Abstract DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) has merits of a high boiling point and high solution power to most photo-resistant materials used in semiconductor and LCD (liquid crystal displayers) industries. Wastewaters originated from the industries contain hundreds of grams of DMSO per cubic mater. DMSO is easily decomposed to DMS (dimethyl sulfide) and DMSO2 (dimethyl sulfone) by microorganisms in biological reactors. Malodorous DMS has a relatively low water solubility and can easily emit into the atmosphere thus causes nuisance problems. The fraction of conversion of DMSO to DMS is possibly related to the volumetric DMSO loading (F/V) to an aerobic wastewater treatment pond. This study aimed to investigate the volumetric DMSO loading which minimize the DMS production. Sequencing batch reaction tests indicate that with F/V of less than 0.45 kg DMSO-S/m3.day, there was no DMS detected in the treating mixed liquor and the vented gas from the liquor. It was also observed that with sulfate-S of higher than 0.55 kg/m3 in the mixed liquor which corresponded to F/V of 0.55 kg DMSO-S/m3.day, a high conversion of DMSO to DMS resulted in the system failure.

Carters Creek in Brazos County, Texas, like many surface water reaches in the Texas Gulf Coast region, has been identified for bacteria and nutrient impairment on the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) 303(d) List. Carters Creek drains a rapidly urbanizing watershed and has been found to carry high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrate, phosphate and sodium. These constituents have a severe impact on the creek?s capacity for healthy aquatic life and increase the potential for eutrophication downstream. The creek has also had chronic high Escherichia coli counts, making the creek unsuitable for contact recreation according to the accepted standard for surface water quality, which is a geometric mean of 126 CFU per 100 ml. In this study, grab samples were taken twice monthly from fifteen sites on Carters Creek and its subcatchments from July 2007 to June 2008. The samples were analyzed for E. coli, DOC, total N, NO3-N, NH4-N, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, Br-, NO2-, SO42- and PO4-3. Mean annual DOC concentrations varied from 24.8 mg/L in Carter at Boonville Road to 55.5 mg/L in Wolfpen Creek; sodium varied from 33 mg/L in Carter at Old Reliance Road to 200 mg/L, also in Wolfpen Creek. Burton 4, the subcatchment with the highest geometric mean for E. coli with 2547 CFU/100 mL, was also sampled with greater geographical intensity for E. coli and optical brightener fluorescence at 445 nm to identify any leaking sewer pipes, but no evidence of defective pipes was found. During both the spring season and annual high flow (storm events), E. coli counts were positively correlated with total urban land use, probably caused by storm runoff carrying residues from impervious surfaces into the stream. High flow E. coli also had a negative relationship with potassium and a positive relationship with calcium, possibly suggesting a bioflocculation effect. Sites downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) showed higher nitrate, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride and fluoride than other urban subcatchments. Creeks with golf courses carried more phosphate, sodium and fluoride than subcatchments without golf courses or WWTPs.

<p>Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) are characterised by low phosphorus (P) removal capacity. Heterotrophic bacteria are principal microbial agents in WSPs in addition to algae. As treatment proceeds in WSPs, algal growth increases and pH rises, this has lead to believe that P removal is mainly through sedimentation as organic P algal biomass and precipitation as inorganic P. In activated sludge treatment plants (AS), microbial P removal has been improved and is termed as enhanced biological phosphorus removal. There was a need to establish whether it was possible to enhance P removal in WSPs. A performance assessment of pond system at the University of Dare s Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania, has shown that 90% of the P removed was in the primary pond (facultative) and the rest in the maturation pond (aerobic).</p><p>In these studies, a pure strain A. hydrophyla was isolated from an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant in Sweden. This plant has a train that functions with enhanced biological phosphorus removal. The strain was tested for P uptake in minimal media supplemented with glucose, succinate or acetate, grown aerobically and anaerobically/aerobically. This strain was able to take up P without having been subjected to the anaerobic phase. It was observed that P uptake was enhanced after the anaerobic phase with media supplemented with glucose, but not with succinate or acetate. Phosphorus uptake repeatedly followed the bacterial growth pattern with correlation coefficients of more than 95%. Therefore P removal has a direct correlation with bacterial growth.</p><p>Two isolates Acinetobacter sp. (isolated from the primary facultative pond) and E .coli (isolated from the maturation pond) were obtained from a tropical WSP treatment system at the UDSM. They were subjected to aerobic P uptake experiment similar to those of A.hydrophyla. The uptake per unit absorbance of bacterial growth was found to be comparable to that of A.hydrophyla, isolated from AS. These results showed that heterotrophic activity is important in WSPs. It is possible to enhance P removal in these systems by designing the primary ponds for maximum heterotrophic activity and probably enrichment.</p>

