The discharge of waste into a water resource and its disposal on land can easily cause pollution, especially of the water resource. However, it has long been accepted that these activities also form an integral part of a holistic waste management strategy aimed at achieving sustainability. The South African Constitution ensures a basic right to an environment that is not harmful to human health and wellbeing, and states that pollution must be prevented, the environment must be protected, and sustainable use of resources must be promoted, through "reasonable legislative and other measures" .. The other measures that are currently used by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to determine whether a waste disposal or discharge action is allowable, are contained in the documents "Procedures to Assess Effluent Discharge Impacts" and "Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification, and Disposal of Hazardous Waste". These measures are evaluated to determine whether they are reasonable and effective in distinguishing between sustainable use and pollution in terms of newly promulgated legislation aimed at managing the environment and the water resource. The criteria used for this evaluation are based on the principles of sustainability, the components of risk analysis, and the scientific concepts and principles of waste discharge and disposal management. Based on this evaluation, the shortcomings of current mechanisms are highlighted, and their advantages are incorporated into a proposed integrated regulatory framework for an assessment and decision-making approach based on risk harmonisation, which has various advantageous applications, including: • The identification of cleaner production alternatives; • The identification of an appropriate medium of disposal or discharge (water or land); • The selection of the Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO) for treatment, disposal or discharge methods; • The licensing of sustainable waste disposal or discharge actions; • The setting of charges for waste discharge activities; • The prioritisation of regulatory intervention; and • The rehabilitation of contaminated areas. The findings of this investigation comprise the first step taken in South Africa towards the harmonisation of assessment and decision-making approaches, which could have important implications for integrated waste and environmental management in the future. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

The discharge of waste into a water resource and its disposal on land can easily cause pollution, especially of the water resource. However, it has long been accepted that these activities also form an integral part of a holistic waste management strategy aimed at achieving sustainability. The South African Constitution ensures a basic right to an environment that is not harmful to human health and wellbeing, and states that pollution must be prevented, the environment must be protected, and sustainable use of resources must be promoted, through "reasonable legislative and other measures" .. The other measures that are currently used by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry to determine whether a waste disposal or discharge action is allowable, are contained in the documents "Procedures to Assess Effluent Discharge Impacts" and "Minimum Requirements for the Handling, Classification, and Disposal of Hazardous Waste". These measures are evaluated to determine whether they are reasonable and effective in distinguishing between sustainable use and pollution in terms of newly promulgated legislation aimed at managing the environment and the water resource. The criteria used for this evaluation are based on the principles of sustainability, the components of risk analysis, and the scientific concepts and principles of waste discharge and disposal management. Based on this evaluation, the shortcomings of current mechanisms are highlighted, and their advantages are incorporated into a proposed integrated regulatory framework for an assessment and decision-making approach based on risk harmonisation, which has various advantageous applications, including: • The identification of cleaner production alternatives; • The identification of an appropriate medium of disposal or discharge (water or land); • The selection of the Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO) for treatment, disposal or discharge methods; • The licensing of sustainable waste disposal or discharge actions; • The setting of charges for waste discharge activities; • The prioritisation of regulatory intervention; and • The rehabilitation of contaminated areas. The findings of this investigation comprise the first step taken in South Africa towards the harmonisation of assessment and decision-making approaches, which could have important implications for integrated waste and environmental management in the future. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Purpose/aim: The purpose of this dissertation is to find out the effect of waste disposal on environment and to explore the effect of renewable resources on economy. We use some data to test and verify the existence of effects. Design/methodology/approach: We use our questionnaires to collect data, and analyze the data in statistical tests. We use case studies to find examples to verify the significance of waste classification and renewable resources as well as the problems in main cities of China. Findings: The analysis shows that we need to focus on waste classification education, if we want to apply it in real life. The best way to use renewable resource more widely is to aquire government support. If we can carry out waste classification better, we can make use of more renewable resources. Originality/value: The value of this paper is that we prove that using waste classification and renewable resource can increase economic growth rate and protect the environment. It is also important because economic growth brings about the reduction of environment quality. When the environment quality decreases, the economic level will also decrease.