Magister Scientiae (Integrated Water Resource Management) / The questions posed in this study address the different processes that were involved in the decision-making and establishment of the water management organisations, the extent of public participation, as well as features of evident governance in implementing the policies. A critical analysis of the role of stakeholders and the various influences they may have in water management will also be examined. The methodology follows a historical study approach. A thorough document review will be done of the policies and related materials around BMCs, where events will be constructed from the findings. Interviews will be conducted for verification purposes, to verify the desktop findings and to assimilate any conflicts of opinion that might have not been documented. / South Africa

A partir da década de 1970, os impactos da sociedade de consumo industrial sobre o meio ambiente tornaram-se amplamente reconhecidos e debatidos em diversos setores da sociedade, inserindo-se nas agendas de lideranças mundiais. Central para o debate sobre meio ambiente e crescimento econômico tem sido o papel das empresas que, tendo sido historicamente parte do problema, passaram a incluir o meio ambiente em suas atividades e na gestão de seus negócios. Grandes acidentes envolvendo usinas nucleares e contaminações e outros de menor porte aumentaram a percepção pública quanto aos riscos decorrentes de um processo de produção predatório que ignora os limites da natureza. O objetivo do trabalho é discutir as estratégias de internalização da gestão ambiental à estrutura da empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos, com enfoque na gestão hídrica da empresa. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia baseada em análise documental e em um estudo de caso na empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada em materiais obtidos na CETESB, na sede da Empresa Suzano e na Associação Brasileira de Papel e Celulose (ABTCPBRACELPA), além de teses e dissertações. Os dados para análise foram levantados em revistas setoriais com foco em gestão ambiental e em papel e celulose e nos relatórios de Sustentabilidade da empresa Suzano dos últimos 10 anos. Nesta etapa buscou-se avançar na compreensão das alternativas tecnológicas do setor de papel e celulose com foco na gestão da água, conhecer os participantes no mercado de papel e celulose e suas iniciativas voltadas ao tema da sustentabilidade. Foram ainda realizadas visitas à fábrica e à sede da empresa Suzano, com realização de entrevistas com a gerência de meio ambiente e qualidade. Os resultados alcançados revelam que três fatores têm sido determinantes para as mudanças na gestão hídrica na empresa, a saber: a legislação, que estabelece padrões de emissão de efluentes hídricos em corpos dágua; a pressão da opinião pública, notadamente a partir de meados da década de 1980 com relação à presença de compostos organoclorados (dioxinas) em efluentes de papel e celulose; e as exigências dos mercados importadores, como, por exemplo, quanto à certificação ambiental dos processos produtivos. Os resultados dessa pesquisa indicam que a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose nos últimos 30 anos passou de uma estratégia passiva com relação ao meio ambiente para uma estratégia proativa incorporando as exigências ambientais da legislação e de seus mercados no exterior. Conclui-se, portanto, que o meio ambiente tornou-se elemento-chave de competitividade e permanência no mercado para a empresa Suzano de Papel e Celulose. / Since the 1970s, the impacts of the industrial production on the environment have become highly recognized and debated by ample sectors of society and taken over the agendas of leaders all over the world. Central to the debate between environmental protection and economic growth has been the role played by the business sector in the search for solutions to the environmental crisis by internalizing environmental demands. The aim of this paper is to discuss the strategies adopted by the Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose when interiorizing environmental concerns. Emphasis will be given to the industrial management of water resources in the last 30 years. To this effect, a case study method has been adopted. The bibliographic research was carried out through the use of materials, obtained at The State of São Paulo Environmental Agency), at ABTCP-BRACELPA (The Brazilian official Pulp and Paper Organization), and other studies on the pulp and paper sector. The data used in the analysis in environmental management magazines focused on the pulp and paper sector and the companys annual sustainability reports of the last 10 years. The aim was to acquire deeper understanding of the pulp and paper sector technological alternatives for cleaner production. In addition, interviews with the company´s Environment and Quality manager of the Suzano plant were also carried out. The results suggest that the company´s water management strategies have been determined by three key factors: the regulation, which sets the standards for effluent discharges; the pressure of public opinion, in the mid 1980s, particularly public demands for the elimination of the use of chlorine compounds (the dioxins); and the environmental demands of external markets such as those related to the environmental certification of production processes. The results reveal that, in the last 30 years, Companhia Suzano de Papel e Celulose has shifted from a passive strategy towards its environmental impacts to a proactive by interiorizing both the demands of the regulation and the demands of its overseas markets. In conclusion, the environment has become a key element both for the companys competitiveness and survival.

