This study is an investigation into water management policies in South Africa, their effect on water users and the perceptions users have of these policies. The investigation begins with an exposition of concepts such as water demand management (WDM), as well as integrated water resource management (IWRM). A sub-discourse of the main theme is the societal tendency to neglect its common property. Garret Hardin's groundbreaking observations on the "tragedy of the commons" (1968) are explored in an effort to locate issues of relevance in effective water management strategies. In contemplating the commons, it is evident that aspects of morality and ethics are involved. The morality of a society be it in a global or national context, seems to manifest itself in legislation and policies, and in the way these are implemented. The relevance of good governance, hydropolitics and sustainable development is also discussed to provide the necessary theoretical background to an understanding of the relationship between consumers and the water commons. Access to safe drinking water is protected in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996. Flowing from the government's obligation to take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realisation of fundamental human rights stipulated in section 27(2) of the Constitution, the challenge since 1994 has been to provide access to water for all inhabitants and to manage the available water resources effectively. Furthermore, the objective of subsequent water legislation such as the National Water Act, 36 of 1998 and regulatory plans, like the National Water Resource Strategy has been to incorporate international trends in water governance. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) divided South Africa into 19 regions, called water management areas (WMA). In this study, attention is focused on what constitutes a catchment and how a catchment management agency (CMA) governs its water resources. A description is provided of the functions of water user associations (WUAs) and how ththe Lower Orange Catchment Management Area is, for example, the blueprint from which stakeholders develop their goals. In this study, the water situation in the Lower Orange Water Management Area is under scrutiny. The focus is on the three main institutional components of water management (the Lower Orange catchment management, the Upington Islands Water User Association [UIWUA] and the //Khara Hais Local Municipality). The progress of the establishment of the Lower Orange Catchment Management Agency is outlined over a period of five years. Meanwhile, the Upington Islands Water User Association was developed and this has grown in stature. The work being done by these institutions is investigated by looking at grassroots effects, especially in respect of irrigation activities. The unique water management circumstances of the //Khara Hais Local Municipality are then investigated along with the plans outlined in their Integrated Development Plan {lOP) and their Water Services Development Plane Internal Strategic Perspective (ISP) of(WSDP). Because local irrigation operations consume most of the available surface water in the Lower Orange Water Management Area, irrigation farmers and their activities warrant closer attention. A historical overview is given of the development of irrigation in the region followed by an assessment of the role of two of the most prominent historical figures in Upington, Reverend Adriaan Schroder and Abraham "Holbors" September. Ultimately, however, the focus falls on the current state of irrigation in the area. It is possible to distinguish between the approach of large commercial farming operations and that of smaller irrigation farming units to irrigation. Specific attention is given to the perceptions of irrigation farmers as far as the policies and legislation pertaining to water issues is concerned. This study will hopefully provide the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs(DWEA), //Khara Hais Local Municipality and organised agriculture with some recommendations on efficient integrated water management strategies. It might well be of value to other municipalities who are experiencing similar problems. The aim has been to identify typical problems and potential disputes between water management institutions and relevant role-players. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

This study is an investigation into water management policies in South Africa, their effect on water users and the perceptions users have of these policies. The investigation begins with an exposition of concepts such as water demand management (WDM), as well as integrated water resource management (IWRM). A sub-discourse of the main theme is the societal tendency to neglect its common property. Garret Hardin's groundbreaking observations on the "tragedy of the commons" (1968) are explored in an effort to locate issues of relevance in effective water management strategies. In contemplating the commons, it is evident that aspects of morality and ethics are involved. The morality of a society be it in a global or national context, seems to manifest itself in legislation and policies, and in the way these are implemented. The relevance of good governance, hydropolitics and sustainable development is also discussed to provide the necessary theoretical background to an understanding of the relationship between consumers and the water commons. Access to safe drinking water is protected in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, 108 of 1996. Flowing from the government's obligation to take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realisation of fundamental human rights stipulated in section 27(2) of the Constitution, the challenge since 1994 has been to provide access to water for all inhabitants and to manage the available water resources effectively. Furthermore, the objective of subsequent water legislation such as the National Water Act, 36 of 1998 and regulatory plans, like the National Water Resource Strategy has been to incorporate international trends in water governance. The Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWEA) divided South Africa into 19 regions, called water management areas (WMA). In this study, attention is focused on what constitutes a catchment and how a catchment management agency (CMA) governs its water resources. A description is provided of the functions of water user associations (WUAs) and how ththe Lower Orange Catchment Management Area is, for example, the blueprint from which stakeholders develop their goals. In this study, the water situation in the Lower Orange Water Management Area is under scrutiny. The focus is on the three main institutional components of water management (the Lower