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:05:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 guerra_rc_dr_rcla.pdf: 1730338 bytes, checksum: 82956154d1c3e1fd309e6b0db1ba5492 (MD5) / Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP) / A atividade de recuperação do petróleo tem como característica a extração de uma parcela de água misturada ao óleo. Esta água deve ser separada do petróleo antes do processamento pelas refinarias, assim, originando um resíduo conhecido como Água de Produção. Os sistemas projetados para o tratamento deste efluente empregam diferentes métodos, visando atingir maior eficiência na separação dos contaminantes da água. Entretanto, os processos de tratamento geram subprodutos que necessitam de posterior manuseio e descarte. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o lodo produzido pela etapa de tratamento biológico da água de produção em uma estação piloto de tratamento de efluentes, instalada no Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, localizado no município de São Sebastião, SP, visando a disposição final deste resíduo. Os seguintes procedimentos foram realizados para tal: classificação do resíduo de acordo com os critérios da norma técnica NBR 10.004 “Resíduos Sólidos: classificação”; avaliação da toxicidade do extrato solubilizado do lodo frente à germinação, crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo das espécies Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. e Eruca. sativa Mill.; avaliação da toxicidade e genotoxicidade frente ao sistema teste de Allium cepa L.; determinação da biodegradação de proporções crescentes do lodo adicionado ao solo inoculado com chorume, gerado em aterro sanitário. Os resultados indicam a classificação do lodo, de acordo com os ensaios de Lixiviação e Solubilização, como resíduo não inerte; efeito tóxico sobre a germinação de sementes nas menores concentrações de aplicação do extrato solubizado; concentração de inibição CI50 para o crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo variando entre 10,49 e 25,06% do extrato solubilizado; indução de efeitos tóxicos às células meristemáticas... / Among the oil extracted from petroleum production fields a great water volume is coproduced. This water must be eliminated prior to oil processing, the resulting wastewater is known as Produced water. Looking for greater treatment efficiency, different methods are coupled for this waste stream treatment. However, all treatment methods have its own byproducts to deal for. The present work objective is to evaluate the ultimate sludge disposal conditions from a pilot oil produced water biological treatment at Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, located at São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil. The following procedures wore developed in achieving this intent: NBR 10.004 waste classification procedures; germination and root/hypocotyl elongation sludge solubilization extract toxicity to Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. and Eruca. sativa Mill. plant species; Allium cepa L. test system toxicity and genotoxicity; sludge biodegradation at different soil application rates. Results indicate sludge waste classification as not inert; sludge solubilization extract toxic effect to seed germination at the lowest tested concentrations; root and hypocotyl elongation IC50 between 10,49 and 20,06% of sludge solubilization extract concentration; toxicity to Allium cepa meristematic cells by mitotic index reduction and cell death induction and; continuous but slow sludge biodegradation rate after microorganisms to salinity adaptation at the highest evaluated sludge application rates. These results lead to ultimate disposal need of a specific industrial landfill, with adequate environmental protection measures to harmful solubilization byproducts from this solid waste and potential toxic effects to exposed organisms.

Orientador: Dejanira de Franceschi de Angelis / Banca: Antonia Garcia Torres Volpon / Banca: Regina Teresa Rosim Monteiro / Banca: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales. / Banca: Carlos Renato Corso / Resumo: A atividade de recuperação do petróleo tem como característica a extração de uma parcela de água misturada ao óleo. Esta água deve ser separada do petróleo antes do processamento pelas refinarias, assim, originando um resíduo conhecido como Água de Produção. Os sistemas projetados para o tratamento deste efluente empregam diferentes métodos, visando atingir maior eficiência na separação dos contaminantes da água. Entretanto, os processos de tratamento geram subprodutos que necessitam de posterior manuseio e descarte. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o lodo produzido pela etapa de tratamento biológico da água de produção em uma estação piloto de tratamento de efluentes, instalada no Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, localizado no município de São Sebastião, SP, visando a disposição final deste resíduo. Os seguintes procedimentos foram realizados para tal: classificação do resíduo de acordo com os critérios da norma técnica NBR 10.004 "Resíduos Sólidos: classificação"; avaliação da toxicidade do extrato solubilizado do lodo frente à germinação, crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo das espécies Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. e Eruca. sativa Mill.; avaliação da toxicidade e genotoxicidade frente ao sistema teste de Allium cepa L.; determinação da biodegradação de proporções crescentes do lodo adicionado ao solo inoculado com chorume, gerado em aterro sanitário. Os resultados indicam a classificação do lodo, de acordo com os ensaios de Lixiviação e Solubilização, como resíduo não inerte; efeito tóxico sobre a germinação de sementes nas menores concentrações de aplicação do extrato solubizado; concentração de inibição CI50 para o crescimento da raiz e hipocótilo variando entre 10,49 e 25,06% do extrato solubilizado; indução de efeitos tóxicos às células meristemáticas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the oil extracted from petroleum production fields a great water volume is coproduced. This water must be eliminated prior to oil processing, the resulting wastewater is known as Produced water. Looking for greater treatment efficiency, different methods are coupled for this waste stream treatment. However, all treatment methods have its own byproducts to deal for. The present work objective is to evaluate the ultimate sludge disposal conditions from a pilot oil produced water biological treatment at Terminal Marítimo Almirante Barroso, located at São Sebastião, São Paulo State, Brazil. The following procedures wore developed in achieving this intent: NBR 10.004 waste classification procedures; germination and root/hypocotyl elongation sludge solubilization extract toxicity to Barbarea verna Mill., Brassica. oleracea L., Cucumis. sativus L. and Eruca. sativa Mill. plant species; Allium cepa L. test system toxicity and genotoxicity; sludge biodegradation at different soil application rates. Results indicate sludge waste classification as not inert; sludge solubilization extract toxic effect to seed germination at the lowest tested concentrations; root and hypocotyl elongation IC50 between 10,49 and 20,06% of sludge solubilization extract concentration; toxicity to Allium cepa meristematic cells by mitotic index reduction and cell death induction and; continuous but slow sludge biodegradation rate after microorganisms to salinity adaptation at the highest evaluated sludge application rates. These results lead to ultimate disposal need of a specific industrial landfill, with adequate environmental protection measures to harmful solubilization byproducts from this solid waste and potential toxic effects to exposed organisms. / Doutor

Abstract Industrial emissions and soil pollution caused by harmful substances attracted an increased public awareness in the 1970s. Ministry of the Environment contributed to the rapid development of environmental legislation. Development of Finnish environmental legislation has also been significantly affected by the membership of the EU has been in 1995. Finnish legislation is largely based on EU legislation, but in some cases it includes even stricter standards and limits than those applied on the EU level. Studies of contaminated soils in Finland began with mapping of landfills in the 1980s. The clearing and renovation project of contaminated soils named SAMASE started in 1988, and approximately 10,400 contaminated areas were surveyed. Currently, the total number of objects has already expanded to about 25,000. This thesis consists of five scientific publications related to contaminated sites. Its summary deals with environmental legislation, treatment methods for soils contaminated with oils and heavy metals, and risk assessment in general. The scientific publications focus on the utilization of two chemical methods, i.e. oil biodegradation of contaminated soil studied, especially by manometric respirometric BOD Oxitop method, and the study of railway ballast using five-step sequential extraction method. The results show that the biodegradability of oil is strongly dependent on the soil matrix and the studied oils (motor and light fuel oils), which are biodegradable well under suitable conditions. When a 6-month long biodegradation study of light fuel contamination in mineral-rich soil without soil conditioning was performed, the final biodegradation degree was surprisingly almost complete (> 90 %), in contrary to the general assumption. Thus, the inherent biodegradability is a cost-efficient and a recommended treatment method for oil contaminated soils, especially in sparsely populated areas. Research of the railway ballast showed that the multi-step sequential extraction will provide valuable information about the effects of environmental circumstances on metals bioavailability or solubility for the purposes of risk assessment. This information is necessary to understand the actual environmental risks of metals in different natural environments, thus contributing to the development of licensing procedure. The results of this thesis also show that licensing related to the restoration of contaminated soils r (authority and control procedures) must be simplified. The authorities should also have sufficient chemical knowledge, since after all, environmental problems are mainly of chemical nature. / Tiivistelmä Huoli ympäristöstä nosti 1970-luvun alussa erilaiset päästöt päivänvaloon, ja haitallisten aineiden aiheuttama maaperän pilaantuminen nousi esille 1980-luvulla. Suomeen vuonna 1983 perustettu ympäristöministeriö on edesauttanut nopeaa ympäristölainsäädännön kehittymistä. Kehitykseen on vaikuttanut merkittävästi myös EU-jäsenyytemme vuodesta 1995 lähtien ja jäsenyyden myötä implementoitu EY:n lainsäädäntö. Joiltain osin säädöksemme ovat jopa tiukempia kuin EU:n vastaavat säännökset. Suomessa pilaantuneiden maiden