Gelfill (GF) is made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (Fillset, sodium silicate gel). The components of GF are combined and mixed on the surface and transported (by gravity and/or pumping) to the underground mine workings, where the GF can be used for both underground mine support and tailings storage. Thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) properties are important performance criteria of GF. The understanding of these engineering properties and their evolution with time are still limited due to the fact that GF is a new cemented backfill material. In this thesis, the evolution of the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and microstructural properties of small GF samples are determined. Various binder contents of Portland cement type I (PCI) are used. The GF is cured for 3, 7, 28, 90, and 120 days. It is found that the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical properties are time-dependent or affected by the degree of binder hydration index. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the compressive strength and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the GF samples. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF samples have also been investigated. The outcomes show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is influenced by the degree of binder hydration index and binder content, especially at low suction ranges. Simple functions are proposed to predict the evolution of air-entry values (AEVs), residual water content, and fitting parameters from the van Genuchten model with the degree of hydration index (α). Furthermore, two columns are built to simulate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of GF under drained and undrained conditions. The obtained results from the GF columns are compared with the small samples. It is observed that the mechanical properties, hydraulic properties (suction and water content), and temperature development are strongly coupled. The magnitude of these THM coupling factors is affected by the size of the GF. The findings also show that the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the GF columns are different from samples cured in plastic moulds.

An extensive amount of natural gas trapped in the subsurface is found as methane hydrate. A fundamental understanding of natural hydrate-bearing sediments is required to engineer production strategies and to assess the risks hydrates pose to global climate change and large-scale seafloor destabilization. This thesis reports fundamental studies on hydrate nucleation, morphology and the evolution of unsaturation during dissociation, followed by additional studies on sampling and pressure core testing. Hydrate nucleation is favored on mineral surfaces and it is often triggered by mechanical vibration. Continued hydrate crystal growth within sediments is governed by capillary and skeletal forces; hence, the characteristic particle size d10 and the sediment burial depth determine hydrate morphologies in natural sediments. In aged hydrate-bearing sand, Ostwald ripening leads to patchy hydrate formation; the stiffness approaches to the lower bound at low hydrate saturation and the upper bound at high hydrate saturation. Hydrate saturation and pore habit alter the pore size variability and interconnectivity, and change the water retention curve in hydrate-bearing sediments. The physical properties of hydrate-bearing sediments are determined by the state of stress, porosity, and hydrate saturation. Furthermore, hydrate stability requires sampling, handling, and testing under in situ pressure, temperature, and stress conditions. Therefore, the laboratory characterization of natural hydrate-bearing sediments faces inherent sampling disturbances caused by changes in stress and strain as well as transient pressure and temperature changes that affect hydrate stability. While pressure core technology offers unprecedented opportunities for the study of hydrate-bearing sediments, careful data interpretation must recognize its inherent limitations.

Gelfill (GF) is made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (Fillset, sodium silicate gel). The components of GF are combined and mixed on the surface and transported (by gravity and/or pumping) to the underground mine workings, where the GF can be used for both underground mine support and tailings storage. Thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) properties are important performance criteria of GF. The understanding of these engineering properties and their evolution with time are still limited due to the fact that GF is a new cemented backfill material. In this thesis, the evolution of the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and microstructural properties of small GF samples are determined. Various binder contents of Portland cement type I (PCI) are used. The GF is cured for 3, 7, 28, 90, and 120 days. It is found that the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical properties are time-dependent or affected by the degree of binder hydration index. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the compressive strength and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the GF samples. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF samples have also been investigated. The outcomes show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is influenced by the degree of binder hydration index and binder content, especially at low suction ranges. Simple functions are proposed to predict the evolution of air-entry values (AEVs), residual water content, and fitting parameters from the van Genuchten model with the degree of hydration index (α). Furthermore, two columns are built to simulate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of GF under drained and undrained conditions. The obtained results from the GF columns are compared with the small samples. It is observed that the mechanical properties, hydraulic properties (suction and water content), and temperature development are strongly coupled. The magnitude of these THM coupling factors is affected by the size of the GF. The findings also show that the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the GF columns are different from samples cured in plastic moulds.