Orange catchment management, the Upington Islands Water User Association [UIWUA] and the //Khara Hais Local Municipality). The progress of the establishment of the Lower Orange Catchment Management Agency is outlined over a period of five years. Meanwhile, the Upington Islands Water User Association was developed and this has grown in stature. The work being done by these institutions is investigated by looking at grassroots effects, especially in respect of irrigation activities. The unique water management circumstances of the //Khara Hais Local Municipality are then investigated along with the plans outlined in their Integrated Development Plan {lOP) and their Water Services Development Plane Internal Strategic Perspective (ISP) of(WSDP). Because local irrigation operations consume most of the available surface water in the Lower Orange Water Management Area, irrigation farmers and their activities warrant closer attention. A historical overview is given of the development of irrigation in the region followed by an assessment of the role of two of the most prominent historical figures in Upington, Reverend Adriaan Schroder and Abraham "Holbors" September. Ultimately, however, the focus falls on the current state of irrigation in the area. It is possible to distinguish between the approach of large commercial farming operations and that of smaller irrigation farming units to irrigation. Specific attention is given to the perceptions of irrigation farmers as far as the policies and legislation pertaining to water issues is concerned. This study will hopefully provide the Department of Water and Environmental Affairs(DWEA), //Khara Hais Local Municipality and organised agriculture with some recommendations on efficient integrated water management strategies. It might well be of value to other municipalities who are experiencing similar problems. The aim has been to identify typical problems and potential disputes between water management institutions and relevant role-players. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

South Africa is a water-scarce country and receives less rainfall than the average rainfall of the World. As population increases, and development calls for increased allocation of ground water and surface water for the domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors, the pressure on water resources intensifies. This is exacerbated by the wastages that occur in schools and homes. Conservation of water by all consumers is essential. The study attempts to identify practices that lead to wastage of water and indicate strategies for the reduction of water wastage and conservation strategy. / Educational Studies / M.Ed. (Environmental Education)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:53:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARTINEZ_Jonathan_2014.pdf: 11989383 bytes, checksum: 96fb53d9544014ea55b1e53ee779c134 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This study presents a pump scheduling problem for the capture, transfer and storage of water supply systems in urban networks, whose objective is to minimize the electricity cost associated to the pumping operations. To deal with the dynamic and random nature of the water-demand, we propose two-stage stochastic programming with recourse models, where the random variables are represented by a finite and discrete set of realizations or scenarios. The developed mathematical models are extensions of previous deterministic models of the literature and they reflect the basic assumption that a fixed cost could be incurred by the turn on/ turn off activities of the hydraulic pumps. In order to control violations of the water-demand constraints in the presence of multiple different scenarios, we also consider a robustness technique in an attempt to obtain almost feasible solutions. Last, but not least, we adopt a risk-aversion criteria so-called mean absolute deviation to obtain second-stage costs less dependent on the realizations of the scenarios. The scenarios were generated according to a Monte-Carlo simulation procedure that may use any probability distributions to produce the empirical probabilities of the random variables. As the proposed pump scheduling problem with fixed cost is a two-stage stochastic mixed 0 − 1 program, we develop a efficient hybrid heuristic to obtain good-quality solutions of practical instances in a plausible running time. Overall results evidence the stability of the scenario generation method, the sensitivity of the solution according to the key parameters of the mathematical model, and the efficiency of the heuristic in solving large instances. Finally, we show that is possible to save resources by solving the stochastic programming model instead of adopting simpler approaches based on the expected value. / Esse estudo apresenta um problema de programação de bombas para a captação, armazenamento e transferência de água em sistemas de abastecimentos de água em redes urbanas, cujo objetivo é minimizar o custo de energia elétrica associado às operações de bombeamento. Para lidar com a natureza dinâmica e aleatória da demanda por água, foram propostos modelos de programação estocástica de dois estágios com recurso, em que a variável aleatória é representada por um conjunto finito de realizações ou cenários. Os modelos matemáticos desenvolvidos são extensões de modelos determinísticos da literatura e refletem a suposição básica de que é possível se incorrer em um custo fixo pelas atividades de liga/desliga das bombas hidráulicas. Para controlar as violações das restrições de demanda por água na presença de múltiplos cenários diferentes, considerou-se também uma técnica de robustez na tentativa de gerar soluções quase factíveis. Por último, mas não menos importante, adotou-se um critério de aversão ao risco denominado desvio médio absoluto para obter custos de segundo estágio menos dependentes das realizações dos cenários. Os cenários foram gerados de acordo com um procedimento baseado em simulação Monte-Carlo que pode utilizar qualquer distribuição de probabilidade para produzir as probabilidades empíricas das variáveis aleatórias. Como o problema de programação de bombas com custo fixo proposto é um programa inteiro misto 0−1 estocástico, desenvolve-se uma heurística híbrida eficiente para obter soluções de boa qualidade de instâncias práticas em um tempo computacional plausível. Os resultados evidenciam a estabilidade do método de geração de cenários, a sensibilidade da solução de acordo com parâmetros-chave do modelo matemático, e a eficiência da heurística na resolução de instâncias de grande porte. Finalmente, foi demonstrado que é possível poupar recursos pela resolução do modelo de programação estocástica, em vez de adotar abordagens mais simples baseadas no valor esperado.

