Located in the Columbia River Gorge, The Red Bluff Landslide (18.8 km2) is one of four large landslides that make up the Cascade Landslide Complex. In its current form, the Red Bluff Landslide is a post-Missoula Flood feature made up of two components: an active upper lobe (8.6 km2) that is translational, creeping to the south at 25 cm/yr and spreading laterally to the east at 6 cm/yr over a semi-fixed portion (10.2 km2) of the Red Bluff Landslide area that has been "smoothed" by Missoula Floods. The upper active lobe is the landslide debris accumulated since Missoula Flood time (~15,000 yr. BP). Five separate collapse events have been identified and rock failures along the main scarp headwalls continue. Two rock avalanches on the Red Bluff Landslide were mapped. The Old Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche is estimated to have occurred 100 to 150 years ago, represents the fifth collapse event on the Red Bluff Landslide, and covers an area of 200,000 m2. It has a volume of 4.2 million m3; its length is 748 m and has a width of 215 m. On January 3, 2008, the Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche occurred, flowing over the Old Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche, covering an area of 100,000 m2 and deposited a volume of about 375,000 m3. Its length is 730 m with an average depth of 1.22 m. It contributed approximately 0.058% of the total volume and 0.01% of the surface area to the active upper lobe portion of the Red Bluff Landslide. The Greenleaf Basin Rock Avalanche was determined to be insignificant in the movement of the active part of the Red Bluff Landslide during the winter of 2007-2008. The original Cascade Landslide Complex map (Wise, 1961) included the Mosley Lakes Landslide which has now been removed because it lacked the characteristics of a landslide like a scarp. The original complex (35.5 km2) has been renamed the "Greater Cascade Landslide Complex" (43.0 km2), with the addition of the adjacent Stevenson Slide and the elimination of the Mosley Lakes Landslide.

What are the policy-relevant factors that condition WASH sector performance in Sub-Saharan Africa? Close examination of three case study countries, Equatorial Guinea, Malawi, and Mauritania, reveals interesting insights. Delivery of WASH services is shaped to a large extent by the overall quality and structure of a country’s government. More specifically, having an excessive profusion of policy-making and policy-implementing actors can hinder WASH sector performance. Furthermore, governments may face strong incentives to invest more heavily in providing WASH services to urban areas over rural areas, and to invest more heavily in the water sub-sector than in the sanitation sub-sector. Adequate financing of WASH investment appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for performance in both the water and sanitation subsectors. Additionally, monitoring and evaluation appears to be a crucial factor in formulating and implementing effective policies. In the rural water subsector, a country’s institutional setup and technology choice can have a major impact on water source maintenance and operability.

In November 2006 a Pineapple Express rainstorm moved through the Pacific Northwest generating record precipitation, 22 to 50 cm in the two-day event on Mt. Rainier. Copeland (2009) and Legg (2013) identified debris flows in seven drainages in 2006; Inter Fork, Kautz, Ohanapecosh, Pyramid, Tahoma, Van Trump, and West Fork of the White River. This study identified seven more drainages: Carbon, Fryingpan, Muddy Fork Cowlitz, North Puyallup, South Mowich, South Puyallup, and White Rivers. Twenty-nine characteristics, or attributes, associated with the drainages around the mountain were collected. Thirteen were used in a regression analysis in order to develop a susceptibility map for debris flows on Mt. Rainier: Percent vegetation, percent steep slopes, gradient, Melton's Ruggedness Number, height, area, percent bedrock, percent surficial, percent glacier, stream has direct connection with a glacier, average annual precipitation, event precipitation, and peak precipitation. All variables used in the regression were measured in the upper basin. Two models, both with 91% accuracy, were generated for the mountain. Model 1 determined gradient of the upper basin, upper basin area, and percent bedrock to be the most significant variables. This model predicted 10 drainages with high potential for failure: Carbon, Fryingpan, Kautz, Nisqually, North Mowich, South Mowich, South Puyallup, Tahoma, West Fork of the White, and White Rivers. Of the remaining drainages 5 are moderate, 10 are low, and 9 are very low. Model 2 found MRN (Melton's Ruggedness Number) and percent bedrock to be the most significant. This model predicted 10 drainages with high potential for failure during future similar events: Fryingpan, Kautz, Nisqually, North Mowich, Pyramid, South