[ES] El uso del agua en nuestra sociedad es de gran importancia. Cuando el agua se utiliza y deja de ser útil, se convierte en agua residual. Esta contiene sustancias que ponen en peligro la salud humana y los ecosistemas. Para reducir el daño ambiental existen las depuradoras que reducen los niveles de contaminación del agua. En las industrias, las depuradoras se encargan de reducir la carga contaminante del agua para su vertido en alcantarillado o al medio ambiente. La presencia de vertidos ilegales y desbordamientos en el alcantarillado suponen una amenaza para las masas de agua. Estos provocan una bajada en el rendimiento de las depuradoras. En muchos casos no es posible detectar al responsable de estos. Lo que hace que estos queden impunes violando el principio ambiental de quien contamina paga. Para solucionar este problema se propone un sistema de bajo coste para la monitorización de parámetros del agua para detectar problemas en los alcantarillados dentro de las ciudades inteligentes (Smart cities). La hipótesis de trabajo es que ante la presencia de un vertido ciertos parámetros del agua cambiarán lo suficiente como para que pueda ser detectado. Al detectarse el sitio del vertido se podrá acudir rápidamente al lugar a fin de cesar el vertido además de tomar las acciones legales pertinentes. Primero, hemos estudiado otros sistemas para monitorizar el alcantarillado Con esta información se determina los parámetros más interesantes y que pueden ser medidos con un bajo coste son temperatura, conductividad, turbidez, nivel de agua y aceite. Además, de sensores de lluvia para el alcantarillado pluvial. Para la monitorización de estos parámetros se escogen sensores comerciales de bajo coste para los parámetros de temperatura, nivel y lluvia. Para los otros parámetros se decidió desarrollar nuestros propios sensores. Para ello se utilizó sensores del tipo inductivos para la conductividad y sensores ópticos para el control de la turbidez y el aceite. Respecto a los sensores inductivos, se ha determinado que existen interferencias de los sólidos y del nivel de agua en la respuesta del sensor. Sin embargo, en el caso de los sólidos esta interferencia es pequeña en la concentración de solidos que existe en el alcantarillado, siendo esta de 0.078 V/gramo. En cambio, la cantidad de agua sí que afecta a la respuesta de la bobina de forma significativa. Respecto a la turbidez se han realizado dos prototipos diferentes. Un prototipo ha sido desarrollado para cuerpos de agua y el otro para el alcantarillado. El prototipo desarrollado para cuerpos de agua es capaz de determinar el porcentaje de algas que existen en el agua conociendo la cantidad de solidos en el agua. Para la detección del aceite hemos desarrollado otro sensor óptico. Hemos hecho pruebas a distintas alturas de agua. Viendo que éramos capaces de identificar si el aceite provenía de un motor gasolina o de un motor diésel, y en el caso de aceite usado por un motor de gasolina éramos capaces de cuantificarlo. Por último, respecto a nuestro sistema hemos analizado mediante simulaciones la utilidad de un sensor de nivel en el alcantarillado. Hemos detectado que en el caso de alcantarillado pluvial este sí que puede ser útil. Además, hemos testeado en una tubería el sensor inductivo y el de aceite con diferentes concentraciones de sal y aceite para ver su funcionamiento. El coste estimado de cada uno de los nodos sensores es de 120 €. Los sensores desarrollados pueden ser utilizados en otros ambientes. Estos trabajos son: (I) el uso de bobinas para la monitorización de la humedad del suelo, (II) el uso de sensores ópticos para detectar gasóleo B en vehículos (III) el uso de sensores y tecnología de bioabsorción en canales de riego afectados por aguas residuales y (IV) el uso del sensor de aceite en canales de riego. / [CA] The use of water in our society is of great importance. Once the water has been used, it becomes wastewater. These waters contain substances that endanger human health and ecosystems. To reduce environmental damage, there are treatment plants that treat these waters to reduce their levels of contamination. Industrial treatment plants are responsible for reducing the contaminant load of the water so that it can be discharged into the public sewer system or into the environment. The presence of illegal discharges and overflows