With increasing water reuse applications and upcoming stringent regulations for treated wastewater effluent discharge, wastewater plants need to consider alternative technologies beyond conventional treatment processes. The new regulations, Numeric Nutrient Criteria (NNC), may regulate discharge nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations to as low as 0.5 mg/L as N and 10 μg/L as P respectively. To meet these target requirements, system retrofitting to incorporate chemical or advanced nutrient removal systems possibly with membrane technology will most likely be required. Although microfiltration/ultrafiltration membranes coupled with biological processes, otherwise known as membrane bioreactors (MBR), remove contaminants and suspended solids, nutrient removal is minimal to none. This emphasizes the importance of the biological process in MBRs. This study evaluated and tested the improvement of biological nutrient removal (BNR) in an MBR system which can meet NNC regulations along with the optimization of membrane operation for the reduction of fouling and energy consumption. A pilot study was conducted at the City of Tampa wastewater treatment plant and was divided into four phases of experimentation using two submerged MBR membranes operated with modified biological configurations. Laboratory analyses and data collection were conducted during the experiments and the performance evaluated for each configuration. System configurations were also optimized throughout each phase of testing for nutrient removal. Important factors used in the development of an appropriate configuration included isolation of the membrane tank from the biological reactors in the design, control of the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations or specifically the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) during operation and appropriate internal recirculation rates between the reactors. The results of this study provided information relevant for the assessment of both the BNR process and membrane performance. Membrane performance data indicated the importance and effect of air scouring (despite energy consumption) on membrane fouling for long-term stable flux operation as well as the cleaning frequency whether chemical enhanced backwash (CEB) or clean-in-place (CIP). This assessment also discussed how BNR systems can be enhanced through the incorporation of important design factors to eliminate the inhibiting factors of nitrogen and phosphorus removal such as dissolved oxygen. One of the biological processes tested in this study achieved effluent nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations below 5 mg/L and 1 mg/L respectively. Although the process tested did not meet NNC criteria, it can be applied with chemical precipitation. This, in turn, can reduce the operating and maintenance (O&M) costs associated with the chemical precipitation of phosphorus.

The concern of a Cryptosporidium or Giardia waterborne outbreak due to treated wastewater has had water treatment utilities using some of the highest water cleansing technologies available. Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis are severe diarrheal diseases which can lead to death, thus it is important that appropriate steps are taken to assure these parasites are not present in the effluent of treated wastewater. This study examined the results of 863 assays for Giardia and Cryptosporidium on the effluent of wastewater treatment facilities and found that county of collection, watershed of collection, and laboratory analyzing the sample have the most significant impact on the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in wastewater effluent and that there were minimal but significant differences in method of treatment and method of filtration. To date no other comprehensive analysis of this data has been done.