Recente aprovação da Lei 11.445/2007, que estabelece as diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico e para a política federal de saneamento básico representa um avanço para o estabelecimento de um marco regulatório no saneamento no Brasil (SNSA, 2009), considerando o passivo do setor no país. Dentre outros instrumentos, tal lei prevê a elaboração de planos municipais de saneamento, que devem ser elaborados e editados pelo titular do serviço, compatíveis com os planos de bacia hidrográfica no qual está inserido e garantir o controle social na gestão dos serviços de saneamento em consonância com os princípios da lei: universalização do acesso, integralidade e intersetorialidade das ações e participação social. Neste sentido, objetivou-se identificar e avaliar a integração entre as políticas de Saneamento e de Recursos Hídricos na bacia hidrográfica dos rios Sorocaba e Médio Tietê e sua contribuição para a governança da água. O foco da pesquisa foi a gestão integrada do saneamento ambiental e dos recursos hídricos, na qual são de particular importância os processos institucionais qualificados pelo termo governança da água e seus princípios: descentralização, participação, integração e equidade. Foi contextualizado o quadro institucional e os atores envolvidos no processo de gestão em saneamento e recursos hídricos; feito um diagnóstico legal e normativo e de saneamento e recursos hídricos na localidade; e o levantamento dos instrumentos de gestão dos setores recursos hídricos e saneamento; e atores-chave foram entrevistados. Foram analisados os componentes integração e controle social nos planos de bacia e de saneamento; e discutido o alcance desses aspectos para a governança da água. Concluiu-se que o Comitê de Bacia desempenhou um papel central na promoção da integração entre as políticas de saneamento e de recursos hídricos; e que o controle social e a participação contribuem para a integração entre setores relacionados aos recursos hídricos e saneamento. / The Law 11.445/2007 for sanitation sector was approved recently in Brazil, which establishes national guidelines for sanitation and federal policy sanitation. This represents a step towards in establishing a regulatory framework for sanitation in Brazil (SNSA, 2009). The Law 11.445/2007 places itself as an instrument of the elaboration of Sanitation Municipal Plans. These Plans must be elaborated by the service´s titular; consistent with the Watershed Plans; and guarantied social control in sanitation services management; in consonance with Law´s principles: universalization of access, integrality and intersectoral aspect of actions and social participation. In this sense, this study aimed to identify and evaluate integration between Sanitation and Water Resources policies in Sorocaba and Médio Tietê catchment; and its contribution to water governance. This research focused on sanitation and water resources integrated management in which is particularly important institutional processes qualified by water governance term and its principles: decentralization, participation, integration and equity. The methodological steps were: contextualization of institutional frame and social actors involved on this process; diagnostic of legal and normative aspects of sanitation and water resources of locality; research of management instruments of the studies sectors; and interview of key-actors. Integration and Social Control were analyzed on Sanitation Municipal Plans; and discussed range of integration of these aspects to water governance. This study concludes that the River Basin Commission played an important role to promote integration between water resources and water and sanitation policies; and social control and public also contributes to integration of sectors related to water resources.