This thesis looks at water quality modelling in the water network, focusing on water age. The initial part of the work identifies the factors that lead to an increase in water age in water supply networks. The theoretical part of the work presents the mathematical relationships and logistical steps that software tools apply to simulate water quality indicators in a water supply network. In the practical part of the work, a hydraulic model of a water distribution system with a total length of 302,1 km was constructed. Measurement campaign was carried out to calibrate and verify created hydraulic model. Using this hydraulic model, water age for existing and possible scenarios was simulated. The results of the work have revealed parts of the water supply network containing high water age and are intended to encourage the progressive water distribution systems management philosophy.

Global warming is widely reported to be a cause of water scarcity and increased water con-sumption. As a consequence, it becomes harder for water suppliers to be prepared for increaseddemands. It is possible to predict the upcoming demand with the help of machine learningtools, however, a preliminary analysis of water consumption patterns is important for a goodprediction. This work focuses on water consumption patterns and studies their change withtime as well as the effects of meteorological factors on it.In order to aid the investigation and scrutinization of the patterns, a new semi-automatedtool was developed. Its algorithm is based on the Mann-Whitney U statistical test and performsgrouping of the weeks with similar sets of hourly water consumption. It helps to frame off theseasons of the year within which the patterns are similar. Along with that, K-means clusteringwas applied to the data to retrieve the patterns and to compare the performance with the newlydeveloped algorithm. On top of that, the effects of the population growth and meteorologicalvariables on water consumption were studied.K-means clustering showed more robust performance than the newly developed algorithmand therefore the ways of improvement were discussed along with the significance of gooddata quality and thorough data pre-processing. It was detected that municipalities with thedifferent housing situation had different persistent summer patterns of water consumption. Ingeneral municipalities with prevailing individual housing tend to consume more water duringthe summer per capita than others. Furthermore, municipalities with prevailing individualhousing were observed to be less robust against temperature growth and humidity decreasethan those with prevailing apartment housing as the latter increase their water consumptionless significantly in response to mentioned meteorological variables change. Therefore, consid-ering the population growth, the benefits of planning new multi-apartment dwelling areas inpreference to individual housing were discussed in the context of sustainable water use andclimate change. / Global uppvärmning kan orsaka både vattenbrist och ökad vattenförbrukning. Som en kon-sekvens blir det svårare för vattenförsörjningsföretag att förberedda sig på de ökande kraven.Det är möjligt att förutsäga den kommande efterfrågan med hjälp av verktyg för maskininlärn-ing, men det är viktigt att analysera vattenförbrukningsmönster för att få en bra förutsägelse.Detta arbete fokuserar därför på att analysera, samt studerar effekterna av meteorologiskafaktorer och hur semesterperioden påverkar vattenförbrukningen.Ett nytt halvautomatiskt verktyg utformades för att extrahera dagliga vattenförbrukn-ingsmönster från förbrukningstidserier. Algoritmen anger vilka veckor på året som har liknandemönster och grupperar dem i så kallade konsumtionssäsonger. För att utvärdera prestandan förverktyget användes en grupperingsmetod den så kallade K-means clustering på samma data.Utöver det studerades även effekterna av befolkningstillväxten och meteorologiska variabler påvattenförbrukningen.K-means klustring visade sig ha en mer robust prestanda än den nya framtagna utveckladealgoritmen och därför diskuterades olika sätt att förbättra algoritmen samt vikten av god rå-datakvalitet. Det upptäcktes att kommuner med olika bostadssituation reagerade olika på varmtoch torrt väder samt vissa semesterhändelser. I allmänhet brukar kommuner med enbostadshu-sområden förbruka mer vatten under sommaren per capita än andra. Fördelar med att planeranya flerbostadsområden som ett mer hållbart alternativ till enbostadshusområden diskuteradesi kontexten av befolkningstillväxt och klimatförändringar.

South Africa is a water-scarce country and receives less rainfall than the average rainfall of the World. As population increases, and development calls for increased allocation of ground water and surface water for the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors, the pressure on water resources intensifies. This is exacerbated by the wastages that occur in schools and homes. Conservation of water by all consumers is essential. The study attempts to identify practices that lead to wastage of water and indicate strategies for the reduction of water wastage and conservation strategy. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

L’irrigation a connu de grands changements dans le bassin du Rhône français durant les trente dernières années du vingtième siècle. La mise en œuvre d’un Système d’Information sur le bassin du Rhône (SIR) montre l’existence de quatre grands systèmes d’irrigation qui s’individualisent au sein de plusieurs « régions d’irrigation ». Ces dernières révèlent des dynamiques contrastées, mettant à mal l’idée que l’irrigation aurait connu une expansion continue et homogène, même si les superficies irriguées augmentent globalement. Ces dynamiques spatiales s’expliquent par les profondes transformations d’une pratique modernisée, utilisant des techniques toujours plus économes en eau. C’est d’ailleurs le deuxième enseignement de la recherche : l’accroissement général des superficies irriguées n’a pas entraîné une augmentation des demandes en eau. Celles-ci ont plutôt tendance à diminuer, de l’ordre de 30 % en trente ans. Sous l’impulsion des gestionnaires, les irrigants font un usage de plus en plus raisonné des ressources en eau et, à terme, il ne faut certainement pas considérer l’irrigation comme une menace généralisée pour les équilibres environnementaux... Le mémoire de thèse s’accompagne d’un système de gestion de l’information géographique et d’un atlas en version électronique. / Over the last thirty years of the twentieth century, irrigation in the French basin of the Rhône river has undergone substantial change. The implementation of a Geographic Information System on the Rhône basin (SIR) demonstrates the existence of four main irrigation systems individualized within several “irrigation regions.” These reveal in turn a series of contrasted dynamics, putting into question the idea that irrigation expansion had been both continuous and homogeneous, even though the total surface area irrigated actually increased. These spatial dynamics can be accounted for by the deep transformations due to a modernised practice that relies on techniques ever more sparing with water. This is in fact the second lesson one can draw from this study : the general increase in irrigated surface areas did not lead to an increase in water demand. On the contrary, water demand has tended to diminish, in the order of 30% over thirty years. Driven by management, the cultivators’ use of water resources is more and more reasoned, so that in the long run irrigation is surely no global threat to environmental balance. The thesis includes a system for managing geographic information as well as an electronic atlas.