Literature does not provide a satisfactory answer to maximum and minimum particle size or the particle size of the mortar phase especially for optimal porosity of concrete. To overcome the shortcomings of the design methods were thought to design a new method for design of concrete mix. This idea is based on a complex analysis of powder materials (determination of granular properties, shape factor of fillers, porosity, packing of powder materials, surface area, etc.) and subsequently to assess the influence to pore system of concrete and physical and mechanical properties in hardened state of concrete. In this work are presented and analyzed two types of fillers – fly ash and limestone dust.

The diploma thesis deals with the problems of sanitation installation in a multifunctional building in Kunstat. The theoretical part focuses on the analysis of the topic, with emphasis on the water demand. The experimental part focuses on drinking water consumption in real objects. The thesis also focuses on possible solutions given specialization. The project solves the sanitation installation of the multifunctional building in the selected variant. It is a multi-storey building where are a guesthouse for short-term accommodation, café, public toilets, commercial space and a fitness center.

MENVM / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Science / See the attached abstract below

MESHWR / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / Water scarcity has become a constraint for sustainable development in the higher education institutions in South Africa including University of Venda. Water infrastructure is one of the major challenges within higher education institutions, the existing water supply infrastructure is over 20 years old and was not planned for the current population. This study aimed at developing a water management plan for higher education institutions in South Africa using the University of Venda as a case study. A water resource management plan provides a road map for reducing water consumption while encouraging sustainable water utilisation. Evaluation was done within the institution to identify water sources, water resources infrastructure and water utilisation. The study employed questionnaire survey to collect data on water consumption, to evaluate issues of the institutional participation in resolving the water problems within the institution and deduce water wastage. Water supply data was obtained from meter readings and water invoices obtained from Vhembe District Municipality and University of Venda. The latter were used to determine water consumption within the institution. Based on the sample size, the results indicated the estimated amount of water consumed daily by UNIVEN population is 66 341.9 l/d excluding water utilised at the cafeteria, car wash and auditorium. The average water supplied to UNIVEN in 2017 was 67 642. 25 mega litres/month, this indicates that more water is supplied to the institution since the estimated institutional water demand excluding illegal students in the residence halls ranged between 415 740 l/d and 597 620 l/d of water while the estimated institutional water demand including illegal students varied between 282 2610 l/d and 406 6580 l/d. The latter further indicates that there is water wastage within the institution because the water supplied monthly to the institution was in mega litres as indicated in the invoices, but the results indicated that the amount of water utilised daily within the institution was in litres, this clearly shows that the respondents under estimated the amount of water they utilise. The average amount of water used by students residing on campus was 271 l/p/d to 735.5 l/p/d while day scholars and university staff use 55 l/p/d to 142.5 l/p/d. The average amount of water used for cleaning ranged between 1 318.5 l/d to 3 909 l/d while gardening usage ranged between 4600 l/d and 8 600 l/d. The School of Agriculture experimental farm uses 9 270.4 l/d and the university laundry was found to utilise 5 186 l/d. The university laboratories were found to utilise 125 l/d to 215 l/d per practical session with 3 to 4 practical sessions conducted per week. The study found that the total water used by construction workers for domestic purposes iv is 800 l/d. The utilisation trends showed that during the dry seasons, the university population generally used about twice as much water as compared to wet season because municipal water was supplemented by rain water for watering plants and washing the pavement. The survey results indicated that students residing in the university residences waste more water by allowing the tap to run while brushing teeth, washing dishes, excessive use of water to rinse clothes while doing laundry, opening showers and leaving the water running while waiting for a desired water temperature. Activities such as watering flowers and lawn in an unmonitored manner and pavement washing in which the hose pipe runs for several hours during watering and