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-11-16T22:35:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Jackeline Lisboa Ara?jo Santos.pdf: 3046273 bytes, checksum: 4c256298c13f761057f70882ab177485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-16T22:35:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Jackeline Lisboa Ara?jo Santos.pdf: 3046273 bytes, checksum: 4c256298c13f761057f70882ab177485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-05 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia - FAPEB / The articulation of semiarid (ASA) through P1MC (Training and Social Mobilization Program for living with semiarid: One million rural cisterns), enables families who live in rural areas have access to the cistern plates, a technology that aims to collect rainwater and store it for human consumption. Along with this action, the program has the development of the training course in Water Resources Management (GRH) as a form of social mobilization. The aim of this study was to construct, with the participation of subjects involved in the construction of cistern program, a matrix of indicators for evaluating environmental education programs applied in water resources management. This research has a qualitative approach and its object of study was the P1MC, performed by unit MOC (Movement of Community Organization) located in Serrinha municipality, Bahia state. The research subjects were twenty representatives of families benefiting with the cistern, two multipliers technicians and two GRH course instructors. Data collection had two stages: the first stage consisted on the primary indicators matrix construction, based on interviewssemistructured, documentary research and observation GRH courses. The second stage consisted on matrix finalization and validation, accomplished through focus group, composed of participating subjects: two members of the Water Resources Commission of the municipality, two multipliers technicians, an instructor, a community health worker and a community representative. The constructed matrix of indicators is based on seven dimensions (social, political, educational, cultural, environmental and public health, economic, spatial organization of dialogue) and sixteen indicators with guiding questions, descriptors and means of verification. It is expected that the use of indicators matrix for evaluating environmental education programs can contribute as an instrument that introduces functionality and can be easily applied in the evaluation and monitoring of Environmental Education courses in the construction of cisterns programs. / A articula??o do Semi?rido (ASA), atrav?s do P1MC (Programa de Forma??o e Mobiliza??o Social para conviv?ncia com o Semi?rido: Um milh?o de cisternas rurais), possibilita que fam?lias que moram em ?reas rurais tenham acesso ? cisterna de placas, uma tecnologia que visa recolher a ?gua da chuva e armazen?-la para consumo humano. Junto a esta a??o, o programa tem como forma de mobiliza??o social o desenvolvimento do curso de capacita??o em Gerenciamento de Recursos H?dricos (GRH). O objetivo deste estudo foi construir, com a participa??o de sujeitos envolvidos no programa de constru??o de cisterna, uma matriz de indicadores para avalia??o de programas de educa??o ambiental aplicados na gest?o de recursos h?dricos. Esta pesquisa possuiu abordagem qualitativa e teve como objeto de estudo o P1MC executado pela unidade do MOC (movimento de organiza??o comunit?ria) localizado no munic?pio de Serrinha- Bahia. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram vinte representantes de fam?lias beneficiadas com a cisterna, dois multiplicadores t?cnicos e dois instrutores do curso de GRH. A coleta de dados teve dois momentos: o primeiro momento consistiu na constru??o da matriz de indicadores preliminar, a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas, pesquisa documental e observa??o de cursos de GRH. O segundo momento consistiu na finaliza??o e valida??o da matriz, realizado por meio de grupo focal, tendo como sujeitos participantes: dois membros da Comiss?o de Recursos H?dricos do munic?pio, dois multiplicadores t?cnicos, uma instrutora, uma agente comunit?ria de sa?de e um representante das comunidades. A matriz de indicadores constru?da est? fundamentada em sete dimens?es (social, pol?tica, educacional, cultural, ambiental e sa?de p?blica, econ?mica e organiza??o do espa?o de di?logo) e dezesseis indicadores com perguntas norteadoras, descritores e meios de verifica??o. Espera-se que a utiliza??o de matriz de indicadores para avalia??o de programas de educa??o ambiental possa contribuir como um instrumento que apresenta funcionalidade e facilidade de aplica??oem avalia??o e acompanhamento de cursos de Educa??o Ambiental nos programas de constru??o de cisternas.

