Kutta condition are examined. A new dynamic similarity parameter is proposed. An analytical method based on the dynamics of discrete vortices is employed. Numerical calculations of the flow over the fixed airfoil are compared with experimental results. / Ph. D.