Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Illinois, 1927. / "Reprinted from the University of Illinois Studies in the social sciences, vol. XV, numbers 3-4, pages 421-765." Bibliography: p. 300-326.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vas_bb_dr_fran.pdf: 3625525 bytes, checksum: e60a66dfb0f27727c2544238c47d30fa (MD5) / Este trabalho pretende aprofundar os estudos referentes ao período final do evento conhecido na historiografia brasileira como Guerra do Paraguai, especialmente a partir do final de 1868 e após a saída de Caxias, período que compreende o comando do conde d’Eu, até o final da campanha em 1870. A partir desse referencial, aborda-se a estrutura estabelecida para a logística mobilizada pelas forças militares terrestres brasileiras para suprir as demandas do esforço de guerra. Busca-se compreender melhor a estrutura militar organizada pelo Império para atender às necessidades da guerra, o panorama dessa estrutura ao final do conflito, considerando elementos como o comando militar de d’Eu, a ação diplomática e por vezes até militar de José Maria Paranhos (futuro visconde do Rio Branco) e a interação entre ambos diante dos percalços logísticos enfrentados pelas forças militares terrestres brasileiras para finalização do conflito. Estes entraves logísticos afetaram e comprometeram ora a intensidade e estratégias da ação militar, ora a ação diplomática da representação brasileira, com reflexos marcantes na dinâmica política imperial desse período / The present study aims at deepening the studies regarding the final period of the event known in Brazilian history as the Paraguayan War, particularly from its the end in 1868 and after the departure of Caxias - a period that includes the command of Count d'Eu, by the end of the campaign in 1870. Based on this framework, the study deals with the structure established concerning the logistics employed by Brazilian military land forces to meet the demands of the war effort. Thus, we aim at providing a better understanding of the military structure organized by the Empire to meet the needs of the war as well as a broader view of this structure at end the conflict. Factors such as the military command of d'Eu, the diplomatic and sometimes even military role played by José Maria Paranhos (soon to become Viscount of Rio Branco) and their interaction before the logistic troubles faced by Brazilian land forces in order to put an end to the conflict were considered. Such logistic barriers affected and jeopardized either the intensity and military action strategies or diplomatic efforts of Brazilian representatives, reflecting remarkably the political dynamics of the Empire throughout this period

Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Eduardo Munhoz Svartman / Banca: José Miguel Arias Neto / Banca: Eduardo Mei / Banca: Suzeley kalil Mathias / Resumo: Este trabalho pretende aprofundar os estudos referentes ao período final do evento conhecido na historiografia brasileira como Guerra do Paraguai, especialmente a partir do final de 1868 e após a saída de Caxias, período que compreende o comando do conde d'Eu, até o final da campanha em 1870. A partir desse referencial, aborda-se a estrutura estabelecida para a logística mobilizada pelas forças militares terrestres brasileiras para suprir as demandas do esforço de guerra. Busca-se compreender melhor a estrutura militar organizada pelo Império para atender às necessidades da guerra, o panorama dessa estrutura ao final do conflito, considerando elementos como o comando militar de d'Eu, a ação diplomática e por vezes até militar de José Maria Paranhos (futuro visconde do Rio Branco) e a interação entre ambos diante dos percalços logísticos enfrentados pelas forças militares terrestres brasileiras para finalização do conflito. Estes entraves logísticos afetaram e comprometeram ora a intensidade e estratégias da ação militar, ora a ação diplomática da representação brasileira, com reflexos marcantes na dinâmica política imperial desse período / Abstract: The present study aims at deepening the studies regarding the final period of the event known in Brazilian history as the Paraguayan War, particularly from its the end in 1868 and after the departure of Caxias - a period that includes the command of Count d'Eu, by the end of the campaign in 1870. Based on this framework, the study deals with the structure established concerning the logistics employed by Brazilian military land forces to meet the demands of the war effort. Thus, we aim at providing a better understanding of the military structure organized by the Empire to meet the needs of the war as well as a broader view of this structure at end the conflict. Factors such as the military command of d'Eu, the diplomatic and sometimes even military role played by José Maria Paranhos (soon to become Viscount of Rio Branco) and their interaction before the logistic troubles faced by Brazilian land forces in order to put an end to the conflict were considered. Such logistic barriers affected and jeopardized either the intensity and military action strategies or diplomatic efforts of Brazilian representatives, reflecting remarkably the political dynamics of the Empire throughout this period / Doutor