in the sewage system pose a threat to water bodies. These discharges can cause a drop in the performance of the treatment plant, which will cause an effluent of poorer quality. In many cases, it is not possible to detect who is responsible for the spills. What makes these go unpunished violating the environmental principle of that whoever pollutes pays. To solve this problem, a low-cost system for monitoring water parameters to detect problems in sewers within the context of smart cities is proposed. Our working hypothesis is that in the presence of a discharge, the concentration of specific water parameters will change enough to be detected. When the site of the spill is detected, it will be possible to quickly go to the place in order to stop the spill in addition to taking the necessary legal actions against the person who is carrying out the spill. First, we have compiled information about other systems to monitor sewage, With this information, we have determined that the most exciting parameters that we are able to measure at a low cost are temperature, conductivity, turbidity, water and oil level. In addition, the use of rain sensors for storm sewers is included. To monitor these parameters, low-cost commercial sensors are chosen to monitor temperature, level and rainfall. For the other parameters, we decided to develop our own sensors. We decided to use inductive type sensors for conductivity and optical sensors for turbidity and oil control. Regarding the inductive sensors, we have determined that there are interferences of the solids and the water level in the response of the sensor.. However, in the case of solids, this interference is minor in the concentration of solids that exists in the sewage system (0.078 V/gram). On the other hand, the amount of water does affect the response of the coil significantly. Therefore, the sensor must be submerged. Regarding turbidity, we have made two different prototypes. One prototype has been developed for bodies of water and the other for sewage. The prototype developed for bodies of water is capable of determining the percentage of algae that exist in the water, knowing the amount of solids in the water. For oil detection, we have developed another optical sensor. We have done tests at different heights of water. Seeing that we were able to identify if the oil came from a gasoline engine or a Diesel engine, and in the case of oil used by a gasoline engine, we were able to quantify it. Finally, regarding our system, we have analyzed through simulations the usefulness of a level sensor in the sewage system. We have detected that in the case of storm sewage, this can be useful. In addition, we have tested the inductive sensor and the oil sensor in a pipe with different concentrations of salt and oil to see how they work. The estimated cost of each sensor node is 120 €. The developed sensors can be used in other environments. For this reason, we show other works carried out during the thesis period with the developed sensors. These works are: (I) The use of coils for soil moisture monitoring, (II) the use of optical sensors to detect diesel B in vehicles, (III) the use of sensors and bioabsorption technology in irrigation canals affected by wastewater, and (IV) the use of the oil sensor in irrigation channels. / [EN] L'ús de l'aigua a la nostra societat és de gran importància. Un cop l'aigua s'ha utilitzat i deixa de ser útil per a l'activitat, aquesta es converteix en aigües residuals. Aquestes aigües contenen substàncies que posen en perill la salut humana i dels ecosistemes. Per reduir el danys mediambientals existeixen les depuradores que tracten aquestes aigües per reduir contaminació la seua carrega contaminants.. Les depuradores industrials s'encarreguen de reduir la càrrega contaminant de l'aigua perquè es pugui abocar al clavegueram públic o al medi ambient. La presència d'abocaments d'aigua il·legals i els desbordaments al clavegueram suposen una amenaça per a les masses d'aigua. Aquests abocaments poden provocar una baixada en el rendiment de la depuradora. En molts casos no és possible detectar el responsable dels abocaments. Això fa que aquests queden impunes violant el principi ambiental de qui contamina paga. Per solucionar aquest problema es proposa un sistema de baix cost per a la monitorització de l'aigua per detectar