pavement washing result in water wastage. The university does not have an environmental or water education projects that encourage students and staff to use water efficiently. Water conservation measures are lacking in the institution because there are no policies and procedures that outline how water should be utilised. The developed water management plan for University of Venda outline the current water consumption, targets for reduction, drivers for reducing water consumption and water reduction strategies. This study recommends that the University targets to reduce potable water usage by 12% in the next 5 years. The latter has been highlighted in the proposed water management plan. The proposed plan further presents a suite of strategies to reduce water usage, improve institution water resources data and to plan for the future. Water utilisation within the institution has not been efficient due to water not being utilised in a sustainable manner. Sub-metering of each building, water awareness campaign, introduction of water utilisation policies, routine inspection and maintenance of infrastructure and appointing an environmental coordinator or working with water experts in the School of Environmental Sciences will help reduce water consumption within the institution. / NRF

Diese Arbeit ist die erste systematische Analyse des globalen Bewässerungsbedarfs für die Bioenergieproduktion des 21. Jahrhundert. In der aktuellen Literatur finden sich diesbezüglich Prognosen von 128,4–9000 km3 yr−1. Die Zahlen hängen stark von den gewählten Parametern und Annahmen sowie den angewandten Methoden und Modellen ab. In systematischen Simulationen für die wichtigsten Parameter mit dem globalen Vegetationsmodell LPJmL, ergeben sich zwei mögliche Pfade um die Erwärmung auf 1.5°C zu begrenzen. Entweder müssten hocheffiziente Bioenergiesysteme entwickelt werden oder es müsste eine unbegrenzte Plantagenfläche bewässert werden dürfen, ohne dabei den Wasserbedarf der Ökosysteme zu berücksichtigen. Letzteres führt zu einem Interessenkonflikt, bei dem die Biomasseproduktion zur Klimarettung auf der einen Seite und der Schutz von Ökosystemen auf der anderen Seite stehen. Ein weiteres Dilemma wird sichtbar, wenn man den Wasserstress, der sich aus der zusätzlichen Bewässerung ergäbe, mit dem in einer durch ungebremsten Klimawandel um 3°C erwärmten Welt ohne Bioenergie vergleicht: In beiden Szenarien könnte (im Vergleich zu heute) der Wasserstress bis zum Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts stark steigen. Tatsächlich ergäbe sich im Bioenergie-Szenario aber sogar potenziell mehr Wasserstress als im Klimawandel-Szenario. Nachhaltiges Wassermanagement als Kombination aus Wasserentnahmebeschränkungen gemäß den Anforderungen von Flussökosystemen und verbessertem Wassermanagement auf agrarischen Nutzflächen hätte das Potenzial, diesen zusätzlichen Wasserstress zu begrenzen, wäre jedoch auf globaler Ebene schwierig zu etablieren. Diese Arbeit bestätigt, dass Bioenergieplantagen neben den Negativemissionen, die sie liefern sollen, auch zu unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen in anderen Dimensionen des Erdsystems führen könnten. / This thesis provides a first systematic assessment of 21st century global irrigation water demands for bioenergy production, for which the current body of literature projects a range of 128.4–9000 km3 yr−1. The numbers strongly depend on the parameters and assumptions chosen as well as methodologies and models applied. Systematic simulations for the identified key parameters in the dynamic global vegetation model LPJmL yield that even with optimal bioenergy plantation locations, 1.5°C can only be reached in scenarios with highly efficient bioenergy systems or strong irrigation expansion without withdrawal limitations. As a result of the large irrigation requirements, a conflict of interest arises between producing sufficient biomass and protecting environmental flows. A further dilemma is delineated by a comparison of the water stress resulting from the additional irrigation needed to limit climate change and the water stress in a 3°C warmer world without bioenergy. In both scenarios, the global area and the number of people experiencing water stress would increase severely by the end of the 21st century. The bioenergy scenario shows even higher water stress than the case of unmitigated climate change. Sustainable water management, as a combination of water withdrawal restrictions according to environmental flow requirements and improved on-field water management, has the potential to limit this additional water stress. But it would be a challenge to establish such strategies on a global scale. This work confirms that in order to provide large amounts of negative emissions, BECCS might lead to undesired deterioration of our environment and impacts for humanity. It further highlights the dilemma of rising water stress regardless whether climate change or climate change mitigation via irrigated bioenergy become a reality.