Recent prolonged droughts make the urgent need to revise the criteria for water use permits in Brazil, especially in basins under conflicts for water use. Mechanisms for water risks transfer are an important adaptation tool. However, in Brazil, there is no established methodology that adapts this technique to assist the water use permit instrument. Moreover, there is no water risk insurance methodology with uncertainty analysis that complements its effectiveness in reducing losses from extreme events. Hydrologic modelling is the basis for development of these tools, which carries uncertainties that must be considered in decision-making. The objectives of this project were: i) coupling climatic, hydrologic and water insurance models to evaluate the use permit decision-making; ii) analyse sensitivity of performance indicators of a water risk insurance model through the application of different hydrologic models driven by climate change projections. The methodology was applied in donor basins of the Cantareira Water Supply System, which supplies water to an important metropolitan region that showed itself vulnerable to hydrologic extremes in the last years. The MHD-INPE and SWAT hydrologic models were applied, driven by the Eta- HadGEM2-ES climate model projections to characterize the future hydrologic regime in the region and also to compare the structure, performances and gaps of the models. Structural differences are most likely the greater responsible for the results differences, though no result could be identified as \"more certain\". With the hydrologic models outputs fitted the the Gumbel extreme values distribution, a proposed insurance fund simulator, MTRH-SHS, was run with 100 equiprobable scenarios of 50-year annual low-flow events to calculated an optimized premium capable of paying all indeminities of hydrologic drought. Besides the future hydrologic regimes, water demand scenarios were also tested. The optimized premiums were compared to the local GDP to assess the apparent affordability of the insurance, with some premium representing up to 0.54% of local GDP, but in the water resources management framework, the decision should be made collectively by several actors within the basin's committee. / Recentes estiagens fazem reconsiderar a necessidade de aperfeiçoar critérios de outorga de água no Brasil, especialmente em bacias com conflitos pelo uso da água. Seguros (transferência de risco) são importante ferramenta de adaptação. Contudo, no Brasil ainda não há metodologia consolidada que adapte esta técnica para auxiliar o instrumento de outorga de recursos hídricos. Ainda, não há metodologia de seguros hídricos com análise de incertezas, complementando sua efetividade ao reduzir os prejuízos advindos de eventos extremos. Modelos hidrológicos são a base de desenvolvimento destas ferramentas e carregam incertezas que devem ser integralizadas nos processos de decisão. Os objetivos deste projeto foram: i) acoplar modelos: climático, hidrológico e de seguros hídricos para a avaliação do processo de decisão de outorga; ii) realizar análise de sensibilidade dos indicadores de desempenho de modelo de seguros hídricos com diferentes modelos hidrológicos sob cenários de mudanças do clima. A metodologia foi aplicada nas bacias doadoras do Sistema Cantareira, que abastece importante região metropolitana e mostrou-se vulnerável a extremos hidrológicos nos últimos anos. Os modelos hidrológicos MHD-INPE e SWAT foram aplicados, forçados pelas projeções climáticas do modelo Eta-HadGEM2-ES a fim de caracterizar o regime hidrológico future na região, assim como comparar a estrutura, diferenças e performances dos modelos hidrológicos. As diferenças estruturais são provavelmente as maiores responsáveis pela diferença nos resultados, embora não seja possível apontar um modelo "melhor" que o outro. As saídas dos modelos foram ajustadas na distribuição de Gumbel e utilizada no modelo proposto de simulação de fundo de seguros, MTRH-SHS, rodado com 100 séries equiprováveis de 50 anos de eventos mínimos anuais. A cada série um prêmio otimizado é calculado para cobrir todas as indenizações de seca hidrológica. Além das projeções hidrológicas, cenários de demanda foram testados. Os prêmios otimizados foram comparados com o PIB local para demonstrar a viabilidade em implementar o seguro. Os valores representam até 0.54% do PIB local em um dos casos, mas na gestão de recursos hídricos, a decisão final pela implementação deve ser feita no âmbito do comitê de bacias por múltiplos atores.