Mowich, South Puyallup, Tahoma, Van Trump, and White Rivers. Of the remaining drainages, 6 are moderate, 9 are low, and 9 are very low. The two models are very similar. Initiation site elevations range from 1442 m to 2448 m. Six of the thirteen initiation sites are above 2000 m. Proglacial gully erosion initiated debris flows seem to occur at all elevations. Those debris flows initiated partially by landslides occur between 1400 and about 1800 m. The combined regression analysis model for the Mt. Rainier, Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Hood, and Mt. Adams raised the predictive accuracy from 69% (Olson, 2012) to 77%. This model determined that percent glacier/ice and percent vegetation were the most significant.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background and Rationale The World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that the provision of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) of many low and middle-income countries is poor. This is compounded by the lack of national plans and consolidated data on WASH in HCFs. This study assessed the availability and adequacy of Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) infrastructure in 13 mission hospitals spanning 13 districts in Zambia. The objectives of this study were to identify the different kinds of WASH infrastructure available, and their adequacy, and factors influencing the status of WASH infrastructure and services in the selected hospitals. Methodology This study had a mixed methods design with semi-quantitative, descriptive and qualitative components. Assessments were conducted of the WASH infrastructure on the hospital property, and specifically in the male medical wards and outpatient facilities as two tracer areas, using a WHO checklist adapted and administered by the researcher. Checklist items were assigned scores (0=absent/bad to 2=on target/good) and total WASH scores for each facility compiled. For the qualitative component, individual semi-structured interviews using an interview guide were conducted, also by the researcher, with the facility managers and the head staff of the male medical wards. Results Overall coverage with an improved water source was reasonably good with 11 of the 13 hospitals reporting availability of improved water sources within the facilities. Hand washing basin coverage was similarly good. In contrast, coverage by well-functioning toilets was not as high, with 5 hospitals reporting toilets that were either broken, blocked, or having no running water and no toilet paper. Facility WASH scores varied from 22 (38%) to 57 (97%) out of a possible total of 58 points. Most of the Facility Managers indicated that the hospital WASH infrastructure was old, and with frequent breakdowns. This was worsened by lack of readily available spares and materials for repairing once there was a fault. Conclusion This study reveals an uneven coverage of WASH across facilities and elements, with poor sanitation a challenge across facilities. This is compounded by ongoing challenges in WASH infrastructure maintenance. Moving forward, there is need for government to develop a clear policy on WASH in HCFs. A national plan with resources and a monitoring framework need to be in place for streamlined support and tracking of progress by all stakeholders.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseFCM_DISSERT.pdf: 2061310 bytes, checksum: 67b7e2ece769fac61927cbbd2bd5769a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Combating pollution of soils is a challenge that has concerned researchers from different areas and motivated the search for technologies that aim the recovery of degraded soils. Literature shows numerous processes that have been proposed with the intent of remediating soils contaminated by oils and other by-products of the oil industry, considering that the processes available have, generally, high operating costs, this work proposes a costeffective alternative to the treatment of Diesel-contaminated soils. The washing solutions were prepared using water as aqueous phase, the saponified coconut oil (OCS) as surfactant and n-butanol as co-surfactant. In this study, the soil was characterized by physical and chemical analyses. The study of diesel desorption from the soil was held in bath, using hexane and washing solutions, which had 10 and 20 wt.% active matter (AM - co-surfactant/surfactants) respectively. The study of the influence of active matter concentration and temperature in bath agitated used an experimental planning. The experiment also developed a system of percolation in bed to wash the soil and studied the influence of the concentration of active substance and volume of washing solution using an experimental planning. The optimal times to achieve hexane extraction were 30 and 180 min, while the best results using a 10% AM was 60 min and using a 20% AM was 120 min. The results of the experimental planning on bath showed that the maximum diesel removal was obtained when at a 20 wt.