problemes als claveguerams en les ciutats intel·ligents (Smart cities). La hipòtesi de treball consisteix que davant la presència d'un abocament la concentració de certs paràmetres de l'aigua canviarà lo suficient perquè es pugui detectar. En detectar-se el lloc de l'abocament es podrà acudir ràpidament al lloc per cessar l'abocament a més de prendre les accions legals que siguin necessàries contra la persona que està realitzat l'abocament. Primer, hem estudiat altres sistemes per monitoritzar el clavegueram. Amb aquesta informació s'ha determinat que els paràmetres més interessants i que poden ser mesurats amb un baix cost són temperatura, conductivitat, terbolesa, nivell d'aigua i oli. A més, l'ús de sensors de pluja per al clavegueram de pluvials. Per monitoritzar aquests paràmetres s'escullen sensors comercials de baix cost per ala temperatura, el nivell i la pluja. Per als altres paràmetres, es decideix desenvolupar els nostres propis sensors. Decidim utilitzar sensors del tipus inductius per a la conductivitat i sensors òptics per al control de la terbolesa i l'oli. Pel que fa als sensors inductius, s'ha determinat que hi ha interferències dels sòlids i del nivell d'aigua en la resposta del sensor. No obstant això, en el cas dels sòlids aquesta interferència és petita en la concentració de sòlids que hi ha al clavegueram, aquesta és de 0.078 V/gram. En canvi, la quantitat d'aigua sí que afecta la resposta de la bobina de manera significativa. Pel que fa a la terbolesa s'han realitzat dos prototips diferents. Un prototip ha estat desenvolupat per a cossos d'aigua i l'altre per al clavegueram. El prototip desenvolupat per a cossos d'aigua és capaç de determinar el percentatge d'algues que hi ha a l'aigua coneixent la quantitat de sòlids a l'aigua. Per detectar l'oli hem desenvolupat un altre sensor òptic. Hem fet proves a diferents alçades d'aigua. Veient que érem capaços d'identificar si l'oli provenia d'un motor benzina o d'un motor dièsel, i en el cas d'oli usat per un motor de benzina érem capaços de quantificar-lo. Finalment, respecte al nostre sistema hem analitzat mitjançant simulacions la utilitat d'un sensor de nivell al clavegueram. Hem detectat que en el cas de clavegueram pluvial aquest sí que pot ser útil. A més, hem testejat en una canonada el sensor inductiu i el d'oli amb diferents concentracions de sal i oli per veure'n el funcionament. El cost estimat de cadascun dels nodes sensors és de 120 €. Els sensors desenvolupats poden ser utilitzats en altres ambients.. Aquests treballs són: (I) L'ús de bobines per a la monitorització de la humitat del sòl, (II) l'ús de sensors òptics per detectar gasoil B (sota impostos) en vehicles no autoritzats, (III) l'ús de sensors i tecnologia de bioabsorció en canals de reg afectats per aigües residuals, (IV) l'ús del sensor d'oli a canals de reg. / Rocher Morant, J. (2023). Study and Design of a Sensor System for the Detection of Illicit Discharges in Sewers and Water Bodies [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192823

The subject of my work is to lower construction site waste water treatment plant Křelov - Břuchotín. In more detail, I focused mainly on the implementation of the circular tanks sewage treatment plant. These tanks prescription processing technology formwork and concreting circular tanks. It also contains a technical report, technical report building equipment, a study of the main technological stages of the building, site, design of mechanical assembly, inspection and test plan solved the technological regulation and scheduling.

The diploma thesis solves the new utilization and renovation of an industrial building near the Baťa canal in the village of Huštěnovice which was used as former pumping station for agricultural purposes. The aim was to find such uses that will support the development of the adjacent area and at the same time will also refer to the original usage of the building. New community centre „PŘÍLIV“ with aquaponics connects both of them and what is more, it offers modern connection of people with nature. The construction plan is solved as a complex project form architectural study, through the project for the building permit to the design of the aquaponics technology itself. Project of the community centre and aquaponics is designed as off-grid building with minimal environmental impact.