As water stresses increase across the U.S., interest in household water reuse is growing. Such reuse typically focuses on light greywater, that is all wastewater generated in the house excluding toilet waste and kitchen wastewater. As this practice becomes more widespread, higher level reuse is expected to require greater greywater treatment prior to reuse. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are an attractive technology for this application because they offer a robust combination of treatment processes and are already used in some households in countries such as Japan. This research sought to understand the role of phosphorus availability in determining the quality of effluent from MBR treatment of light greywater because phosphorus concentrations are expected to be low with phosphorus phased out of many consumer products. Less than 30 [mu]g/L of dissolved orthophosphate was present in synthetic greywater made from three common household products, and no measurable amount of dissolved orthophosphate was found in real greywater, but low concentrations of particulate phosphate were detected. These concentrations were well below levels believed necessary to achieve full BOD₅ removal in biological treatment. Nevertheless, MBR performance was not adversely affected until no supplemental phosphorus was provided. Measurement of extracellular enzyme activity showed an increase in the ratio of phosphatase activity to total glycosidase activity with declining phosphorus concentration, providing an early indication of nutrient stress before changes in effluent water quality were detected. Removal of three xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) in treatment of synthetic greywater was also evaluated under conditions of phosphorous limitation and balance. Abiotic removal mechanisms were not deemed to be important, but removal of methylparaben and sodium lauryl sulfate via biodegradation responded to nutrient limitation similarly to overall COD removal while removal of diethyl phthalate was affected to a greater extent. Measurement of plasmid DNA concentrations was evaluated as a potential indicator of the effect of nutrient limitation on plasmid-mediated biodegradation of XOCs. An overall reduction in the plasmid content was observed in all cases under conditions of phosphorus limitation; however, the extent of reduction was reactor dependent. / text

This report examined efforts to manage combined sewage overflows and create effective stormwater management plans. To provide background on the issue, a brief history of sewage management was provided, along with the legal history regarding water quality, sewage and CSOs, effects of CSOs and current green infrastructure methods for dealing with CSOs. The report then compared the efforts of three cities--Portland, Oregon; Philadelphia, PA; and Chicago, IL--to improve water quality and manage CSOs and stormwater. From the examination of the efforts of these cities the author derived a list of ten recommended elements for a CSO/stormwater management plan. These recommended elements were then used to evaluate New York City's recently released sustainable stormwater management plan and its prospects for success. / text