Soil is an important ecosystem and at the same time filter and storage for water. With respect to flood and erosion prevention, it is important to improve water retention and infiltration rates in soils to reduce surface run-off. The aim of the study is to quantify the influence of biogenic macropores on infiltration. The effect of the cropping system and management practices on macropore density and infiltration rate was examined. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined by soil column experiments and field investigations using a hood infiltrometer and rainfall-simulation experiments. Macropores have a great effect on hydraulic conductivity. A large macropore-density results in high infiltration rates. This relationship is described with the skinfactor, applying the Erosion-2D model to adjust infiltration rates. Conservative agricultural management practices show positive effects on earthworm population and hence macropore density. The beneficial effects of no-tillage include less soil disturbance, greater quantities of crop-residues remaining on the soil surface and increased soil moisture.

[Truncated abstract] Self-filtration is here defined as particle detachment and re-deposition causing re-arrangement of the particles and therefore pore space which affects water flow in soil by decreasing hydraulic conductivity. This is of particular important in soils which are susceptible to structural breakdown. The objective of this thesis was to examine the dynamics of the self-filtration process in sodic sandy soils as affected by ionic strength and soil solution composition. The temporal changes of hydraulic conductivity and the elution of fine particles from soil columns were used as the main criteria to assess selffiltration. Two porous media exhibiting significantly different structural cohesion were examined, one a loamy sand (Balkuling soil) from agricultural land use and the second a mining residue from mineral sands operations . . . The effects of the composition of mixed calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) ions in solution (sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)) on the exchange behaviour and saturated hydraulic conductivity were examined by carrying out batch binary exchange and saturated column transport experiments. A strong preference for Ca2+ ions in the exchange complex was observed for both soils. Generally K/Ko was found to decrease with increasing sodium adsorption ratio with the more structured Balkuling soil maintaining K/Ko for SARs 3 and 5 at an electrolyte concentration of 100 mmol/L. However measurements at the critical threshold and turbidity concentrations at a SAR of 15 revealed structural breakdown of the pore matrix system attributed to various extents of slaking, swelling, dispersion and decreases of pore radii as a result of selffiltration during leaching. These experiments illustrate the wide range of complex interactions involving clay mineralogy, solution composition and structural factors which can influence the extent of mobilization, transport and re-deposition of colloidal particles during the leaching process in soil profiles.

Bibliography :leaves 158-171. A monitoring program, funded by the South Australian government (through the former MFP Development Corporation), was established to monitor the quality and quantity of storm water entering and leaving the wetland. This study formed part of the funded program. Simple regression models were developed; and will assist in the monitoring of performance of the wetland to alleviate the pollutant load into the Barker Inlet.