abstract: Understanding how microorganisms adapt and respond to the microgravity environment of spaceflight is important for the function and integrity of onboard life support systems, astronaut health and mission success. Microbial contamination of spacecraft Environmental Life Support Systems (ECLSS), including the potable water system, are well documented and have caused major disruption to spaceflight missions. The potable water system on the International Space Station (ISS) uses recycled wastewater purified by multiple processes so it is safe for astronaut consumption and personal hygiene. However, despite stringent antimicrobial treatments, multiple bacterial species and biofilms have been recovered from this potable water system. This finding raises concern for crew health risks, vehicle operations and ECLSS system integrity during exploration missions. These concerns are further heightened given that 1) potential pathogens have been isolated from the ISS potable water system, 2) the immune response of astronauts is blunted during spaceflight, 3) spaceflight induces unexpected alterations in microbial responses, including growth and biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, stress responses, and virulence, and 4) different microbial phenotypes are often observed between reductionistic pure cultures as compared to more complex multispecies co-cultures, the latter of which are more representative of natural environmental conditions. To advance the understanding of the impact of microgravity on microbial responses that could negatively impact spacecraft ECLSS systems and crew health, this study characterized a range of phenotypic profiles in both pure and co-cultures of bacterial isolates collected from the ISS potable water system between 2009 and 2014. Microbial responses profiled included population dynamics, resistance to silver, biofilm formation, and in vitro colonization of intestinal epithelial cells. Growth characteristics and antibiotic sensitivities for bacterial strains were evaluated to develop selective and/or differential media that allow for isolation of a pure culture from co-cultures, which was critical for the success of this study. Bacterial co-culture experiments were performed using dynamic Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactors under spaceflight analogue (Low Shear Modeled Microgravity/LSMMG) and control conditions. These experiments indicated changes in fluid shear have minimal impact on strain recovery. The antimicrobial efficacy of silver on both sessile co-cultures, grown on 316L stainless steel coupons, and planktonic co-cultures showed that silver did not uniformly reduce the recovery of all strains; however, it had a stronger antimicrobial effect on biofilm cultures than planktonic cultures. The impact of silver on the ability of RWV cultured planktonic and biofilm bacterial co-cultures to colonize human intestinal epithelial cells showed that, those strains which were impacted by silver treatment, often increased adherence to the monolayer. Results from these studies provide insight into the dynamics of polymicrobial community interactions, biofilm formation and survival mechanisms of ISS potable water isolates, with potential application for future design of ECLSS systems for sustainable human space exploration. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Molecular and Cellular Biology 2019

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is viewed by policy makers and practitioners as facilitating the achievement of a balance between water resources use and protection, and the resolution of water-related conflicts. The IWRM approach has found particular use in the new water policies of Southern African countries such as Zimbabwe, where water scarcity, after the land question, is perceived to be a major threat to political, economic, social, military and environmental security. Ultimately, IWRM is seen as providing a framework towards ensuring broader security at the local, national, regional and global levels. However, the pilot phase implementation of the new water policy in the various regional countries has revealed that although the legal and institutional frameworks have been put in place, the implementation of the IWRM approach has tended to be problematic (Latham, 2001; GTZ, 2000; Leestemaker, 2000; Savenige & van der Zaag, 2000; Sithole, 2000). This study adopts a case study approach and empirically examines the institutional challenges of implementing the IWRM approach in the post-pilot phase of Zimbabwe's new water policy. The focus is mainly on the institutional arrangements surrounding the Pungwe-Mutare Water Supply Project located within the Save Catchment Area in Eastern Zimbabwe. The major finding of the study is that, while there are some problems associated with the traditional management approach, there have also emerged new challenges to IWRM. These mainly relate to the transaction costs of the water sector reforms, institutional resilience, stakeholder participation, and the achievement of the desired outcomes. There have also been problems emanating from unexpected political developments at the local and national levels, particularly with regard to the government's "fast track" land resettlement programme. The study also raises some questions concerning the ideological bases of IWRM and the conceptualization of the institutional problem.

Der demografische Wandel in Sachsen stellt Unternehmen der Siedlungsentwässerung vor neue Herausforderungen und innovative Lösungsansätze. Eine Abnahme der Siedlungsdichte infolge rückgängiger Bevölkerungszahlen bringt neue Anforderungen an das Ver- und Entsorgungsnetz für Wasser mit sich. In den nächsten Jahren werden sich im Bereich der Siedlungsentwässerung des Freistaates aufgrund der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie, nach der bis 2015 alle sächsischen Grundstücke an eine Abwasserentsorgungsanlage angeschlossen werden müssen, weitreichende Veränderungen ereignen. Die Lebensdauer verschiedener Bestandteile des Abwassersystems variiert zwischen wenigen Jahren und mehreren Jahrzehnten. Neben hohen Investitionskosten fallen daher bei einem Teil der Anlagen auch signifikante Kosten für Betrieb, Wartung, Sanierung und Deinstallation an. Daher ist es sinnvoll in der Projektplanung einer solchen Anlage nicht nur die Kosten der reinen Anschaffung zu betrachten, sondern die Kosten des gesamten Lebenszyklus in die Berechnung zu integrieren. In dieser Arbeit soll die Methodik der Lebenszykluskostenrechnung in der Siedlungsentwässerung angewendet werden. Im Rahmen des vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, dem Freistaat Sachsen und der Emschergenossenschaft finanzierten Projektes Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Siedlungsentwässerung sind weitere Veröffentlichungen mit den Schwerpunktthemen Szenarioanalyse (Teil 1) und Ökologische Bewertung (Teil 3) in der Schriftenreihe „Dresdner Beiträge zur Lehre der Betrieblichen Umweltökonomie“ erhältlich.