Utilizing both primary and secondary literature, this study attempts to illustrate that the origins of one of Latin America’s most significant wars, the Paraguayan War (1864-70), are understandable only when viewed within the context of the historical development of the Rio de la Plata as a region. Adopting the framework provided by Robert N. Burr in his pioneering work on the South American continental balance of power system. “By Reason or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830-1905” (Berkely, 1965), this thesis examines one particular outgrowth of the historical process in the Rio de Plata: The development of a regional balance of power in the area. It also illustrates that such systems of international power politics are not necessarily promotive of stability and equanimity in the relations between nations: that balance of power systems are not static but constantly changing, and that such changes are conducive to friction, intrigue, and war.

A tese apresenta uma análise sobre registros visuais produzidos no âmbito da Guerra do Paraguai (1864-1870), evento que envolveu Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai em luta contra o Paraguai, em uma conjuntura de consolidação de projetos nacionais na América do Sul. A natureza histórica do conflito é por si propícia à criação de imagens e imaginários. Além disso, a eclosão da guerra ocorreu em um momento em que o estatuto do olhar estava em debate, aliado a uma intensa transformação das tecnologias de reprodução e circulação de imagens. Nesse sentido, buscou-se compreender as imagens analisadas a partir do regime de visualidade em que estavam inseridas. Ou seja, não apenas quanto ao seu conteúdo aparente, mas em suas relações de produção, circulação, consumo e agenciamento. Fundamentado em indícios sobretudo gráficos, este trabalho intenta desvelar práticas visuais em voga a partir do exame do percurso social das imagens, em seus cruzamentos entre tecnologia e estética. Para isso, são analisados quatro conjuntos imagéticos que suscitam questões distintas, sem induzir uma relação de causalidade entre eles. Dos aspectos principais ressalta-se: um deslocamento de usos e sentidos dos desenhos militares a partir da cobertura feita pela imprensa ilustrada do Rio de Janeiro; a sobreposição do conteúdo científico e militar da expedição ao Mato Grosso, analisada a partir do álbum de desenhos de Alfredo Taunay; a natureza iminentemente múltipla das imagens produzidas para o mercado editorial pelo artista suíço Adolf Methfessel; a emergência dos debates raciais na crítica de arte que acompanhou a Exposição Geral de Belas Artes de 1879, associada à falta de prática de ver e representar o negro nas pinturas de história de grande monta. Do exame de fragmentos visuais da guerra, buscou-se historicizar os modos de ver e de fazer ver de um evento que, dessa forma, se demonstra também produtivo e criador, para além dos efeitos nefastos cujas consequências são sentidas até os dias atuais. / This thesis presents an analysis of visual records produced on the scope of the Paraguayan war (1864-1870), an event in which Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay engaged on a fight against Paraguay, while nationalist projects were being stablished in South America. The historical nature of the conflict is for itself worth of the creation of images and imaginaries. Furthermore, the war outbreak occurred on a time that the constitution of the gaze was under debate, alongside to an intense technology transformation on image reproduction and circulation. In this regard, we aimed to ponder the images trough out the visual system in which they were inserted. In other words, not only concerning its apparent content but also its production, circulation, consume and agency relationships. Primarily based on graphic media, this works aims to unveil visual practices in vogue through the analysis of the social path of the images, and its crossings between technology and aesthetics. This required the analysis of four image sets that raise different questions, with no induction of a causality relation between them. Among their main aspects, we emphasize: a displacement of use and sense of the military drawings by Rio de Janeiro\'s illustrated press coverage; the scientific and military conflict overlap of the Mato Grosso expedition, by the analysis of Alfredo Taunya\'s drawing albums; the imminently multiple nature of images by Swiss artist Adolf Methfessel produced to the publishing market; the racial debate rising on art criticism that followed the General Exhibition of Fine Arts of 1879, associated to the lack of practices of seeing and representing the Negro on great mount historical paintings. We have aimed to historicize the ways of seeing and make to see through the examination of visual fragments of the war, thus, showing its productive and creative side, in addition to the nefarious effects and consequences felt to the present day.

