Cette étude s’intéresse au discours des anciens combattants dans le cinéma français mettant en scène la Grande Guerre entre 1918 et 1939. L’objectif est de démontrer que le film propose une contre-histoire en permettant aux poilus d’exprimer leurs visions et leurs opinions sur 14-18 et sur la société de l’entre-deuxguerre. Utilisant leur expérience du front, les cinéastes deviennent historiens et témoins à la fois. Le film répond à un souci de préservation de la mémoire. Ayant été écarté de l’écriture de l’Histoire officielle, le témoignage des combattants se transpose dans l’image. Ils rétablissent ainsi les omissions et les inexactitudes. Parallèlement, le contexte politico-social influence l’interprétation du conflit, donnant lieu à des films commémoratifs ou politisés. Plus largement, cette étude s’interroge sur les permanences et les ruptures dans le discours dans l’entre-deux-guerre. Elle permet d’observer que la fiction peut en même temps être un témoignage historique de la Grande Guerre et une représentation du temps présent, en proposant une relecture des évènements. / The main focus of this study is based upon the views and opinions on the Great War from the point of views of the soldiers whom fought in the Great War through the medium of French cinema between 1918 and 1939. The objective is to give an alternative perspective of allowing the soldiers to give their point of view of the events and experiences during the four years of the great war of 1914-1918. Using first hand experiences from being on the front line, the filmmaker becomes a historian as he tells the story of the war veterans; the film can then be used as a way to preserve the memory of these events. There has been an omission of these testimonies from official historical documentation and so these films allow for some inaccuracies to be resolved. Meanwhile, the political and social context influences the interpretation of the conflict, giving rise to films or politicized memorials. More broadly, this study examines the continuities and ruptures in the discourse during the period between the two World Wars. It can be seen that fiction can simultaneously be a historical viewpoint of the Great War and a representation of the times, providing a reinterpretation of events.

Cette étude s’intéresse au discours des anciens combattants dans le cinéma français mettant en scène la Grande Guerre entre 1918 et 1939. L’objectif est de démontrer que le film propose une contre-histoire en permettant aux poilus d’exprimer leurs visions et leurs opinions sur 14-18 et sur la société de l’entre-deuxguerre. Utilisant leur expérience du front, les cinéastes deviennent historiens et témoins à la fois. Le film répond à un souci de préservation de la mémoire. Ayant été écarté de l’écriture de l’Histoire officielle, le témoignage des combattants se transpose dans l’image. Ils rétablissent ainsi les omissions et les inexactitudes. Parallèlement, le contexte politico-social influence l’interprétation du conflit, donnant lieu à des films commémoratifs ou politisés. Plus largement, cette étude s’interroge sur les permanences et les ruptures dans le discours dans l’entre-deux-guerre. Elle permet d’observer que la fiction peut en même temps être un témoignage historique de la Grande Guerre et une représentation du temps présent, en proposant une relecture des évènements. / The main focus of this study is based upon the views and opinions on the Great War from the point of views of the soldiers whom fought in the Great War through the medium of French cinema between 1918 and 1939. The objective is to give an alternative perspective of allowing the soldiers to give their point of view of the events and experiences during the four years of the great war of 1914-1918. Using first hand experiences from being on the front line, the filmmaker becomes a historian as he tells the story of the war veterans; the film can then be used as a way to preserve the memory of these events. There has been an omission of these testimonies from official historical documentation and so these films allow for some inaccuracies to be resolved. Meanwhile, the political and social context influences the interpretation of the conflict, giving rise to films or politicized memorials. More broadly, this study examines the continuities and ruptures in the discourse during the period between the two World Wars. It can be seen that fiction can simultaneously be a historical viewpoint of the Great War and a representation of the times, providing a reinterpretation of events.

South Africa, like international countries, has been experiencing an increase in the levels of poverty over the years. Poverty affects vulnerable groups of society more intensely and these groups include children, the old, disabled people and women, especially those who are single parents. This dissertation studies the role social grants have on the level of poverty in households of Sharpeville. This study focuses on two areas namely the theoretical background of poverty and social grants; and what the impact is of income from social grants. The South African government provides its citizens with eight different social grants to help those in need and/or vulnerable. From these social grants only six are investigated for the purpose of this study. These grants include the old age grant, child dependency grant, foster care grant, child support grant, disability grant and the war veteran grant. Poverty is defined as the inability to attain a minimal material standard of living by the World Bank. The different indicators used in this study to profile poor households in Sharpeville include the Household Subsistence Level (HSL) as the poverty line, the poverty gap ratio, the headcount index and the dependency ratio. This dissertation shows that poverty within the township has increased over the five years. And to do this the results from the data survey conducted in 2009 are compared to the results from Sekatane‘s 2004 data. The poverty gap ratio and the headcount index for the township in 2009 were estimated at 0.86 and 0.654 respectively. In the year 2004 the headcount index was estimated at 0.431 indicating a 22.3 percent increase in the number of people living in poverty. This means that an estimated 5 477 households in Sharpeville, in 2009, were regarded to be poor When government grants are excluded from the household‘s income within the township both the poverty gap ratio and the headcount index decrease to 0.93 and 0.705 respectively. This means that when government grants are excluded from households‘ income within Sharpeville, the depth of poverty within household‘s increases. The income from government grants might be regarded as minimal, however it assists in moving households further from the poverty line. This study recommends that activities within the informal sector should be encouraged as this will increase employment opportunities for those unemployed in the township. As the vast majority of the unemployed people have skills from trading/retail sector; employment creation should be focused in this sector. Lastly, the income threshold used in the means test equation to check affordability of social grant applicant should be decreased as people meeting the current criteria are already living in dire poverty. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