Management of water bodies according to their river basinsis becoming increasingly common, as the concept of IntegratedWater Resources Management (IWRM) is getting more and moreacknowl-edged. In Europe, a large portion of these“new”management units will probably be internationalor transboundary. Decisions and policies consideringtransboundary water issues need to be based on reliable andcomprehendible information. In this thesis, a review of variousexisting models that may be used for understanding the role anduse of information in (transboundary) water management ispresented. Further, the thesis reports on an assessment of theinformation management of three transboundary water regimes inEurope, namely the international water commissions for LakeNeusiedl, Lake Constance and Elbe River. Besides examining theinformation management of the regimes as such, the managementwas also related to information needs implied by the IWRMcon-cept and by the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Thereviewed models and approaches were grouped into threecategories: information management models, information cyclemodels and communication between actors. The first categorycomprised models that may be used for managing and assessingdifferent types of information. The second group dealt withmodels explaining the production and communication ofinformation predominately from an information producer/senderperspective. The third group focused on ideas concerninginteractions and communication of information between differentkinds of actors. The studies on information management intransboundary water regimes showed that the information needsand strategies often were defined primarily with watercommissions’own needs in mind. The data collected by thecommissions were predominated by monitoring data, describingthe status of the environment and the impact caused by humanactivities. Furthermore, any communication of information toother groups of actors was mainly done through passivechannels. The information management in these transboundarywater regimes was not fully in accordance with informationneeds implied by the IWRM concept and the EU WFD. <b>Keywords:</b>Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM);transboundary water management; information; EU Water FrameworkDirective (WFD); regimes; policy and decision making; LakeNeusiedl; Lake Constance; Elbe River. / NR 20140805

Water represents a natural resource that is essential for humanity and the environment. Therefore, the framework of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) seeks to combine social equity, ecological sustainability and economic efficiency for effective management of this critical resource. As the private sector is a major water user it represents an important stakeholder in sustainable water resources management. However, a quarter of countries reported a low level of private sector engagement in IWRM in the last SDG indicator 6.5.1 survey. Therefore, this thesis identifies obstacles to private sector engagement in IWRM and proposes interventions to improve the involvement of the private sector in water resources management. For this, it applies models for participatory approaches to the topic of private sector engagement. As water stewardship represents another approach for the private sector to get involved in sustainable water resources management, this concept is analysed as a possible alternative or complement to private sector engagement in IWRM. The first six expert interviews provided insight into general perspectives of the topic and then two case studies in Kenya (three interviews) and Viet Nam (five interviews) were used to understand private sector engagement in a country context. These case studies are further supported by secondary data from the SDG indicator 6.5.1 survey which analysed the degree of private sector engagement in IWRM across 171 countries. The research results suggest that topics of financing, innovation, the private sector’s convening power, its role as a major water user and its influence across the whole value chain represent opportunities of private sector engagement in IWRM, similar to the general benefits of participatory approaches. Furthermore, this research identifies several obstacles of which a lack of capacity, the complexity of the concept of IWRM, the complexity of government structures, data and information sharing, and a missing business case were considered the most important. For these topics, the thesis suggests several enabling factors that would improve private sector engagement. In the discussion, the relationship between IWRM and water stewardship is further explored as these two concepts can complement each other to provide new opportunities for private sector engagement. The research concludes that there is a need to redefine the concept of IWRM or to consider new approaches for sustainable water resources management to engage the private sector successfully.