Remarquant la nature transfrontalière des défis politiques et culturels soulevés par la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871, cette thèse propose d’interroger l’expérience de la neutralité dans les sociétés de trois États – le Danemark, la Suisse et la Belgique – choisis pour leur complémentarité en matière de stratégie, de géographie, d’institutions et d’organisation constitutionnelle. Documents diplomatiques, archives administratives, journaux, publications contemporaines du conflit, témoignages artistiques, correspondances et carnets privés servent une étude transnationale déclinée en trois principales orientations. La première met en lumière l’environnement technique et technologique dans lequel évoluent les neutres, les sentiments que trahissent leurs témoignages ainsi que leurs efforts pour devenir et rester non-belligérants. La deuxième questionne l’engagement des neutres dans la guerre à travers, notamment, le parcours de philanthropes et de soldats volontaires. La troisième orientation pose enfin une question a priori paradoxale : le neutre est-il un vainqueur ou un vaincu du conflit franco-allemand ? / Noting the cross-border nature of the political and cultural challenges raised by the Franco-German War of 1870-1871, this doctoral thesis proposes to question the experience of neutrality within the societies of three States – Denmark, Switzerland and Belgium – chosen for their complementarity in terms of strategy, geography, institutions and constitutional organisation. Diplomatic documents, administrative archives, newspapers, publications, artistic works, letters and private documentation serve a transnational study divided into three main directions. The first direction reveals the technical and technological environment in which neutrals operate, the feelings betrayed by their testimonies and their efforts to become and remain non-belligerent. The second direction interrogates the involvement of the neutrals during the war through – among others – the trajectories of philanthropists and volunteer soldiers. The third orientation poses a seemingly paradoxical question: is the neutral a victor or a vanquished of the war of 1870-1871 ?

Les intendants militaires constituent une catégorie particulière d’officiers qui s’occupent des besoins de la vie courante du soldat. Ils sont crées en 1815 et remplacent les commissaires des guerres et les inspecteurs aux revues. Leur étude comprend deux parties. La première est destinée à présenter leurs caractéristiques sociales et militaires générales et leur place dans les débats sur l’administration militaire et la communauté militaire. Elle comprend les domaines suivants : - l’origine géographique, - l’âge et le grade au mariage, - la profession des pères et des beaux-pères, - la composition et le montant des dots, - les dossiers de demande d’autorisation de mariage, - les demandes de bourses pour les écoles militaires, - la place de la vie privée dans les appréciations données par leurs supérieurs. - l’origine du recrutement (saint-cyriens, polytechniciens, soldats), - les causes des fins de carrières - les grands évènements de la carrière (entrée dans le corps de contrôle de l’administration, interruptions de service, mutations), - la remise en question de l’intendance militaire au cours des débats sur l’administration militaire après la défaite de1870, et notamment sa place vis-à-vis du commandement, - la place des officiers d’administration et des médecins militaires, - l’image des intendants parmi les autres officiers. La seconde partie expose les déroulements des carrières, elle comporte les points suivants : - les résultats de la scolarité dans les écoles militaires et leur influence sur les appréciations données par leurs supérieurs et l’avancement ; - les carrières dans l’arme d’origine (l’influence des appréciations, des félicitations et des punitions), - les conditions du passage dans l’intendance (le concours, la formation administrative), - les carrières dans l’intendance (l’influence de la carrière dans l’arme d’origine, les rôles de l’origine et des appréciations dans l’accès aux différents grades, les projections de carrières à partir du premier grade). / The intendants establish an officers’s particular body who deal with the support of the common life of the soldier. They are create in 1815 and replace captains of the wars and inspectors in reviews. Their study includes two parts. The first one intended to present their general social and military characteristics. It includes the following domains : - the geographical origine, - the age and the rank in the marriage, - the profession of the fathers and the fathers in law, - the composition and the amount of dowries, - files of wedding authorization request, - applications for a scholarship for military academies, - place of the private life in the appreciations given by their supériors, - the origin of the recruitment (graduests of St. Cyr, graduests of Polytechnique prestige engineering school, soldiers), - the causes of ends of carreer, - big events of the career (entered the body of control of the administration, interruptions of service, tranfers). - the questioning of the military estate management after the defeat of 1870, in particular its place face to face of the command ; - the place of the officers of administration et of the military medical officers, - the image of the bursars among the others officers. The second parts explains the progesses of careers, il contains the following domains : - the results of the schooling in military academies and their influence in the appreciations given by their superiors, and of the promotion ; - the careers in the element of the army of origin (influence of the appreciations, the congratulations and the punishments) ; - the conditions of the passage in the estate management (the competition, the administrative training), - the careers in the estate management (the influence of the career in the weapon origin, the roles of the origin and of the appreciations in the access of the various ranks, the progressions of the careers according to the passage in the second rank).