Energy and environmental impacts are two factors that will influence urban region composition in the near future. One emerging issue is the effect on water usage resulting from changes in regional or urban transportation trends. With many regions experiencing stresses on water availability, transportation planners and users need to combine information on transportation-related water consumption for any region and assess potential impacts on local water resources from the expansion of alternative transportation modes. This thesis will focus on use-phase water consumption factors for multiple vehicle modes, energy and fuel pathways, roads, and vehicle infrastructure for a given transportation network. While there are studies examining life cycle impacts for energy generation and vehicle usage, few repeatable models exist for assessing overall water consumption across several transportation modes within urban regions. As such, the question is: is it possible to develop a traceable decision support model that combines and assesses water consumption from transportation modes and related mobility infrastructure for a given mobility network? Based on this, an object-oriented system model of transportation elements was developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Model-Based Systems Engineering principles to compare water consumption across vehicle modes for assessing the resiliency of existing infrastructure and water resources. To demonstrate the intent of this model, daily network usage water consumption will be analyzed for current and alternative network scenarios projected by policies regarding the expansion of alternative energy. The model is expected to show variations in water consumption due to fluctuations in energy pathways, market shares, and driving conditions, from which the model should help determine the feasibility of expanding alterative vehicles and fuels in these networks. While spatially explicit data is limited compared to the national averages that are used as model inputs, the analytical framework within this model closely follows that of existing assessments and the reusable nature of SysML model elements allows for the future expansion of additional transportation modes and infrastructure as well as other environmental analyses.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / As a result of continually lowering water tables in the arid regions of the west, many people are beginning to realize that water should be treated like any other rare resource, letting supply and demand factors regulate its distribution. Three types of price structures are used by water agencies: (1) the flat rate system (2) the step rate system and (3) the block rate system. Each of these structures may be progressive or regressive. At present, Tucson's only source of water lies underground and will presumably decrease as the population increases. To optimize the benefits to the community, it may be necessary to decrease not only average consumption but also summertime peak consumption for swimming pools, evaporative coolers and lawn sprinkling. Currently, Tucson uses a regressive block rate pricing structure. Using the theory of collective utility, a model is developed for use in comparing 2 price structures in an effort to define a monetary value for water conservation. It is concluded that the change in collective utility, du, which is a measure of the worth of change from economic state 1 to 2, is the best measure of price changes in arid areas. The model shows that Tucson water consumption would be lowered and money would be lost with either price structure, but with the permanent change, monetary flow of goods would be greater than under the seasonal structure.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Water information systems may have different demands, such as responding to queries about rainfall-runoff relationships, water level data, water quality data and water use. Data required for retrieval may need display, such as a hydrograph. Information systems are reviewed and results of specific water information agencies are reported. Agencies in Arizona are listed with their specific water information need. Development of a water activity file and water information system is outlined for Arizona as a pilot project. Linkage of units within the data system is shown, as is the information system's questionnaire to project leaders. Information currently in the system includes water quality from the state department of health for 450 wells in the Tucson basin, and water level, storage, storage coefficient and transmissivity supplied by the Arizona water commission for the Tucson basin and Avra Valley. Quality of data submitted to the system should be reflected in retrieval for better understanding of the data. This consideration is planned for the coming fiscal year.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / Four sources of water supply for desert cities are rainfall, runoff, groundwater, and imported water, and the potential use for each varies. The government can institute various policy changes to eliminate or reduce the imbalance between water supply and demand. Restrictions should be placed on water-use luxuries such as swimming pools, subdivision lakes, fountains, etc. Water pricing should be progressive; each unit of increased use above a reasonable minimum should be charged for at an increasing rate. Runoff from individual properties, homes, storage, and supermarkets should be minimized through the use of onsite recharge wells, and various collection methods should be initiated. A campaign to acquaint the general public with a new water policy must be inaugurated.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / A network of rain gauges and two recorder -equipped flumes were installed near the head of Cottonwood Canyon on Mt. Hopkins in the Santa Rita Mountains pursuant to a water development study for the Smithsonian Institution's Mt. Hopkins Astrophysical Observatory. The watershed is generally characterized by steep slopes, a dense evergreen woodland cover predominated by several species of oaks, isolated bedrock exposures and talus chutes. The watershed for the lower flume site comprises about 145 acres (58.60 ha) with an elevation range from about 6775 to 8580 feet (2,065 to 2,615 m). Rainfall-runoff measurements were made during the summer and fall of 1977. A runoff efficiency of 0.56 percent was calculated for the lower-flume watershed. However, since physical evidence of surface flow was found only in side drainages receiving runoff from culverts located along the Mt. Hopkins access road, a second calculation was made, using only the total area of contributing road surface as the watershed area. This yielded a runoff efficiency of 27.0 percent. The latter value, adjusted for infiltration on the slopes below the culverts, agrees well with measured efficiencies for compacted-earth water harvesting catchments. Based on the above, recommendations were made for developing a water supply system using the access road, modified to increase its effectiveness, as a water harvesting system and having two surface reservoirs for storage. A computer model was used to test the capability of the system to meet the projected water needs of the observatory.

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