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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) TESE.pdf: 6406097 bytes, checksum: d7e90d4c5b8540ce3480587c0129fc13 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-09 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / O carvão mineral e rochas associadas podem conter pirita, que ao entrar em contato com ar ou água sofre oxidação, produzindo ácido sulfúrico. Essa acidez acelera dissolução dos minerais do solo e aumenta a concentração de metais pesados na solução do solo, criando a drenagem ácida da mina que contamina as águas superficiais e subsuperficiais. Este estudo teve o objetivo de investigar o efeito da drenagem ácida nas propriedades químicas e na retenção da solução do solo construído numa área de mineração de carvão em Candiota, RS. Foram abertas trincheiras e coletadas amostras deformadas e indeformadas, em quatro profundidades (0-10; 40-50; 100-110; 190-200 cm), bem como instalados lisímetros de sucção e sensores de umidade, em perfis de solos construídos de diferentes idades e morfologia (sem terra vegetal: MII-T1 – 28 anos; com terra vegetal: MIV-T1 – 18 anos, MIV-T2 – 17 anos, MVII-T3 – 10 anos, MIV-T4 – 4 anos). Nas amostras deformadas foram realizadas análises físicas e químicas básicas (granulometria, pH (em água, em CaCl2), índice SMP, cátions trocáveis, acidez potencial e carbono orgânico), metais extraídos pelo método US-EPA3050, o potencial de acidificação (PA) e de neutralização (PN) pelo método do peróxido de hidrogênio, bem como a mineralogia, analisada por difratometria de raios X na forma de pó na amostra total. Para a coleta de solução do solo a campo foram instalados lisímetros de sucção (ecoTech, Bonn, Germany) e o monitoramento da umidade do solo foi feito com sensores de umidade (Watermark). A obtenção da solução do solo em laboratório foi feita pelo método do extrato da pasta saturada. Os metais e os cátions básicos das soluções do solo obtidas pelos dois métodos foram analisadas por ICP-OES e o Si e o S determinados por espectroscopia UVvisível e os resultados comparados por testes não paramétricos e em diagramas de estabilidade mineral. Foram obtidas curvas de retenção de solução do solo por câmara de Richards e pelo WP-4 e calculada a capacidade de água disponível em função do potencial osmótico. Concluiu-se que (a) todas camadas de estéril dos solos construídos possuem potencial de acidificação e que as camadas de terra vegetal e argila (malhas IV e VII) apresentaram potencial líquido positivo (não geradoras de acidez), indicando estarem livres de contaminação por sulfetos; (b) ambos os métodos de extração de solução do solo se mostraram equivalentes em termos de concentração de íons extraídos, conforme teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney; porém os diagramas de estabilidade mineral mostraram comportamento discrepante em função da maior atividade do Al na solução extraída com a pasta saturada em laboratório, mais diluída; (c) a solução do solo, por ambos métodos, confirmam a formação de drenagem ácida em profundidade, mesmo nas áreas com cobertura de terra vegetal ou argila (malhas IV e VII), indicando que essas camadas não são suficientes para conter ou minimizar o processo de geração de drenagem ácida; (d) na solução do solo foram encontrados valores acima do permitido para consumo humano para vários elementos (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se e As), como resultado do processo ativo de sulfurização, contrastando com a extração pelo método USEPA 3050, que indica somente valores acima para As e Se; (e) os estéreis de mineração dos solos construídos retém solução do solo com maior energia em relação às camadas superficiais (terra vegetal e argila) em função do caráter da porosidade dos estéreis, oriundo de processos litogênicos (diagênese), que aliada ao elevado potencial osmótico, reduz a quantidade de água disponível as plantas e (f) o monitoramento da variação da umidade do solo nos perfis dos solos construídos mostrou que as camadas de terra vegetal e de argila, em função da menor capacidade de retenção de água, mesmo quando saturadas, apresentaram menores níveis de umidade do solo ao longo do tempo do que as camadas mais profundas, compostas pelos estéreis de mineração. / The coal and associated rocks may contain pyrite, which undergoes oxidation, when in contact with air or water producing sulfuric acid. This acidity accelerates the dissolution of minerals from the soil and increase the concentration of heavy metals in the soil solution, creating the acid mine drainage which contaminates surface and subsurface waters. This study aimed to investigate the effect of acid mine drainage on the chemical properties and retention of the soil solution in constructed soil in coal mining area in Candiota, RS. Pits were opened and disturbed and undisturbed samples were collected at four depths (0-10, 40-50, 100-110, 190-200 cm) and suction lysimeters and humidity sensors were installed in soil constructed soil profiles of different ages and morphology (without topsoil: MII-T1 - 28 years; with topsoil: MIV-T1 - 18 years, MIV-T2 – 17 years, MVII-T3 - 10 years, MIV-T4 - 4 years). In the disturbed samples basic physical and chemical analysis were performed (particle size, pH (in water, CaCl2), SMP index, exchangeable cations, potential acidity and organic carbon), as well as metals extracted by the US-EPA3050 method, acidification (AP) and neutralization potential (PN) by the hydrogen peroxide method, and mineralogy, analyzed by X-ray diffraction in powder (total sample). In the field, suction lysimeters (Ecotech, Bonn, Germany), to collect soil solution, and moisture sensors (Watermark), to monitor the moisture, were installed. Soil solution were also extracted in the laboratory, by the saturated paste extract method. Metals and basic cations in soil solutions obtained by the two methods were analyzed by ICP-OES and Si and S determined by UV-visible spectroscopy and the results compared by nonparametric tests and mineral stability diagrams. Soil solution retention curves were determined with Richards chambers and by WP-4, and the available water capacity taking into account the osmotic potential. It was concluded that (a) all layers of mine overburden materials showed acidification potential while top soil and clay layers (MIV and MVII) had a positive net potential (non-acid generation), indicating the they were free from sulfides contamination; (b) both methods of extraction of soil solution showed to be equivalent in terms of concentration of extracted ions as analyzed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test; but the mineral stability diagrams showed different behavior due to the higher activity of Al in solution extracted with saturated paste in the laboratory, more diluted; (c) the soil solution, by both methods, confirm the formation of acid drainage in depth, even areas covered by topsoil or clay layers (MIV MVII), indicating that these layers are not sufficient to contain or minimize the generation of acid mine drainage; (d) in soil solution values above the allowed for human consumption for various elements (S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and As) as a result of the active process of desulfurization were found, contrasting with the metals extracted by the USEPA 3050 method, that indicates that values above the allowed only to As and Se; (e) the overburden materials retain soil solution with higher energy than the topsoil and clay layers due to the character of their porosity, originated by lithogenic processes (diagenesis), which allied to the high osmotic potential, reduces the amount of plant available water and (f) the monitoring of the soil moisture in the constructed soil profiles showed that the topsoil and clay layers, due to the lower water holding capacity, even when saturated, showed lower levels of soil moisture over time than the deeper layers, composed by mine overburden.

Dans le contexte du stockage géologique des déchets radioactifs, ce travail contribue à la caractérisation de l’effet de l’endommagement diffus sur les propriétés de rétention d’eau et transfert de gaz (perméabilité et percée de gaz). Les matériaux considérés sont les bétons CEM I et CEM V sélectionnés par l’Andra, l’argilite du Callovo-Oxfordien (roche hôte) et les interfaces argilite/béton. Cette étude a fourni des informations sur la microstructure des bétons à partir de leurs propriétés de rétention d’eau mais également à partir de la porosimétrie au mercure. Chaque béton a une microstructure bien distincte, caractérisée par une proportion non négligeable de pores capillaires pour le CEM I et une grande proportion de pores des hydrates pour le CEM V. Plusieurs protocoles d’endommagement ont été développés. L’endommagement contribue à réduire la capacité de rétention d’eau du béton CEM I et à augmenter leur perméabilité au gaz. En revanche, tous les échantillons endommagés présentent une pression de percée au gaz significativement plus faible que celles des matériaux sains, et ceci quel que soit le type de béton. Pour l’argilite, on observe une prise d’eau progressive à HR=100%, qui engendre un endommagement du matériau. Ce dernier réduit sa capacité de rétention d’eau. Par ailleurs, ses propriétés de rétention d’eau et de transport de gaz dépendent fortement de son état hydrique initial ainsi que de son endommagement. Enfin, on observe un phénomène de colmatage au niveau des interfaces, d’abord mécanique, puis hydraulique (et surement chimique) suite à l’injection d’eau. Ceci a pour conséquence de réduire la pression de percée des échantillons d’interface / In the context of geological disposal of radioactive waste, this work contributes to the characterization of the effect of diffuse damage on the water retention and gas transfer properties of concrete (CEM I and CEM V) selected by Andra, Callovo-Oxfordian argillite (host rock) and argillite / concrete interfaces. This study provides information on the concrete microstructure from Mercury porosimetry intrusion and water retention curves: each concrete has a distinct microstructure, CEM I