This research focused on evaluating and comparing the perceptions, water-use behaviour, water conservation awareness and overall water stewardship of participants residing in Hammanskraal and Atteridgeville who have experienced intermittent water supply in their domestic households – due to either water contamination incidents caused by dilapidated infrastructure or water restrictions implemented by the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality during the 2016–2017 drought in the Gauteng Province. The research concluded that the municipality needs to implement proactive water conservation awareness initiatives on an ongoing basis to reduce high water demands and to create a culture of water stewardship, especially in Atteridgeville. Transparent communication is also required from the municipality to instil the necessary trust among the public. It is recommended that the municipality attends to water leaks and ongoing complaints from the public timeously to reduce the current apathy from the public against reporting water-related issues and to ultimately ensure compliance to water restrictions. / Hierdie navorsing fokus op die evaluering en vergelyking van deelnemers wat in Hammanskraal en Atteridgeville woon se persepsies, waterverbruiksgedrag, waterbewaringsbewustheid en algehele waterrentmeesterskap, wat onderbroke watervoorsiening in hulle huishoudings ervaar het – as gevolg van waterbesoedelingsvoorvalle wat deur vervalle infrastruktuur veroorsaak is en waterbeperkings wat deur die Stad Tshwane Metropolitaanse Munisipaliteit gedurende die 2016 tot 2017-droogte in Gauteng ingestel is. Die navorsing het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die munisipaliteit proaktiewe waterbewaringsbewustheidsinisiatiewe op ’n deurlopende grondslag moet implementeer om hoë wateraanvraag te verminder en ’n kultuur van waterrentmeesterskap, veral in Atteridgeville, te skep. Deursigtige kommunikasie word ook van die munisipaliteit vereis om die nodige vertroue by die publiek te kweek. Daar word aanbeveel dat die munisipaliteit betyds aandag aan waterlekkasies en deurlopende klagtes van die publiek sal gee om die huidige onverskilligheid van die publiek by die aanmeld van waterverwante aangeleenthede te verminder en om uiteindelik te verseker dat die publiek die waterbeperkings eerbiedig. / Patlisiso ena e ne e tsepame hodima ho lekola le ho bapisa maikutlo, boitshwaro ba tshebediso ya metsi, tsebo ka poloko ya metsi le tlhokomelo e akaretsang ya metsi ke bankakarolo ba dulang Hammanskraal le Atteridgeville ba bileng le phepelo ya metsi e kgaohang malapeng a bona – e ka ba ka lebaka la diketsahalo tsa tshilafatso ya metsi e bakilweng ke dipeipi tse senyehileng kapa ho kgaolwa ha metsi ho kentsweng tshebetsong ke Masepala wa Motsemoholo wa Metropolitan wa Tshwane nakong ya komello ya 2016–2017 porofenseng ya Gauteng. Patlisiso e fumane hore masepala o hloka ho kenya tshebetsong matsholo a ho atisa tsebo ka poloko ya metsi ka mokgwa o tswellang e le ho fokotsa tlhokeho e phahameng ya metsi le ho theha ditlwaelo tsa tlhokomelo ya metsi, haholo ho la Atteridgeville. Ho boetse ho hlokeha puisano e hlakileng e nang le ponaletso ho tswa ho masepala e le hore setjhaba se be le tshepo ho ona. Ho kgothaletswa hore masepala a sebetsane le diketsahalo tsa ho dutla ha metsi le ditletlebo tse tswellang tse tswang ho setjhaba ka potlako e le ho fokotsa maikutlo a ho tsotelle a tswang ho setjhaba mabapi le ho tlaleha mathata a amanang le metsi le ho netefatsa hore batho ba latela melawana ya phokotso ya metsi. / Geography / M. Sc. (Geography)