% of AM and under 50 ?C, removing 99.92% of the oil. As for experiments in the system of percolation soil bed, the maximum diesel removal was high when the volume of the washing solution was of 5 L and the concentration of 20% AM. This experiment concluded that the concentration of AM and the temperature were vital to bath experiments for diesel removal, while in the system of percolation soil bed only concentration of AM influenced the soil remediation / O combate ? polui??o do solo ? um desafio que tem envolvido pesquisadores de diferentes ?reas na busca de tecnologias que permitam a recupera??o do solo degradado. V?rios processos de remedia??o de solos contaminados por ?leos, e outros produtos da ind?stria do petr?leo, t?m sido propostos na literatura, por?m, estes processos geralmente t?m elevados custos operacionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia eficaz para o tratamento de solos contaminados por ?leo diesel atrav?s de lavagem com solu??o precursora de microemuls?o de baixo custo. As solu??es de lavagem foram preparadas utilizando ?gua como fase aquosa, ?leo de coco saponificado (OCS) como tensoativo e n-butanol como cotensoativo. Neste estudo o solo foi caracterizado atrav?s de an?lises qu?micas e f?sicas. Realizou-se em banho termostatizado com agita??o, o estudo do tempo de dessor??o do diesel do solo com hexano e com as solu??es de lavagem, as quais tinham 10% e 20% de mat?ria ativa (cotensoativo/tensoativo). Foi realizado um estudo planificado da influ?ncia da concentra??o de mat?ria ativa e da temperatura, em banho agitado. Tamb?m foi desenvolvido um sistema de percola??o em leito para lavagem o solo, e estudou-se a influ?ncia da concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (MA) e volume da solu??o de lavagem utilizando um planejamento experimental. Os melhores tempos de dessor??o do diesel no do solo para o hexano foram de 30 e 180 min, enquanto que para a solu??o contendo 10% de MA foram necess?rios 60 min e para a solu??o com 20% de MA os melhores resultados foram obtidos com 120 min. Os resultados do planejamento experimental em banho agitado mostraram que a remo??o do diesel foi m?xima quando se utilizou 20% de MA na temperatura de 50?C, removendo 99,92% e para os experimentos no sistema de percola??o em leito de solo, a remo??o foi m?xima quando o volume da solu??o foi de 5 L e a concentra??o de 20% de MA. Conclui-se que a concentra??o de MA e a temperatura foram par?metros importantes nos experimentos em banho agitado para a remo??o do diesel, enquanto que no sistema de percola??o em leito de solo apenas a concentra??o de MA teve influencia na remedia??o do solo. O trabalho realizado apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa para remedia??o de solo contaminado por Diesel

The purpose of this capstone project is to tell a place-based story about an often forgotten part of campus: the Wash. Beginning as a likely Tongvan campsite, the Wash, after donation to Pomona College as “Blanchard Park” underwent a series of land-use changes. Originally, a designated green space, its present-day composition includes athletic fields, the organic farm and the historic remnant oak grove. Throughout time the value of the Wash changed with its differing caretakers and inhabitants. To bring attention to this evolving landscape and to inform more sustainable and equitable land use in the future, our project aims to acknowledge past narratives about this place, take stock of its present ecological significance and recommend best practices going forward. We accomplished this by putting together a history of the Wash using indigenous knowledge, archival information, biological surveys and GIS.

Diarrheal diseases are a global public health burden, killing 1.8 million people annually. Diarrhea disproportionately affects children and those in poverty. Most diarrheal cases can be prevented through safe drinking water, basic hygiene and/or sanitation measures, with drinking water interventions having the most impact on reducing diarrheal disease. There is no generally agreed-upon field method for determining biosand water filter effectiveness that is usable in low-resource communities. A pilot study was conducted of potential field use indicators, including the Colilert coliform presence/absence (P/A) test, hydrogen sulfide, alkalinity, hardness, pH, and fluorescently labeled latex microspheres. The study included both laboratory and field testing. The Colilert P/A test had the highest correlation to the United States Environmental Protection Agency standard method (IDEXX Quanti-trays), but more data are needed before making a recommendation. This study adds to understanding about evaluation of biosand water filters and provides preliminary data to address the need for a field use indicator for biosand water filters.