Η μικροβιακή κυψελίδα καυσίμου (ΜΚΚ) είναι ένας βιοαντιδραστήρας ο οποίος μετατρέπει απευθείας τη χημική ενέργεια ποικίλων υποστρωμάτων σε ηλεκτρική ενέργεια μέσω μικροβιακών καταλυτικών αντιδράσεων, σε αναερόβιες συνθήκες. Η διττή υπόστασή της τεχνολογίας να επεξεργάζεται λύματα με ταυτόχρονη παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας, έχει κερδίσει τα τελευταία χρόνια το ενδιαφέρον της επιστημονικής κοινότητας. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή προτείνει μια πρωτότυπη ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου ιδιαίτερης αρχιτεκτονικής, η οποία συνδυάζει πληθώρα πλεονεκτημάτων. Τα πειράματα που διεξήχθησαν είχαν ως απώτερο στόχο τη βελτιστοποίηση τόσο των σχεδιαστικών όσο και των λειτουργικών παραμέτρων της κυψελίδας, η οποία μελετήθηκε κάτω από το πρίσμα της εφαρμογής της σε μονάδες βιολογικού καθαρισμού αστικών λυμάτων. Η λογική που εργάστηκα βασίστηκε στη λειτουργία της συσκευής με πλήρη αντικατάσταση των ακριβών υλικών από φθηνότερα, ενώ ταυτόχρονα προσπάθησα σταδιακά να βελτιώσω την απόδοσή της, ακόμα και σε λειτουργίες μακράς διαρκείας. Η καινοτόμος κυψελίδα λειτούργησε σε συνθήκες διαλείποντος και συνεχούς έργου. Παράλληλα, με τη λειτουργία της καινοτόμου διάταξης, μελετήθηκε η επίδραση διαφορετικών παραμέτρων στην απόδοση ΜΚΚ δύο θαλάμων (τύπου H). Η εμπειρία που αποκτήθηκε από την προκειμένη λειτουργία, καθώς και τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων αυτών, είναι πρωταρχικής σημασίας, καθώς αποτέλεσαν τον οδηγό για την καινοτόμο κατασκευή και τη λειτουργία της ΜΚΚ ενός θαλάμου. Έτσι λοιπόν, στα πλαίσια της παρούσας έρευνας μελετήθηκαν τόσο συνθετικά (γλυκόζη, πεπτόνη από χωνευμένο με τρυψίνη κρέας και αραβοσιτέλαιο) όσο και πραγματικά απόβλητα (ορρός τυρογάλακτος, αστικό λύμα). Ειδικότερα, μελετήθηκαν οι παράμετροι της ιοντικής ισχύος, του pH, του είδους του αποδέκτη ηλεκτρονίων, της θερμοκρασίας, της αρχικής συγκέντρωση του υποστρώματος, του υδραυλικού χρόνου παραμονής (HRT), της επιφάνειας του ανοδικού ηλεκτροδίου αλλά και της ποσότητας του καταλύτη της καθόδου. Επιπρόσθετα, προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί πλήρης ηλεκτροχημικός χαρακτηρισμός των κυψελίδων, διεξήχθηκαν πειράματα Φασματοσκοπίας Ηλεκτροχημικής Εμπέδησης (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS) ενώ παράλληλα ελήφθησαν ηλεκτρονικές μικρογραφίες των ανοδικών ηλεκτροδίων με ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης (SEM). Τέλος, στα πλαίσια αξιοποίησης των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων της παρούσας διατριβής το μαθηματικό μοντέλο των Zeng et al τροποποιήθηκε κατάλληλα ώστε να καταστεί δυνατή η περιγραφή των αποτελεσμάτων της ΜΚΚ δύο θαλάμων. / A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor that converts the chemical energy of the bonds of organic compounds to electrical energy, through the catalytic reactions of microorganisms under anaerobic conditions. Over the last years the MFC technology has gained increasing interest from the scientific community, because it offers the advantage of simultaneous wastewater treatment and electricity generation. The present thesis proposes an innovative single chamber MFC design of a special architecture, which combines several advantages. The aim of the experiments was to optimise the design and the operational parameters of the proposed MFC, under the view of its practical implementation at wastewater treatment plants. In order to accomplish this goal the cost was kept low, by replacing all the expensive materials with lower-cost ones, while gradually increasing the cell performance even during long term operation. The MFC was operated both in batch and continuous mode. In parallel with single chamber MFC operation, the effects of several parameters on the performance of a dual chamber MFC (H-type) were examined. The findings from these experiments as well as the experience gained are of great significance, because they were used as guides for the construction and operation of the prototype cell. In conclusion, during the present research, synthetic (glucose, peptone, trypsin from meat digested and corn oil) as well as real wastewater (cheese whey, domestic wastewater) were examined. Specifically, the ionic strength, pH, the type of electron acceptor, the temperature, the initial substrate concentration, the Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), the surface area of the anodic electrode as well as the quantity of the cathode catalyst were tested. Additionally, aiming at a detailed electrochemical characterization of the MFCs, the impedance characteristics were also investigated by performing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) experiments, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), images of the anodic biofilm were collected. Finally, for the valorization of the experimental results of the present thesis, the mathematical model of Zeng et al was appropriately modified in order to describe the experimental results of the dual chamber MFC.