selvitystyö alkoi kaatopaikkojen kartoituksella 1980-luvulla. Valtioneuvoston v. 1988 antaman selonteon pohjalta käynnistyi saastuneiden maa-alueiden selvitys- ja kunnostusprojekti (SAMASE), jossa kartoitettiin noin 10 400 pilaantuneeksi epäiltyä tai todettua aluetta. Tätä työtä jatketaan edelleen viranomaisten tavanomaisen lupa- ja valvontatyön ohessa. Tällä hetkellä kohteiden kokonaismäärä on noin 25 000. Tämä pilaantuneisiin maihin (PIMA) liittyvä väitöskirjatutkimus koostuu yhteenveto-osasta, jossa käsitellään alan lainsäädäntöä, käsittelymenetelmiä ja riskinarviointia yleisesti sekä viidestä osajulkaisusta, jotka keskittyvät öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden biohajoavuuteen manometrista respirometrista BOD Oxitop -menetelmää käyttäen ja kaivosteollisuuden sivukiven (raidesepeli) raskasmetallien analytiikkaan sekventiaalista uuttoa hyödyntäen. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että öljy biohajoaa maassa sopivissa olosuhteissa hyvin ja luontainen biohajoavuus on täten yksi käyttökelpoinen öljyllä pilaantuneiden maiden puhdistusmenetelmä. Raidesepelitutkimukset osoittivat, että monivaiheinen sekventiaalinen uutto tuo uutta arvokasta tietoa olosuhteiden vaikutuksista metallien biosaatavuudesta/liukoisuudesta niiden riskinarviointia varten. Tämä tieto on välttämätöntä, kun halutaan ymmärtää metallien todelliset ympäristövaikutukset erilaisissa luonnonolosuhteissa ja näin edistää osaltaan lupamenettelyn kehittämistä. Väitöskirjassa todetaan myös, että pilaantuneen maan kunnostuksiin liittyen viranomaisten lupa- ja valvontamenettelyä tulee yksinkertaistaa ja viranomaisilla tulisi olla riittävästi kemian tietämystä ja kemiallista ajattelua, ovathan ympäristöongelmat pääosin luonteeltaan kemiallisia.

<p>  </p> <p>The proper classification and disposal of waste are crucial in reducing environmental impacts and promoting sustainability. Several solid waste classification systems have been developed over the years, ranging from manual sorting to mechanical and automated sorting. Manual sorting is the oldest and most commonly used method, but it is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Mechanical sorting is a more efficient and cost-effective method, but it is not always accurate, and it requires constant maintenance. Automated sorting systems use different types of sensors and algorithms to classify waste, making them more accurate and efficient than manual and mechanical sorting systems. In this thesis, we propose the development of an intelligent solid waste detection, classification and tracking system using artificial deep learning techniques. To address the limited samples in the TrashNetV2 dataset and enhance model performance, a data augmentation process was implemented. This process aimed to prevent overfitting and mitigate data scarcity issues while improving the model's robustness. Various augmentation techniques were employed, including random rotation within a range of -20° to 20° to account for different orientations of the recycled materials. A random blur effect of up to 1.5 pixels was used to simulate slight variations in image quality that can arise during image acquisition. Horizontal and vertical flipping of images were applied randomly to accommodate potential variations in the appearance of recycled materials based on their orientation within the image. Additionally, the images were randomly scaled to 416 by 416 pixels, maintaining a consistent image size while increasing the dataset's overall size. Further variability was introduced through random cropping, with a minimum zoom level of 0% and a maximum zoom level of 25%. Lastly, hue variations within a range of -20° to 20° were randomly introduced to replicate lighting condition variations that may occur during image acquisition. These augmentation techniques collectively aimed to improve the dataset's diversity and the model's performance. In this study, YOLOv8, EfficientNet-B0 and VGG16 architectures were evaluated, and stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Adam were used as the optimizer. Although, SGD provided better test accuracies compared to Adam. </p> <p>Among the three models, YOLOv8 showed the best performance, with the highest average precision mAP of 96.5%. YOLOv8 emerges as the top performer, with ROC values varying from 92.70% (Metal) to 98.40% (Cardboard). Therefore, the YOLOv8 model outperforms both VGG16 and EfficientNet in terms of ROC values and mAP. The findings demonstrate that our novel classifier tracker system made of YOLOv8, and supervision algorithms surpass conventional deep learning methods in terms of precision, resilience, and generalization ability. Our contribution to waste management is in the development and implementation of an intelligent solid waste detection, classification, and tracking system using computer vision and deep learning techniques. By utilizing computer vision and deep learning algorithms, our system can accurately detect, classify, and localize various types of solid waste on a moving conveyor, including cardboard, glass, metal, paper, and plastic. This can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of waste sorting processes.</p> <p>This research provides a promising solution for detection, classification, localization, and tracking of solid waste materials in real time system, which can be further integrated into existing waste management systems. Through comprehensive experimentation and analysis, we demonstrate the superiority of our approach over traditional methods, with higher accuracy and faster processing times. Our findings provide a compelling case for the implementation of intelligent solid waste sorting.</p>