concrete is characterized by a significant proportion of capillary pores while CEM V concrete has a large proportion of C-S-H pores. Several protocols have been developed in order to damage concrete. The damage reduces water retention capacity of CEM I concrete and increases its gas permeability. Indeed, gas breakthrough pressure decreases significantly for damaged concrete, and this regardless of the type of concrete. For argillite, the sample mass increases gradually at RH = 100%, which creates and increases damage in the material. This reduces its ability to retain water. Otherwise, water retention and gas transport properties of argillite are highly dependent of its initial water saturation, which is linked to its damage. Finally, we observed a clogging phenomenon at the argillite/concrete interfaces, which is first mechanical and then hydraulic (and probably chemical) after water injection. This reduces the gas breakthrough pressure interfaces

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The use of polymers hidroretentores mixed to the substrate, has the function of water retention and release in a gradual way to the plant, and may increase the efficiency of irrigation, reducing the consumption of water and fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility of using the hydrogel substrate added to the sowing of seedlings, verifying the chemical and physical properties on the substrate and the reflection on the growth of seedlings. The work was divided into six chapters, in Chapter I tested different dosages of polymer substrates and vegetable. The chemical and physical analysis of substrates and growth of seedlings demonstrate the improvement of the properties of the substrates, especially those related to water retention, and reflection on the growth of seedlings in the nursery. The use of 4 g L-1 of the hydrogel showed overall the best seedling development. In Chapter II we evaluated the relationship of the hydrogel with doses of controlled-release fertilizer. The use of the hydrogel showed improved physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, especially attributes involving storage and delivery of water to plant. The use of polymer hidroretentor in seedlings of Eucalyptus dunnii can reduce the use of fertilizer in 25 - 50% on average, with no loss in quality seedlings. The Chapter III was on the evaluation of the strengths-based polymer polyacrylamide seedling growth and the characteristics of the substrate, in addition to nutritional analysis after cultivation of seedlings in the nursery. The dosage around 4.5 g L-1 brings the best answer regarding morphological. The use of doses below 3 g L-1 or above 4.5 g L-1 could negatively influence the majority of the observed features. All the nutrients had a higher nutritional content in shoots in the presence of the hydrogel, as compared to micronutrients, there was a decrease in the content of all elements with increasing polymer dosage. Check the effect of the hydrogel in different irrigation was the goal in Chapter IV. In the absence of the hydrogel, the further development of seedlings was obtained with irrigation between 16 to 20 mm day -1. In the presence of 3 g L-1 hydrogel further development of seedlings was obtained with the irrigation of 12 mm day -1. In Chapter V we tested the effect of hydrogel in planting seedlings in pots, relating to irrigation frequencies. The polymer hidroretentor possible delay of all symptoms of water deficit assessed with higher influence when irrigation is performed less frequently. The economic evaluation of the costs with the use of hydrogel was discussed in Chapter VI. The use of lower doses, together with savings from the reduction of fertilization and especially with the water, the use of the hydrogel may represent reduction of production costs. In general, the results obtained with regard to the use of polymers hidroretentor confirm the information which hydrogel addition of the substrate optimizes the availability of water by accelerating the development of plants therefore better performance in absorbing water and nutrients. / A utilização de polímeros hidroretentores, misturados ao substrato, tem a função de retenção de água e a sua liberação de maneira gradativa para a planta, podendo aumentar a eficácia da irrigação, reduzindo o consumo de água e o uso de fertilizantes. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade do uso do hidrogel adicionado ao substrato na semeadura das mudas, verificando-se as propriedades químicas e físicas no substrato e o efeito no crescimento das mudas. O trabalho foi dividido em seis capítulos, no Cap. I foram testados diferentes substratos e dosagens do polímero vegetal. A análise química e física dos substratos e o crescimento das mudas demonstram a melhoria das propriedades dos substratos, principalmente as relacionadas à retenção de água, tendo reflexo no crescimento das mudas no viveiro. O uso de 4 g L-1 do hidrogel apresentou o melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii. No Cap. II foi avaliada a relação do hidrogel com doses de adubação de liberação controlada. O uso do hidrogel apresentou melhoria das características químicas e físicas dos substratos, principalmente aos atributos que envolvem armazenamento e disponibilização de água à planta. O uso do polímero hidroretentor na produção de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii pode reduzir o uso de adubação em 25 - 50%, em média, não havendo prejuízo na qualidade das mudas. O Cap. III foi relativo à avaliação das dosagens do polímero a base de poliacrilamida no crescimento das mudas e nas características do substrato, além da análise nutricional das mudas após o cultivo no viveiro. A dose em torno de 4,5 g L-1 ocasionou a melhor resposta quanto às características morfológicas. O uso de dosagens abaixo de 3 g L-1 ou acima de 4,5 g L-1 influenciaram negativamente na maioria das características observadas. Quanto ao teor nutricional houve maior concentração de macronutrientes na parte aérea na presença do hidrogel, já em relação aos micronutrientes, houve decréscimo no teor de todos os elementos com o aumento da dose do polímero. Verificar o efeito do hidrogel em diferentes lâminas de irrigação foi o objetivo no Cap. IV. Na ausência do hidrogel, o maior desenvolvimento das mudas foi obtido com as lâminas de irrigação entre 16 a 20 mm dia -1. Na presença de 3 g L-1 de hidrogel o maior desenvolvimento das mudas foi obtido com a irrigação de 12 mm dia -1. No Cap. V testou-se o efeito do hidrogel no plantio das mudas em vasos, relacionando com frequências de irrigação. O polímero hidroretentor possibilitou o retardamento de todos os sintomas de déficit hídrico avaliados apresentando maior influência quando a irrigação é efetuada em menor frequência. A avaliação econômica do uso do hidrogel foi abordado no Cap. VI. O uso de menores doses, aliado a economia obtida com a redução da adubação e principalmente com o consumo de água, o uso do hidrogel pode representar redução dos custos de produção. Em geral, os resultados obtidos com relação ao uso de polímeros hidrorretentores ratificam a informação que a adição de hidrogéis no substrato otimiza a disponibilidade de água, acelerando o desenvolvimento das plantas, em consequência de uma melhor performance na absorção de água e nutrientes.

The purpose of the present work was to establish and to test pedotransfer functions for water retention the Rio Grande do Sul s soils. Water retention data were obtained from Solano Peraza s dissertation, Irriga System database and in the literature. The first part of this work was the collect soil water retention data and pedotransfer functions for Rio Grande do Sul soils, forming the literature data base, in a total of 24 papers and 624 database of the water retention. The samples obtained from of Solano Peraza were collected soil profiles, in a total of 86 data of water retention, and the Irriga Project provided a database with a total of 253 data of water retention. With these database, multiple regression were done to obtain the pedotransfer functions for each database, using the option stepwise , to determine water retention in a determined potential ( -1, -6, -10, -33, -100, -500 e 1500 kPa) for different soils. To test the efficiency of the equations produced, observed vs. estimated water retention, for each water potencial, were graphed on 1:1 type retention. In almost all cases, total sand presented a high association with the water retention, followed by clay and silt content. With the reduction on in water tension (increase of the original potential), the correlation increased notably. The pedotransfer equations are efficient only when they are used to estimate moisture for soil similar to those used to obtain the equations. Besides, the database feature affects the prediction capacity of the equations produced. When some soils are predominant in the database, the equations produced show the features of those soils and, when they are used to soil moisture, the error will be larger. The contents of sand and clay together with the soil bulk density best described water retention in the linear multiple regressions. Sand content had a negative relation with water retention, while clay presented a positive relation. The soil bulk density showed a negative relation with water retention the potential of 6 to 500 kPa and a positive relation with water retained at 1500 kPa. The best estimation of water retention occurred at a potential of 1500 kPa. / O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de estabelecer e testar funções de pedotransferência para retenção de água em solos do Rio Grande do Sul. As informações de retenção de água foram obtidas das seguintes fontes: amostras da dissertação de Solano Peraza (2003), amostras obtidas pelo Sistema Irriga e amostras obtidas na Literatura. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na coleta de informações de retenção de água no solo e de funções de pedotransferência para solos do Rio Grande do Sul, constituindo o banco de dados Literatura, totalizando 24 trabalhos e 624 dados de retenção de água. As amostras obtidas do banco Solano Peraza (2003) foram coletadas em cortes de estradas com exposição do perfil do solo, totalizando um banco de dados com 86 dados de retenção de água, enquanto o Projeto Irriga nos repassou um banco de dados com um total de 253 dados de retenção de água. A partir desses bancos de dados, foram feitas análises de regressão múltipla para a obtenção das funções de pedotransferência para cada banco de dados, usando a opção stepwise (SAS, 1997), para determinar o teor de água em um determinado potencial (-1, -6, -10, -33, -100, -500 e -1500 kPa) para os diferentes solos. Para testar a eficiência das equações geradas, fez-se a comparação dos teores de umidade observados com os teores estimados para cada equação em determinado potencial e, assim, confrontaram-se os dados estimados com os observados numa relação gráfica 1:1. De modo geral, a areia total apresentou maior associação com a retenção de água, sendo seguida pelo teor de argila e silte. Com a diminuição na tensão de água (aumento do potencial matricial), a correlação aumenta consideravelmente. As equações de pedotransferência só são eficientes quando usadas para estimar a umidade para os solos a partir dos quais elas foram geradas. Além disso, a característica do banco de dados afeta a capacidade preditiva das equações geradas. Quando predominam determinadas classes de solos no banco de dados, as equações geradas refletem as características daqueles solos e, quando usadas para estimar a umidade de solos de classes diferentes, o erro será maior. Os teores de areia e argila juntamente com a densidade do solo foram os parâmetros que melhor descreveram a retenção de água através das regressões múltiplas geradas. O teor de areia apresenta uma relação negativa com a retenção de água enquanto a argila relaciona-se positivamente. A densidade do solo apresenta uma relação negativa com a retenção e água para os potenciais de -6 a -500 kPa e uma relação positiva com a água retida a -1500 kPa. A melhor estimativa da retenção de água ocorre para o potencial de -1500 kPa.

La complexité remarquable du sol et son importance pour un large panel de services écosystémiques présentent des défis majeurs pour évaluer les processus pédologiques. En dépit des progrès importants accomplis au cours des cinquante dernières années dans la caractérisation des propriétés hydriques, les méthodes analytiques demeurent coûteuses et chronophages. La spectroscopie proche infrarouge (SPIR) a été largement utilisée comme technique rapide, non destructive et peu coûteuse pour prédire différentes propriétés du sol y compris la teneur en eau. Toutefois, moins d’attention a été accordée à l’évaluation des propriétés hydriques et leurs variations en fonction des propriétés physiques du sol. L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’analyser la validité et la pertinence de la SPIR dans l’évaluation des propriétés hydriques et leur relation avec les caractéristiques du sol.Dans cette étude nous nous sommes focalisés sur la largeur à mi-hauteur de la bande d’absorption proche de 1920 nm pour identifier un nouvel indice spectral, noté SWSI pour caractériser l’état hydrique du sol. Nos résultats montrent une relation linéaire entre SWSI et la teneur en eau du sol (R2 >0.9). Ils ont monté aussi que SWSI est pertinent pour étudier les effets de la texture, de la teneur en carbone organique et des pratiques agricoles sur les propriétés de rétention en eau du sol. En outre, en utilisant les paramètres de cette relation linéaire, nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour caractériser les propriétés hydriques et la qualité physique des sols. En comparaison avec des méthodes clas / The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance for a wide range of ecosystem services present major challenges to the assessment of soil processes. Although major progress in characterizing water retention properties has occurred in the last fifty decades, analytical methods remain costly and time-consuming. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been widely used as a rapid, non-destructive and cost-effective technique to predict different soil properties, including soil water content. However, less attention has been paid to assessing soil water retention properties and its variations depending on soil physical properties. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relevance and accuracy of NIRS for assessing soil water retention properties as they are related to soil characteristics.In this study, we focused on the full width at half maximum of the absorption band near 1920 nm to identify a new NIRS index (Soil water spectral index, SWSI) which can be used to characterize the soil water retention properties. Our results show a linear relation between SWSI and soil water content (R2 >0.9). They also shown that SWSI to be relevant to study the effects of texture, organic carbon content and agricultural practices on soil water retention properties. Furthermore, using the parameters (slope and intercept) of this linear relation, we propose a new approach to characterize water retention properties and physical quality of soils. Therefore, NIRS approach performs better or similar in assessing soil water retention properties and soil quality compared to conventiona