Diploma thesis summarizes available information about chiral analysis of synthetic musk compounds in the aquatic environment. In the theoretical part of the thesis chirality and importance of chiral analysis by means of examples of different environmental pollutants is documented. Further consideration is aimed on musk compounds, their classification, characteristics and their fate in the environment, especially in the aquatic environment. After that methods for chiral analysis of synthetic musk compounds are reviewed. The aim of the experimental part of this diploma thesis was to carry out the determination of thirteen representatives of musk compounds (2-cyclohexylethanol, allylcyklohexylpropionate, Arocet, Aroflorone, Citronellol, Fresco Menthe, Galaxolide, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, HSA, isoamylsalicylate, isobornylacetate, Lilial and Linalool), out of which some compounds are chiral and some are achiral. For the analysis samples of wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant Brno - Modřice were taken. Target compounds were isolated by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and were subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. On the basis of data evaluation the removal efficiency forgiven musk compounds in the wastewater treatment plant was assessed.

The doctoral thesis deals with the issue of evaluating of technical-economic efficiency of wastewater treatment plant projects. Same as most public benefit projects, the main reason for implementation is the societal benefit of the company, not the impact on the investor. The literature review provides an overview of the most commonly used methods of environmental impact assessment, which differ in both the difficulty of processing and in the structure of input and output information. In accordance with the European legislation, the Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) is applied to a selected sample of waste water treatment plants, in its economic part, the standardly assessed societal impacts are extended by other possible benefits associated with the implementation of the project implementation. The main output of the thesis is the quantification of the increment to the societal benefit of the project, which is set to the difference between the economic net present value of the investment and the standard and individually designed socio-economic impacts. As an alternative to the traditional approach, the thesis also simulates the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), method is based on multi-criteria evaluation shows the technical efficiency of the sewage treatment plant sample and thus serves as a very effective tool in managerial decision-making.

Lustgas är en växthusgas, ca 300 gånger mer potent än koldioxid och som har potential att bryta ned ozonlagret med sin livslängd på 120 år i atmosfären. Lustgasutsläppen beräknas ha ökat med mellan 20–30% sedan förindustriell tid vilket tros bero på en ökad användning av konstgödsel i jordbrukssektorn men en del av all lustgas som bildas kommer från avloppsreningsverk vilka står för ca 1,6% av lustgasavgången till atmosfären där Henriksdals reningsverk bidrar med lustgasproduktion. Under 2021 beräknade man en lustgasavgång från Henriksdals reningsverk på ca 37 ton, vilket kan jämföras med klimatavtrycket på 10 000 nyregistrerade bilar vid körningar på ca 1500 mil/år. Syftet med rapporten var att undersöka om det gick att beräkna mängden kväve i avgående lustgas och jämföra det med hur mycket av den beräknade lustgasen som avgår till luft av andelen renat ammonium, samt att undersöka olika strategier för minimering av lustgasproduktion. Det finns flera vägar till lustgasbildning i de biologiska reningsprocesserna i verket. Tre huvudspår finns dock till lustgasbildning varav autotrof nitrifikation var aktuell för detta examensarbete. Flera driftsstrategier finns att tillgå för att undersöka hur lustgasproduktion påverkas av olika faktorer. Under detta examensarbete undersöktes en av dessa, syrebörvärden, där ett fast syrevärde i den luftade bassängen antingen skulle minska eller öka lustgasproduktionen beroende på luftningsintensitet och ammoniumkoncentration i vattnet. Lustgasavgången beräknades bestå till 0,19% av kväve renat från ammoniumbelastningen. Resultatet visade att vid låga syrehalter i vattnet fanns en lägre andel lustgasbildning jämfört med högre luftningsintensitet. Nackdelen blev dock att andelen renad ammonium sjönk i blocket. Vid högre luftningsintensitet var lustgasavgången högre i ett av huvudscenariona. I det andra scenariot med hög luftning var andelen renat ammonium lägre än i första scenariot, men med låga lustgashalter. Slutsatsen blev att lustgas kan bildas under olika förutsättningar men att under just den här studien var lustgasproduktionen som högst när nitrifikationen var som mest effektiv. / Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas, almost 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide, and which has the potential to deplete the ozone layer with its lifetime of 120 years in the atmosphere. Nitrous oxide emissions are estimated to have increased between 20–30% since pre-industrial times, which is believed to be due to increased use of artificial fertilizers in the agricultural sector, but part of all nitrous oxide that is formed comes from wastewater treatment plants, which account for approx. 