Submitted by Alexandre Soares (alexandredesoares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-08-25T13:43:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 r?bio_madureira_de_souza_carvalho.pdf: 979305 bytes, checksum: 83ec9442a31d4ad5d5a70aee8e74fba1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-09-08T18:51:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 r?bio_madureira_de_souza_carvalho.pdf: 979305 bytes, checksum: 83ec9442a31d4ad5d5a70aee8e74fba1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T18:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 r?bio_madureira_de_souza_carvalho.pdf: 979305 bytes, checksum: 83ec9442a31d4ad5d5a70aee8e74fba1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Caracter?sticas da carne de bovinos cruzados (Wagyu ? Red Angus) e matura??o da carne de Nelore. Orientador: Orientador: Orientador: Orientador: Orientador: Cleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade Boari Cleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade Boari Cleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade BoariCleube Andrade Boari . Disserta??o (Mestrado em Zootecnia). Esta disserta??o foi elaborada com o resultado de duas pesquisas. A primeira foi conduzida com o objetivo de avaliar as caracter?sticas de qualidade da carne de bovinos cruzados Wagyu ? Angus (Red). A segunda foi conduzida com o objetivo de verificar os efeitos da matura??o de maminha de alcatra de Nelore em diferentes temperaturas (0?C e 4?C) e tempos (0 = carne fresca com 24 horas, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias). Na primeira pesquisa foi analisada a carne dos m?sculos Longissimus thoracis, Semitendinosus e Triceps brachii obtidas do abate de machos castrados e de f?meas, aos 24 meses de idade. Na desossa foram mensurados no m?sculo Longissimus thoracis a espessura de gordura subcut?nea, cor da gordura (L*a*b*, C, H?), a ?rea de olho de lombo e escore para o grau de marmoriza??o. Foram analisados o pH final, a capacidade de reten??o de ?gua, a perda de peso por cozimento, a for?a de cisalhamento, cor (L*a*b*, C, H?) e os teores de umidade, massa seca, res?duo mineral fixo, prote?na e gordura. Por??es de carne do m?sculo Longissimus thoracis foram coletadas avaliar o efeito dos tempos de sete e 14 dias de matura??o no pH final, na capacidade de reten??o de ?gua, na perda de peso por cozimento, na for?a de cisalhamento, na cor da carne (L*a*b*, C, H?) e na cor da gordura (L*a*b*, C, H?). Para a carne de todos os m?sculos n?o houve efeito de sexo no pH final, na capacidade de reten??o de ?gua, na perda de peso por cozimento e no teor de prote?na. O Longissimus thoracis de f?meas recebeu os melhores escore para marmoreio, apresentou maior teor de gordura e menor for?a de cisalhamento e no Longissimus thoracis de machos apresentou maior ?rea de olho de lombo. A matura??o da carne do Longissimus thoracis proporcionou redu??o na for?a de cisalhamento e aumento do pH final. Na segunda pesquisa, por??es de carne (? 400 gramas) foram embaladas, a v?cuo, e estocadas em c?mara frigor?fica nas temperaturas (0?C e 4?C). Foram mantidas nestas temperaturas por 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias. Foram analisados o pH, capacidade de reten??o de ?gua, perda de peso por cozimento, for?a de cisalhamento, cor (L*, a*, b*, C, H?). N?o houve varia??o no pH em fun??o da temperatura utilizada. Entretanto, o pH aumentou com o decorrer do tempo de matura??o. Foi observada varia??o na luminosidade da carne em fun??o da temperatura, sendo menor a luminosidade na carne maturada a 0?C. O teor de vermelho desta carne aumentou linearmente em fun??o do tempo de matura??o e tamb?m foi influenciada pelas temperaturas de matura??o, sendo maior quando maturada a 0?C. A perda de peso por cozimento tamb?m apresentou aumento linear ao longo do tempo de matura??o. A capacidade de reten??o de ?gua e a for?a de cisalhamento apresentaram redu??o linear ao longo do tempo de matura??o. A matura??o por 28 dias ocasionou redu??o na for?a de cisalhamento da maminha de alcatra. Recomenda-se maturar a maminha de alcatra por 28 dias em temperatura de 4?C. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Zootecnia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2015. / Characteristics of meat from crossbred cattle (Wagyu ? Red Angus) and maturation Nelore meat. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari.Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Adviser: Cleube Andrade Boari. Dissertation Dissertation (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science (Master?s degree in Animal Science ). This paper was drawn up on the results of two surveys. The first was conducted in order to evaluate the quality characteristics of meat from crossbred cattle Wagyu ? Angus (Red). The second was conducted in order to verify the effects of maturation titty rump Nellore at different temperatures (0 ? C and 4 ? C) and time (0 = fresh meat with 24 hours, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days ). In the first study we analyzed the meat of Longissimus thoracis, Semitendinosus and Triceps brachii obtained from the slaughter of castrated males and females, at 24 months old. The bones were measured in the Longissimus thoracis muscle to fat thickness, color of fat (L * a * b *, C, H?), rib eye area and score to the degree of marbling. The final pH were analyzed, water retention capacity, weight loss by cooking, shear strength, color (L * a * b *, C, H?), and the moisture content, dry matter, mineral residue fixed, protein and fat. Meat portions of Longissimus thoracis muscle were collected to evaluate the effect of seven days and 14 days of aging at the end pH, water retention capacity, weight loss by cooking, the shear force on the meat color (L * a * b *, C, H?) and fat color (L * a * b *, C, H?). For the meat of all muscles of no gender effect on the ultimate pH, water retention capacity, by cooking weight loss and protein content. The Longissimus thoracis females received the best score for marbling, showed higher fat content and lower shear strength and Longissimus thoracis males showed greater loin eye area. The maturation of the meat of Longissimus thoracis provided a reduction in shear force and increase in final pH. In the second study, cam portions (400 ? grams) were packed, vacuum, and stored in the cold room temperatures (0 ?C and 4 ?C). They were maintained at these temperatures for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. They analyzed the pH, water holding capacity, cooking weight loss, shearing force, color (L *, a *, b *, C, M ?). There was no variation in pH as a function of temperature used. However, the pH increase during maturation time. It was observed variation in brightness of the flesh a function of temperature being lower in brightness aged meat at 0 ?C. The content of this red meat increased linearly as a function of aging time and was also influenced by the temperature of ripeness, being higher when aged at 0 ?C. The cooking weight loss also showed a linear increase over time of aging. The water retention capacity and shear strength showed a linear decrease over time of aging. Maturation for 28 days decreased the shear force of titty rump. It is recommended to mature titty rump for 28 days in temperature