South Africa, like international countries, has been experiencing an increase in the levels of poverty over the years. Poverty affects vulnerable groups of society more intensely and these groups include children, the old, disabled people and women, especially those who are single parents. This dissertation studies the role social grants have on the level of poverty in households of Sharpeville. This study focuses on two areas namely the theoretical background of poverty and social grants; and what the impact is of income from social grants. The South African government provides its citizens with eight different social grants to help those in need and/or vulnerable. From these social grants only six are investigated for the purpose of this study. These grants include the old age grant, child dependency grant, foster care grant, child support grant, disability grant and the war veteran grant. Poverty is defined as the inability to attain a minimal material standard of living by the World Bank. The different indicators used in this study to profile poor households in Sharpeville include the Household Subsistence Level (HSL) as the poverty line, the poverty gap ratio, the headcount index and the dependency ratio. This dissertation shows that poverty within the township has increased over the five years. And to do this the results from the data survey conducted in 2009 are compared to the results from Sekatane‘s 2004 data. The poverty gap ratio and the headcount index for the township in 2009 were estimated at 0.86 and 0.654 respectively. In the year 2004 the headcount index was estimated at 0.431 indicating a 22.3 percent increase in the number of people living in poverty. This means that an estimated 5 477 households in Sharpeville, in 2009, were regarded to be poor When government grants are excluded from the household‘s income within the township both the poverty gap ratio and the headcount index decrease to 0.93 and 0.705 respectively. This means that when government grants are excluded from households‘ income within Sharpeville, the depth of poverty within household‘s increases. The income from government grants might be regarded as minimal, however it assists in moving households further from the poverty line. This study recommends that activities within the informal sector should be encouraged as this will increase employment opportunities for those unemployed in the township. As the vast majority of the unemployed people have skills from trading/retail sector; employment creation should be focused in this sector. Lastly, the income threshold used in the means test equation to check affordability of social grant applicant should be decreased as people meeting the current criteria are already living in dire poverty. / Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011

Cílem této diplomové práce je zpracovat do podoby biografické studie životní osudy autorčina dědy Dimitrije Lupeje (roč. 1917), rodáka z Podkarpatské Rusi, který prošel nechvalně proslulými pracovními tábory Gulagu a následně se připojil k čs. jednotkám generála L. Svobody. S jeho armádou bojoval u Kyjeva, na Dukle, kde byl zraněn a posléze došel až do Prahy. Po válce zůstal v československé armádě až do svého odchodu do penze v roce 1972. Ve své diplomové práci by se autorka chtěla především zaměřit na tři okruhy dědova života - gulag, východní fronta a poválečná armáda. Získaný materiál, doprovázen vzpomínkami jeho vrstevníků - též válečných veteránů, by měl být doplněn a konfrontován o poznatky z archívních zdrojů a příslušné odborné literatury. Autorka práce využije při analýze životního příběhu svého předka metodu orální historie a zároveň se pokusí začlenit celý příběh do kontextu obecných dějin, přičemž nabídne ucelený pohled na osud jednotlivce, jenž byl ovlivněn převratnými historickými událostmi tehdejší Evropy. Klíčová slova: Dimitrij Lupej, válečný veterán, druhá světová válka, gulag, armáda, čs. jednotky, Ludvík Svoboda, Sovětský svaz, Podkarpatská Rus, komunismus. ABSTRACT: The aim of this thesis is to elaborate a biographical study of the life story of the author's grandfather...

The Master's thesis deals with the motivations of employees of non-governmental non- profit organizations that take care of modern war veterans. The various insights into the motivations that NGO employees could have form the theoretical basis of the thesis. The work clarifies the area of interest of war veterans, who are seen as a social problem, and describes the organizations of the civil sector in the Czech Republic, which deal with veteran issues and describes a non-profit sector as well. The empirical section analyzes in-depth interviews with employees of a non-profit organization that provides assistance to war veterans, and finally, the research questions on the topic of employee motivation and motivational tools of veteran NGOs are answered. Keywords: Non-profit organization, war veteran, motivation, employees of non-profit organizations, management and leadership of human resources, motivational tools of the head of the organization.