This diploma thesis focuses on water management analysis of the Rokytná River and finding suitable precautions usable by municipalities when dealing with drought and lack of water in their administrative district. The short research at the beginning of the thesis summarizes problematic of drought and lack of water in the Czech Republic, including the current state and overall context. Next part focuses on the assessment of current state of the Rokytná River basin, based on performed reconnaissance of the basin and processed analysis of a part of the basin delimited from km 0,0 to km 16,7 of the river, between towns of Ivančice and Moravský Krumlov. This analysis concentrates on finding factors, which can contribute to extent of drought impact in this area. It also contains a suspended load study of the waterway, which writes up granularity characteristics and calculation of the amount of transported material from a suspended load sample, taken from the bed of the Rokytná River. The overview of suitable proceedings and precautions follows, based on findings in previous parts of the diploma thesis. The conclusion of this thesis consists of very suggestion of suitable steps and precautions related to particular localities in the Rokytná River basin. Target is to enhance the retention ability of the region and to minimize the impact of both drought and floods. The result of these actions should be the empowerment of environmental sustainability in this particular area. Conclusions of this thesis can be used by municipalities and other administrative bodies when creating an approach of combating drought and when deciding about the implementation of relevant precautions.

Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Soil Science)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Woody plant encroachment results in the degradation of grasslands. It is defined here as the increase in density, cover and biomass of woody plants into formerly open grasslands, reducing grassland productivity. Globally, many arid and semi-arid savanna grasslands are affected by this land cover transformation which changes the vegetation structure by altering the ratio of woody plants relative to grass species and influences soil hydrology. In the existing literature there is limited information on the effects of woody plant encroachment on soil physical and hydrological properties, especially in savanna grasslands. This study quantified and compared the soil physical and hydrological properties in the topsoil and subsoil of open and woody plant encroached grassland sites located on two contrasting soil forms, namely Bainsvlei and Rensburg. To achieve this objective, the two soils were sampled at various depth intervals from dug soil profiles at both sites at Towoomba Research Station in Bela Bela, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Soil physical properties including bulk density, porosity and aggregate stability as well as hydrological properties (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) were determined from collected samples. Compared to open grassland, soil bulk density was 11% and 10% greater in the topsoil and subsoil, while porosity was respectively 6% and 9% lower in the topsoil and subsoil of woody plant encroached grassland for Rensburg soils. In Bainsvlei soil, there was a minimal increase and decrease in the soil bulk density and porosity, respectively. Soil aggregate stability increased by 38% in the subsoil of woody plant encroached grasslands in Rensburg soil, due to increasing clay content with depth. In Bainsvlei soil, the soil aggregate stability was 9% and 13% lower in the topsoil and subsoil of the woody plant encroached grasslands compared to open grassland. Furthermore, the results revealed that in both soils, there was lower soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity in the topsoil and subsoil layers of woody plant encroached grassland than in open grasslands. There were no significant differences observed for soil hydraulic conductivity in the Bainsvlei and Rensburg topsoil. The subsoil hydraulic conductivity decreased by 24% in Bainsvlei and 44% in Rensburg soils in the woody plant encroached grassland. The soil water retention (SWR) decreased with an increase in woody plants. Specifically, there was 25% and 42% decrease in SWR with woody plant encroachment in the topsoil and subsoil of Bainsvlei soil, respectively. The same trend was observed in the Rensburg soils with 50% and 19% decrease in SWR in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Overall, the results revealed that soil type and depth influenced soil physical and hydrological properties in the studied woody plant encroached savanna grassland. As such, interventions aimed at controlling woody plant encroachment need to factor in soil type and depth in the development of management practices tailored to improve the soil hydrology of savanna grasslands