1.6% of nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere where Henriksdals treatment plants contribute to nitrous oxide production. In 2021, nitrous oxide emissions from Henriksdal's treatment plant were calculated to be approximately 37 tons, which can be compared to the climate footprint of 10,000 newly registered cars driven approximately 15 000 km per year. The aim of the report was to investigate whether it was possible to calculate the amount of nitrogen in outgoing nitrous oxide to compare it with how much of the calculated nitrous oxide is emitted to air from the proportion of purified ammonium, as well as to investigate different strategies for minimizing nitrous oxide production. There are several routes to the formation of nitrous oxide in the biological purification process in the plant. There are, however, three main tracks for nitrous oxide formation, of which autotrophic nitrification was relevant for this degree project. Several operational strategies are available to investigate how nitrous oxide production is affected by various factors. During this thesis, one of these, oxygen set-point, was investigated, where a fixed oxygen value in the aerated basin would either decrease or increase nitrous oxide production depending on aeration intensity and ammonium concentration in the water. The nitrous oxide discharge was calculated to consist of 0.19% nitrogen purified from the ammonium load. The result showed, that at low oxygen levels in the water, there was a lower proportion of nitrous oxide formation compared to higher aeration intensity. The disadvantage, however, was that the proportion of purified ammonium decreased in the block. At higher aeration intensity, nitrous oxide emissions were higher in one of the main scenarios. In the second scenario with high aeration, the proportion of purified ammonium was lower than in the first scenario, but with low levels of nitrous oxide. The conclusion was that nitrous oxide can be formed under different conditions, but during this study, nitrous oxide production was highest when nitrification was most efficient.

The subject of this master thesis is a design of wine house which comes together with restaurant and accommodation in Strazovice near Kyjov. It includes design study and all the detailed drawings of the building. The building is designed with three services - winery, restaurant and accommodation. Winery is divided into separate rooms for wine processing, finishing and wine aging, also storage, distribution and sale of wine. Canteen service includes kitchen with accessories, restaurant with dining, separated lounge, vaulted cellar and room for degustation. Lounge, cellar and degustation room is primary determined for different corporate events, conferences, weddings, family events and others. For building were chosen descending lands at the edge of Strazovice.. The main reason for this decision is the view that this place provides because of its higher position. Also this village is a part of region, for which wine production is typical. The shape of the object is rectangular and consists of three floors. Two upper floors are receding with comparison to the first floor. This formed a part of terrace which is connected with the oval part on pillars. Basement is situated completely below ground, only the south side is partly uncovered. Construction is made of reinforced concrete. Ground floors are with ventilated frontage. Frontage of the first floor is covered with wooden cladding, and frontage of the second floor is covered with plaster. Vertical constructions are made of lime-sand blocks and horizontal constructions are reinforced concrete. The roof is built of wooden trusses with arched upper part. On the roof there are installed photovoltaic panels for electricity which is used in the building. Rainwater is held in tank, servers as a water supply for the building. Wastewater is depurated in small sewage plant which is further conducted into the building. Other wastewater is captured in the sump. Projection of the winery emphasis, inter alia, on static and