<p>This objective of this study was to determine the impact of antimicrobial carcass washes on beef trim quality in the production of frankfurters. Twenty-four beef carcasses were randomly applied a different antimicrobial wash treatments (TRT) during the harvest procedure: 82° C water (CON), peroxyacetic acid (PAA), or lactic acid (LA). Beef carcasses were analyzed for microbial counts and carcass pH. Frankfurters were produced using carcass trim at two different batter temperature processes (PROC): 4°C (CP) or 21°C (HP). Frankfurters were analyzed for cook loss, emulsion stability (ES), color (Minolta L*, a*, b*) over 60-day storage, purge loss, texture, and sensory analysis. LA carcass had a lower pH (6.36; <i>P</i><0.001) 30 min post wash compared to other wash treatments. Frankfurters produced from CON trim had the highest ES water (<i>P</i><0.0001) and ES fat (<i>P</i><0.0001) separation where the LA and PAA treatments were not significantly different (<i>P</i>>0.05). The HP frankfurters had less ES water (<i>P</i><0.0001) and ES fat separation (<i>P</i><0.0001) when compared to CP. However, the CP had a higher cook yield (<i>P</i>=0.002). The HP frankfurters had higher internal and external L* values (<i>P</i><.0001; <i>P</i><.0001, respectively). The CP frankfurters had a higher a* (redness) internal color values (<i>P</i><.0001). However, the HP frankfurters had a higher external a* value (<i>P</i><.0001). The HP frankfurters displayed higher internal and external b* (yellowness) values (<i>P</i><.0001). Sensory results displayed the CP frankfurter to have an increase in hardness (<i>P</i>=0.004), a decrease in cohesiveness (<i>P</i>=0.03) and an increase in juiciness (<i>P</i><.0001). Texture analysis hardness (<i>P</i>=0.009) and chewiness (<i>P</i>=0.01) results showed the CON frankfurters were significantly harder than PAA (<i>P</i><0.05), while LA were not different from CON or PAA frankfurters (<i>P</i>>0.05). The CP frankfurters were found to have a decrease in springiness (<i>P</i>=<.001) and cohesiveness (<i>P</i>=0.03). There was a significant difference in microbial reduction of pre to post wash petri film counts for all treatments (Log₁₀CFU/mL) of aerobic plate count (<i>P</i>= <0.0001), E.<i>coli</i> coliform (<i>P</i>= 0.0002), yeast (<i>P</i>=0.04) and mold (<i>P</i>= <0.001). TRT was found to be significant for APC (<i>P</i>=0.06) and yeast (<i>P</i>=0.004). Overall, our research indicated antimicrobial wash treatments have little effect on frankfurter quality and displayed viable methods for reducing microbial growth on beef carcasses. </p> <br>

The P-y curve, used in current practice as an efficient Iine-load vs. soi displacement model for input into the finite difference method of laterally loaded pile analysis, is extended in this study for use with cohesionless soils in diaphragm wall analysis on the Personal Computer with the BMCOL7 program. An analogous W-y curve is proposed, an elastic-plastic model with line-load limits developed from classical earth-pressure theories. A new formula for predicting a horizontal walI modulus for cohesionless soiIs from the pressuremeter modulus is developed for use in predicting the displacements on the W-y curves. The resulting modulus values are shown to yield reasonable displacements values. A new procedure for modeling preloaded tie-back anchors and staged excavation for diaphragm walIs was developed, utiIizing multiple computer runs, updated the W-y curves, and superposition of deflections. These new developments were applied to a parametric study of a deflection-critical section of the new Bonnevilie Nav-Lock Buttress Diaphragm Wall, for which extensive high-quality pressuremeter test results were available. Deflection curves of the wall are presented, showing the effect of variations in anchor preload, walI cracking, anchor slip, at-rest pressure, and soiI modulus. The results indicate that preloading will reduce wall deflections by at least 4-fold, but that wall cracking can potentially double deflections. Safety factors against passive soil failure were determined to be about 5 at anchor preload, and more than 40 after fulI excavation.

Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen is emitted into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion (nitrogen oxides) and agricultural activities (nitrogen oxides and ammonia). Nitrogen oxide emissions have long been controlled for their role in ambient air pollution and human health effects. However, reactive nitrogen deposition is less understood even though it can play a significant role in altering biodiversity, impairing ecosystem and biogeochemical function and degrading cultural artifacts. Although nitrogen deposition is a natural part of biogeochemical cycling, many ecosystems across the United States are at risk of exceeding the critical nitrogen deposition load. While nitrogen oxides are routinely measured in urban areas, far less is known in non-urban landscapes where ecosystems may be especially sensitive. Regional chemical transport models have been used to predict the impacts of ambient reactive nitrogen deposition in non-urban areas, but models have difficulty simulating reactive nitrogen due to poorly quantified emissions, especially from the agricultural sector. My research explores the speciated deposition of reactive nitrogen through monitoring and modeling in the unique field setting of the 150 mile Columbia River Gorge (CRG) located along the border of Oregon and Washington. This site is ideally suited for this investigation due to the large sources of reactive nitrogen at either end of the CRG and unique seasonally driven channel wind flow. Seasonally driven wind allowed us to look at the reactive nitrogen emissions flowing through the CRG to assess ambient the reactive nitrogen partitioning and deposition gradient. Using data collected by the United States Forest Service to control ambient haze in the CRG and our co-located nitrogen oxides (NOx) gas analyzer, we first characterized the influence of seasonal, bimodal wind distributions on the spatial distribution of reactive nitrogen. We found that during winter months with predominantly easterly winds, particulate nitrate and ammonium and gas-phase nitrogen dioxide levels create a gradient from the eastern end to the western end. Particulate nitrate and sulfate mass concentrations influence the CRG gradient during summer months with predominantly western winds. We also found that the magnitude of the impact from east is greater than the magnitude of impact from the west. When we compared our observations to regional chemistry transport models, we found that models are significantly under-predicting levels of reactive nitrogen in the CRG. This bias is not isolated to a single station within the Gorge, but throughout the whole Columbia Basin. Our results indicate that there are under-represented emissions in the region leading to this bias. Partly due to the bias in reactive N gas-phase species in the CRG, regional models have been underestimating the impact of gas-phase reactive N on dry N deposition. We conducted field studies at two sites within the CRG monitoring reactive nitrogen species (nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, nitric acid, particulate nitrate, particulate ammonium, and particulate sulfate) as well as ozone and meteorological parameters. These measurements allowed us to conduct the first comprehensive analysis of reactive nitrogen partitioning and deposition in the CRG. Through our measurements, we found reactive nitrogen was higher in the spring than the summer. We found concentrations ranging from 0-15 ppbv ammonia, 0-7 ppbv nitric acid, 0-2 µg/m3 ammonium nitrate and 0-1 µg/m3 ammonium sulfate at the sites. Through the measurements of all these species, we evaluated the limiting gas-phase precursor to inorganic nitrogen particle formation. In the springtime, ammonia limits the formation of particulate reactive nitrogen; while in the summer, nitric acid and oxidized sulfur limit the formation of inorganic nitrogen particles. This suggests that there may be more sources of ammonia in the spring with fertilizer application or perhaps reactive nitrogen reservoirs are renoxified through thermal dissociation during warmer summer months. Our estimated deposition from gas and particle phase reactive nitrogen ranged from 0-0.14 kg N/ha per day. We also found that gas-phase reactive nitrogen plays the largest role in dry N deposition in the CRG with particle-phase contributing less than 15% of total dry N deposition. These results are important for land managers to understand the total impact of reactive nitrogen to non-urban areas. This research can inform mitigation strategies for haze formation, identify the major species and sources involved in dry N deposition and assess the potential impacts to ecosystems and cultural artifacts.