Masters in Public Administration - MPA / "Sanitation is dignity" as the state has proclaimed while water is life. Yet to date, there are families and communities that are still dreaming that one day their dignity will be restored and they will have access to proper toilets, clean water that are within close proximity including proper houses. In the 24th year of democracy, people in South Africa are still protesting and challenging government to address the inequalities of the past and reset the agenda of change. These persistent protests are about basic needs and service delivery, but increasingly protestors are invoking the concept of relative needs, dignity and human rights and taking protests to the powerful and wealthy. In fact, the idea of the state as sacrosanct has been deflated since protestors throw poo at state officials and vandalise state infrastructure. The “poo wars” that broke out in 2012 with poo dumped at the airport and government buildings continued with the dumping of excrement on the Rhodes statue at UCT shows that the poor can sometimes set the agenda of change and force politicians to listen. Among the defensive responses raised by authorities is that people put their shacks on private land or pieces of land that are not suitable for housing (wetlands). Politically, there are complex issues in the Western Cape, both the Province and the City of Cape Town Metro are Democratic Alliance (DA) run whilst national government is ruled by the African National Congress (ANC). The majority of townships residents are ANC supporters with a few DA Proportional Representative (PR) councillors. This study looks at a qualitative exploration of the complexities in agenda-setting and participation processes in sanitation services in Site C, Khayelitsha between 2010-2013.Residents see agenda setting and engagements as unilateral, as this study found. It is designed into six chapters. The study was designed in a manner that it would reflect the knowledge and understanding the notion of consultation, community participation in decision-making, agenda-setting and implementation of projects or programmes by the people of Khayelitsha-Site C, Councillors, Shopstewards and officials of the City of Cape Town. Over 20 interviews were completed. A key finding is that by taking poo out of its usual place, taking it out of the private into the public domain and to the rich and by invading their space, the issues of the poor are no longer confined to ghetto townships. Boundaries between state and civil society have become porous. Cape Town’s poor residents using portable toilets commonly known as "pota-pota", and also the temporary toilets commonly known as ‘Mshengu’ have argued that these interim services are not only poorly maintained and dirty but are vastly inferior compared to white areas.

Access to water and sanitation is indeed a human right; however quality water and sanitation service provision should not be assumed a ‘free service’ as a result. Hence it is crucial to understand the costs involved of monopoly water service provision to enable informed decision-making on tariff determination. Namibia, is not only characterised with extreme conditions of water scarcity and skewed income distribution, with a history of free water services, but it also is prone to information asymmetry and lack of transparency (especially financial) challenges in the price-setting process. Hence, the research aim was to adapt a framework for determining price-setting processes and to investigate the potential role of an economic regulator to inform the process and policy accordingly in Namibia. In this regard, the research explores the price-setting processes of independent economic regulators in England and Wales and Zambia (as a guide to understand the dynamics and intricacies of setting and enforcing prices for utilities based on the need for sustainable cost recovery and efficient service provision) to further investigate possible improvements to the Namibian price-setting process. The research objectives were explored through descriptive and exploratory case study approaches, mainly comprising of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The research found that the most appropriate regulatory framework for Namibia is an intermediate framework- a hybrid regulatory body (consisting of a combination between government and independent expert panels). The research also identifies crucial operating principles, regulatory tools (with emphasis on accounting separation within financial models) and consumer involvement as major components for the Namibian price-setting process. In essence, accountability through transparency (effective information sharing and stakeholder involvement) is identified by the study to address the principal-agent challenges faced within Namibia, especially given the extreme conditions.