Vor dem Hintergrund des weltweit wachsenden Bedarfes an Bodenverbesserungsmitteln, durch die Humus-, Nährstoff- und Wassermangel auf Problemstandorten kompensiert werden sollen, war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, Bodenwasser-speicher auf Basis der nachwachsenden Biopolymere Stärke und Lignin zu entwickeln. Durch Derivatisierung der Stärke wurde deren Hydrophilie deutlich gesteigert, was Voraussetzung für die Bildung von Hydrogelen war. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch Vernetzung der wasserlöslichen Stärkederivate Carboxymethylstärke und Monostärkemonophosphat mit Di-/Tricarbonsäuren quellfähige Hydrogele erzeugt werden, deren Quellungsvermögen und rheologische Eigenschaften über die Wahl des Vernetzers und die Vernetzerstoffmenge gezielt eingestellt werden können. Die Modifizierung von Lignin wurde durch Oxidation mit Wasserstoffperoxid, z.T. in Kombination mit Fe(II)- bzw. Mn(II)-Chloriden realisiert. Dadurch wurde die Vernetzbarkeit von Lignin deutlich verbessert, was auf oxidativ bedingte Strukturänderungen des Lignins zurückzuführen war. Diese bestanden im Wesentlichen in der Spaltung und Oxidation der Lignin-Seitenkette sowie der Hydroxylierung der Seitenkette und aromatischer Strukturen. Die Vernetzung von Lignin mit Poly-(ethylenglycol)-diglycidylether ergab quellfähige Hydrogele, deren Wasseraufnahmevermögen und rheologische Materialfunktionen von der eingesetzten Vernetzerstoffmenge abhängig sind. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch den Einsatz von Stärkephosphat- und Lignin-Hydrogelen das Wasserspeichervermögen erhöht und die Evaporationsraten eines entsprechend behandelten Sandbodens verringert werden. Im Wachstumsversuch wurden die Frischmasseerträge von Gelbsenf (Sinapis alba) durch Behandlung eines Sandbodens mit Hydrogelen gesteigert. / Soil degradation leading to a lack of humus, nutrients and water especially on exploited sites causes the worldwide need in soil amendments. Aim of the work was the development of hydrogels from renewable biopolymers starch and lignin improving water retention especially in degraded soils. A significant increase of hydrophilic properties of starch was obtained by chemical modification with the objective of forming starch based hydrogels. Swellable hydrogels were formed by cross-linking of water soluble starch derivatives like carboxymethyl starch and monostarch monophosphates with di- and tricarboxylic acids. Swelling capacity and rheological properties of the starch gels were selective adjusted by variation of cross linking agent and whose amounts. Modification of lignin was realized by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide partly in combination with ferrous and manganese chlorides, respectively. In consequence of oxidative structural changes which were cleavage and oxidation of side chain as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation, gelation of lignin was improved significant. Lignin hydrogels with different swelling capacities and rheological functions were formed by cross-linking lignin with different amounts of poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether. Application of hydrogels based on starch and lignin causes increased water storing capacity/field capacity and decreased evaporation of a sandy soil as well as an increased biomass yield of yellow mustard (Sinapis alba).

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21737号 / 工博第4554号 / 新制||工||1710(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 木村 亮, 准教授 肥後 陽介, 准教授 木元 小百合 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

One of the most important steps in the numerical simulation of a hydrogeological system is the precise definition of initial and boundary conditions. The better these are characterized, the more efficient the calculation and the more accurate are the simulation result. In case of simulating processes in the unsaturated soil zone, the water retention curve, the relationship between volumetric water content and matric potential, is of great importance. However, the retention parameters determined locally by different standard methods often do not represent the whole soil system under consideration due to heterogeneities in the soil body caused by variability or different compaction of the soil. Resulting over- or underestimation of the parameters is leading to a worse performance of simulations of the water balance including to a higher calibration effort. Therefore, it is more favorable to identify these soil parameters by a method representing the whole soil system to avoid uncertainties. For this reason, a dike experiment was performed to investigate how soil parameters determined locally and globally can represent the properties of the whole soil system. When comparing the simulation results of the numerical models, a better agreement of measured and simulated water contents as well as a lower effort for calibration is observed by using the soil parameters determined globally.