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de solos não saturados e descreve os diversos tipos de camada de cobertura usadas em aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Apresenta trabalhos científicos que contemplam curvas características de solos tropicais brasileiros. Caracteriza o solo usado antigamente como camada de cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu e este solo com adição de 5% de bentonita. Determina a curva característica desses dois solos pelo Método do Papel Filtro e pela Placa de Sucção e, em seguida, Placa de Pressão. As curvas obtidas por esses métodos apresentaram diferenças. A adição da bentonita no solo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do mesmo. O solo com adição de bentonita apresentou maior plasticidade, menor permeabilidade e maior capacidade de retenção de água no solo. Apresenta a modelagem de camadas monolíticas, camadas monolíticas evapotranspirativas, barreiras capilares, barreiras capilares evapotranspirativas através do uso do Programa VADOSE/W como ferramenta para aferição. / This study is a review about unsatured soils concepts and describes some types of soil cover systems used in landfills. It presents scientific works about Brazilian tropical soils Water Retention Curve. It characterizes the soil that was used as a cover layer system used at Morro do Céu landfill and the same soil with addition of 5% of bentonite. It determinates the soil water retention curve by Filter Paper Method and Suction Plate and, after that, Pressure Plate. The curves obtained by these two methods showed differences. The objective of the addition of the bentonite in the soil is to evaluate its performance. The soil with the addition of bentonite shows higher plasticity, lower hydraulic conductivity and higher moisture storage. It presents the modeling of monolithic covers, evapotranspirative monolithic covers, capillary barriers and evapotranspirative capillary barriers by the use of VADOSE/W Program as a tool for gauging.

Soil compaction under traffic of animals has become an increasingly significant problem in soils used for crop-livestock integration. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of integration crop-livestock and different soil management systems on their attributes water and mechanical and relate them to the development and productivity of soybean. The specific objectives were: to investigate the effect of the absence of animal trampling on the water and mechanical attributes of soil and growth of soybean; to evaluate susceptibility to soil compaction by the parameters of the compressibility of the soil; determine the relationship of permeability to air with the tension of the water and soil pore space; evaluate the relationship between plant growth and water content; evaluate the residual effect of chiseling. The experiment was installed in 2007, in a commercial agricultural area in the municipality of Ibirubá (RS). The soil of the place is classified as Oxisol. Bulk density (Ds), macroporosity (Ma), microporosity (Mi) total porosity (Pt) resistance to penetration (RP) and soil moisture (θ), emergence and plant height, root growth and yield of soybean were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications. The treatments were: tillage without grazing (SDS / P), tillage with grazing (SDC / P) and chiseling (Esc). The Ds, Mi, Ma, En, CRA and Ka were determined in soil samples collected with the structure preserved in layers: 0-0,07; 0,07- 0,15 e 0,20-0,30 m in three periods: before grazing (August 2007), post-grazing (December 2007) and post-grazing (October 2008). The soil compression curve in balanced sample was determined in tension of 0.03 MPa in the first two layers above. The results indicated that the chiseling sporadic in soils under crop-livestock integration without tillage provides soil hydro-physical conditions less favorable for the development of plants. The preparation with chisel negatively affected grain yield of soybean. The soil whit chiseling had its proprieties changed by the treading of animals, reducing the residual effect of it. The absence of animals did not promote significant changes in Ds, Mi, Ma and Pt managed under the soil tillage. The chiseling decreased soil moisture compared to other treatments. The PR showed a direct relationship with soil moisture, for below 20% obtained values above 2 MPa for RP were. In SD/CP, the root system showed deviation of growth in depth, especially in the 0-0,07 m layer. The deviation unobserved in SD/SP and Esc. The same behavior was not observed in SD/SP and Esc. in years with water deficit. The plant height in SD/SP was higher than in other treatments and the lowest grain yield was obtained in Esc. Highest Ka was observed in lower potential matric and the surface layer of soil, where there is greater presence of macroporosity, with reduction in depth. A direct relationship between the soil Ka and εa was observed. The pressure applied by the traffic of animals increased the values of σp in the surface layer. With chiseling of the soil, the surface layer had less ability to support loads and greater susceptibility to compaction. / A compactação do solo sob tráfego de animais vem se tornando um problema crescente em solos utilizados sob integração lavoura-pecuária. O objetivo deste estudo foi de determinar o efeito da integração lavoura-pecuária e diferentes manejos de manejo do solo nos seus atributos hídricos e mecânicos e relacioná-los com o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da soja. Os objetivos específicos foram: verificar o efeito da ausência do pisoteio animal sobre os atributos hídricos e mecânicos do solo e crescimento da soja; avaliar a suscetibilidade do solo à compactação, através dos parâmetros de compressibilidade do solo; verificar a relação da permeabilidade ao ar com a tensão da água e o espaço poroso do solo; avaliar a relação entre o crescimento das plantas e conteúdo de água; avaliar o efeito residual da escarificação. O experimento foi instalado no ano de 2007, numa área agrícola comercial, no município de Ibirubá (RS). O solo do local é classificado como Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Avaliaram-se a densidade (Ds), macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi) e porosidade total (Pt) a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) e a umidade (θ)do solo, bem como emergência e altura de planta, crescimento radicular e produtividade da soja. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: semeadura direta sem pastejo (SD/SP), semeadura direta com pastejo (SD/CP) e escarificado (Esc). A Ds, Mi, Ma, Pt, CRA e a Ka foram determinadas em amostras de solo coletada com estrutura preservada nas camadas de 0-0,07; 0,07- 0,15 e 0,20-0,30 m, em três épocas: antes do pastejo (agosto de 2007), pós-pastejo (dezembro de 2007) e pós-pastejo (outubro de 2008). A curva de compressão do solo foi determinada em amostra equilibrada na tensão de 0,03 MPa nas duas primeiras camadas acima citadas. Os resultados indicaram que a escarificação em solos sob integração lavoura-pecuária sob plantio direto proporciona condições físico-hídrica do solo menos favoráveis ao desenvolvimento das plantas, afetando negativamente o rendimento de grãos da cultura da soja. O solo escarificado sofreu alterações impostas pelo pisoteio dos animais, reduzindo o efeito residual do mesmo. A ausência dos animais não promoveu alterações expressivas na Ds, Mi, Ma e Pt no solo manejado sob plantio direto. A escarificação diminuiu a retenção de água comparado com solo não escarificado. A RP apresentou relação direta com a umidade, abaixo de 20 % obteve-se valores acima de 2 MPa de RP. Na SD/CP o sistema radicular apresentou desvio de crescimento em profundidade, principalmente na camada 0-0,07 m, desvio não observado na SD/SP e no Esc. A altura de planta no SD/SP foi maior do que nos demais tratamentos e a menor produtividade de grãos foram obtidos no Esc. em ano com déficit hídrico. A maior Ka foi observada nos menores potenciais matriciais e na camada superficial do solo, onde há maior presença de macroporos, com redução em profundidade. Obteve-se uma relação direta entre a Ka e o εa do solo. A pressão aplicada pelo tráfego dos animais elevou os valores de σp na camada superficial. Com a escarificação do solo a camada superficial, houve menor capacidade de suporte, ou seja, maior suscetibilidade à compactação.