En Bretagne, les « marées vertes » sont récurrentes depuis le début des années 70 et occupent une place importante dans le débat public en terme sanitaire, politique et économique. Lors de cette thèse, une large revue bibliographique a été réalisée sur l’export d’azote et une méthodologie innovante a été mise en place afin d’étudier la variabilité spatio-temporelle de l’export de nutriments dans 2 bassins versants à algues vertes à une échelle intra-annuelle et pendant des évènements extrêmes (évènements pluvieux, période touristique de basses eaux,…). Les bassins versants sélectionnés pour les expérimentations de terrain sont l’Ic et le Frémur (Côtes d’Armor). 3 types d’expérimentations ont été réalisées sur ces bassins versants : 1) Des campagnes de prélèvements ponctuels par temps sec et par temps de pluie (32 stations, 27 campagnes) ; 2) des prélèvements automatiques en crue (3 stations, 8 crues) ; et 3) la mesure haute fréquence (2 stations, en continu). Les paramètres hydrologiques et physico-chimiques classiques, les matières en suspension, les spectres UV et toutes les formes de macronutriments (carbone, azote, phosphore) ont été analysés lors de ces expérimentations. Les résultats obtenus confirment pour une part un certain nombre de résultats de la littérature. D’autre part, il met en lumière la relation carbone/nitrates, jusqu’à présent peu étudiée à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles et pendant des évènements pluvieux, qui semble pourtant primordiale dans la compréhension des phénomènes d’export de nitrates à l’échelle de l’année. Enfin, l’analyse de toutes les formes de nutriments révèle l’importance des formes particulaires issues de l’érosion des sols. Ces résultats soulèvent de nombreuses questions de recherche qui mériteraient un approfondissement afin d’améliorer la connaissance des transferts de nutriments dans les bassins versants et prioriser les actions de remédiations. Les perspectives de ce travail sont à la fois scientifiques et pratiques. Au niveau scientifique, les efforts de recherche sur la relation carbone/nitrate et l’identification de la fraction de carbone organique assimilable par les organismes dénitrifiants doivent être poursuivis. De même, l’amélioration des connaissances sur l’export de nutriments en crue passe par l’identification précise des sources de nutriments particulaires pendant les crues printanières. Au niveau pratique, il doit contribuer à l’amélioration des pratiques agricoles, à la reconnaissance de l’intérêt des zones humides naturelles et à l’amélioration des types de traitement utilisés par les stations d’épuration. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette étude devraient notamment être mis en relation avec la dynamique des nutriments observée dans l’estran pendant la période de développement des algues vertes. Enfin, un effort d’amélioration de l’accès à certains type de données sur les bassins versants est nécessaire afin d’améliorer la compréhension des transferts de nutriments. / In Brittany (Western France), "green tides" are recurrent since the early 70s and have an important place in public debate in health, political and economic terms. In this thesis, a wide bibliographic review was performed on the export of nitrogen, and an innovative methodology has been set up to study the spatial and temporal variability of nutrient export in two coastal watersheds on an intra-annual basis and during extreme events (rainfall events, tourist periods of low water, ...). Watersheds selected for the field experiments are Ic and Frémur (Côtes d'Armor). 3 types of experiments were performed on these watersheds: 1) Campaigns of grab samples by dry and wet weather (32 stations, 27 campaigns); 2) automatic sampling during floods (3 stations, 8 floods); and 3) high frequency measurement (2 stations, continuous). Conventional hydrological and physicochemical parameters, suspended solids, UV spectra and all forms of macronutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) were analyzed during these experiments. The results confirm in part a number of results of the literature. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship carbon / nitrates far little studied at different spatial and temporal scales and during rainfall events, which however seems to be crucial in understanding of nitrate export. Finally, the analysis of all forms of nutrients reveals the importance of particulate forms from soil erosion. These results raise many research questions that merit further development in order to improve knowledge on nutrient transfers in watersheds and prioritize remediation actions. The prospects of this work are both scientific and practical. At the scientific level, research efforts on the relationship carbon / nitrate and identification of the assimilable fraction of organic carbon by denitrifying organisms must be continued. Similarly, the knowledge on nutrient export must be improved through the precise identification of particulate nutrient sources during the spring floods. On a practical level, it should contribute to the improvement of agricultural practices, the recognition of the interest of natural wetlands and improvement of the types of treatment used by treatment plants. The results obtained in this study should in particular be linked to the dynamics of nutrients in the foreshore observed during the development of green algae. Finally, an effort to improve access to certain types of data on watersheds is needed to improve understanding of nutrient transfers.