Wastewater reuse is fast becoming an imperative issue based on the developments in water/wastewater engineering coupled with increasing pressures on water resources. Trace organic compounds (TOrCs) that exist in water/wastewater, are a serious threat once they were released in the environment. During the past decade, there has been much progress toward understanding the occurrence, fate and toxicology of trace organic pollutants that enter the environment in treated wastewater. The objective of the first part of this research was to evaluate the combined effects of sequential anaerobic/aerobic digestion on residual TOrCs, concentrating on chemicals that are responsible for observed estrogenic/androgenic activities in biosolids. Full-scale digestion was simulated using bench-scale bioreactors in which the primary independent variables were retention time, temperature, and oxygen loading during aerobic digestion. Treatment-dependent changes in estrogenic/androgenic activity and concentrations of specific Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) were measured. Results suggest that standard mesophilic anaerobic digestion increases the total estrogenic/androgenic activity of sludge while aerobic digestion was effective in the reduction of estrogenic/androgenic activity as a supplementary treatment stage. The second part of the study was focused on the fate of TOrCs and estrogenic activity in water and sediment of the Santa Cruz River, which is effluent dependent except during infrequent periods of rainfall/runoff in Tucson area. Several sampling campaigns were carried out from 2011 to 2013. Results suggest that some organic TOrCs, including those that contribute to estrogenic activity, were rapidly attenuated with distance and time of travel in the Santa Cruz River. Indirect photolysis of estrogenic compounds through the river might play an important role for the observation of estrogenic activity changes in the SCR. Hydrophobic TOrCs may accumulate in river sediments during dry weather periods. Riverbed sediment quality is periodically improved through storm-related scouring during periods of heavy rainfall and runoff. Wastewater effluent can be applied to the algal biodiesel industry based on regional water stress across the world. In the third part of the research, reclaimed wastewater was explored for this purpose, simultaneously satisfying the needs for water, macronutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and micronutrients necessary for growth of microalgae. At the same time, algal growth in conventionally treated wastewater will improve water quality through the same nutrient removal processes and perhaps by lowering residual levels of trace organics that are an impediment to potable reuse. Results showed that metals levels in most municipal wastewaters are unlikely to disrupt growth, at least by metals tolerant microalgae like Nannochloropsis salina. Cells can grow without inhibition on nutrients from treated municipal wastewater or a centrate stream derived from wastewater treatment. The results also suggest while wastewater provides a suitable nutrient source for algal growth, there is simply not enough municipal wastewater available to support a meaningful biofuels industry without water recycling and nutrient recovery/reuse from spent algae. The last part of the dissertation was the application of water/wastewater treatment techniques, specifically advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in other industrial sectors. In the integrated circuit production industry, chemical formulations used for megasonic cleaning typically contain hydroxides, peroxides and carbonates, which can affect particle removal efficiency and feature damage. The role of carbonates and ammonia in modulating the oxidation power of megasonic irradiated alkaline solutions through the scavenging of hydroxyl radicals by varying levels of carbonates, bicarbonates, ammonia and solution temperatures on net generation of hydroxyl radicals for applications in semiconductor industry was investigated in this study. The simulation of actual megasonic cleaning process was carried out at acoustic frequency of ~ 1 MHz and different power densities. Carbonate ions were better scavengers of hydroxyl radicals than bicarbonate ions. The effect of bulk solution temperature revealed that the rate of generation of hydroxyl radicals at a power density of 8 W/cm² increased with temperature from 10-30°C, which suggests an increase of transient cavitation with temperature.

This thesis is an investigation of landscape as boundary: a study of its formation, inhabitation, and symbolic meaning. The study is situated in a valley located south of Jerusalem’s Old City walls; known as both Gei Ben-Hinnom and Wadi al- Rababa, it is an ethnic, cultural, socioeconomical, and mythological boundary. In the ethnically polarized Jerusalem, valleys often act as boundaries between Jewish and Palestinian populations. For nineteen years an official no-man’s-land divided the Hinnom/Rababa Valley, a result of an armistice agreement between Israel and Jordan. Since the 1967 annexation of East Jerusalem to Israel, the valley has transformed into a boundary between the two populations. Responding to this boundary, the thesis addresses an urgent need for a wastewater treatment facility, proposing new infrastructure as a vehicle to explore the ability of architecture to embody multiple narratives. By documenting built form, geology, hydrology, history, and mythology, the thesis illustrates the Hinnom/Rababa Valley as the space of the in-between, neither east nor west, bridging the urban hilltops with the underworld. The boundary partakes in both and neither sides simultaneously. Building on its multiplicity of meanings – of its ‘stories so far’ – the thesis attempts to re-imagine a new relationship to the ground.