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os conceitos de solos não saturados e descreve os diversos tipos de camada de cobertura usadas em aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Apresenta trabalhos científicos que contemplam curvas características de solos tropicais brasileiros. Caracteriza o solo usado antigamente como camada de cobertura do Aterro Morro do Céu e este solo com adição de 5% de bentonita. Determina a curva característica desses dois solos pelo Método do Papel Filtro e pela Placa de Sucção e, em seguida, Placa de Pressão. As curvas obtidas por esses métodos apresentaram diferenças. A adição da bentonita no solo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do mesmo. O solo com adição de bentonita apresentou maior plasticidade, menor permeabilidade e maior capacidade de retenção de água no solo. Apresenta a modelagem de camadas monolíticas, camadas monolíticas evapotranspirativas, barreiras capilares, barreiras capilares evapotranspirativas através do uso do Programa VADOSE/W como ferramenta para aferição. / This study is a review about unsatured soils concepts and describes some types of soil cover systems used in landfills. It presents scientific works about Brazilian tropical soils Water Retention Curve. It characterizes the soil that was used as a cover layer system used at Morro do Céu landfill and the same soil with addition of 5% of bentonite. It determinates the soil water retention curve by Filter Paper Method and Suction Plate and, after that, Pressure Plate. The curves obtained by these two methods showed differences. The objective of the addition of the bentonite in the soil is to evaluate its performance. The soil with the addition of bentonite shows higher plasticity, lower hydraulic conductivity and higher moisture storage. It presents the modeling of monolithic covers, evapotranspirative monolithic covers, capillary barriers and evapotranspirative capillary barriers by the use of VADOSE/W Program as a tool for gauging.