A demanda desta pesquisa está relacionada com a deficiência na prestação dos serviços abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário (SAA&ES) nas áreas com populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, localizadas geralmente nas periferias urbanas. O objetivo foi propor um conjunto de indicadores, prioritariamente para uso da Agência Reguladora de Saneamento e Energia do Estado de São Paulo (ARSESP), destinados à melhoria do acesso aos serviços, utilizando para isto a perspectiva do modelo de regulação sunshine. As Agências Reguladoras possuem o papel de regular, fiscalizar, e monitorar a prestação dos SAA&ES, e já utilizam para isto um conjunto de indicadores responsáveis por medir o desempenho das operadoras. Porém, estes indicadores não são ainda suficientes para fortalecer foco na resolução do problema do déficit de atendimento nas áreas urbanas com populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, e por isto não favorecem que seja abordada de forma integrada, como deve ser feita. Além disto, os indicadores utilizados pelos diferentes atores do setor de SAA&ES também não conseguem apoiar o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico suficiente sobre a real situação dos serviços. Assim, o resultado é a carência de informações sobre a prestação dos serviços, que consequentemente dificulta o papel da agência reguladora em elaborar mecanismos de incentivo, e determinar parâmetros de eficiência dos serviços. Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio da formação de um conjunto de indicadores, categorizados em dimensões da prestação dos serviços. Os indicadores foram aplicados no contexto do município de Cubatão na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, por meio de estudo de caso. O propósito foi analisar a aplicação do conjunto de indicadores e refletir sobre a situação das informações e dos dados sobre a prestação dos serviços nas áreas com populações vulneráveis. O resultado final foi a viabilização de um conjunto potencial de indicadores discutidos e calculados a partir dos dados que foram levantados e sugestões de melhoria como aprendizado do processo de aplicação e de formulação dos indicadores. / The demand for this research is related with the disability in providing water supply and sanitation services (W&S) in areas with social and environmental vulnerable populations, which are usually located in the city peripheries. The aim was to propose a set of indicators to the São Paulo State Energy and Sanitation Regulatory Agency (ARSESP) intended to improve service access using the sunshine prospect regulation model. The regulatory agency has as a role to regulate, supervise and monitor the ES & SAA deliveries and it already uses a set of indicators responsible for measuring the operator performance. However, these indicators are not yet enough to bring focus in solving the service deficit in urban areas in social and environmental vulnerability and thus it is not addressed in an integrated manner, as it should. In addition, the indicators used by the W&S sector cannot support the development of a diagnosis that leads to a full understanding of the real situation of the services. The result is the lack of service information which consequently hinders the role of the regulatory agency in drawing up incentive mechanisms and determining the service efficiency parameters. This research was made with the formation of a set of indicators categorized into dimensions of service delivery. The indicators were applied for Cubatão city context, in Santos Metropolitan Area – São Paulo State, through a study case. The purpose was to analyze the implementation of the set of indicators and reflect about information and data situation of service provision in areas with vulnerable populations. The final result was the accomplishment of potential set of indicators discussed and calculated from the data that were obtained and some suggestions for improving the learning process about application and formulation of indicators.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / The study is an evaluation of the challenges that the Thulamela Municipality face in the delivery of water and sanitation services. The purpose of the study was to find ways of improving service delivery and addressing backlogs so that sustainable delivery of water and sanitation services can be achieved. A descriptive quantitative method was conducted using a questionnaire, peer-reviewed journals, books and official documentation. The Thulamela Local Municipality is based at Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. The study shows that there is a serious challenge of backlogs in water and sanitation delivery. These will be difficult to overcome due to financial constraint and, lack of human capacity and technical resources. The researcher concluded that the municipality has serious backlogs in service provision which needed to be addressed urgently. She recommends that the municipality should outsource some services, provide efficient and effective resource to ensure that there is sustainable service provision.

A demanda desta pesquisa está relacionada com a deficiência na prestação dos serviços abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário (SAA&ES) nas áreas com populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, localizadas geralmente nas periferias urbanas. O objetivo foi propor um conjunto de indicadores, prioritariamente para uso da Agência Reguladora de Saneamento e Energia do Estado de São Paulo (ARSESP), destinados à melhoria do acesso aos serviços, utilizando para isto a perspectiva do modelo de regulação sunshine. As Agências Reguladoras possuem o papel de regular, fiscalizar, e monitorar a prestação dos SAA&ES, e já utilizam para isto um conjunto de indicadores responsáveis por medir o desempenho das operadoras. Porém, estes indicadores não são ainda suficientes para fortalecer foco na resolução do problema do déficit de atendimento nas áreas urbanas com populações em situação de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, e por isto não favorecem que seja abordada de forma integrada, como deve ser feita. Além disto, os indicadores utilizados pelos diferentes atores do setor de SAA&ES também não conseguem apoiar o desenvolvimento de um diagnóstico suficiente sobre a real situação dos serviços. Assim, o resultado é a carência de informações sobre a prestação dos serviços, que consequentemente dificulta o papel da agência reguladora em elaborar mecanismos de incentivo, e determinar parâmetros de eficiência dos serviços. Esta pesquisa foi realizada por meio da formação de um conjunto de indicadores, categorizados em dimensões da prestação dos serviços. Os indicadores foram aplicados no contexto do município de Cubatão na Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista, por meio de estudo de caso. O propósito foi analisar a aplicação do conjunto de indicadores e refletir sobre a situação das informações e dos dados sobre a prestação dos serviços nas áreas com populações vulneráveis. O resultado final foi a viabilização de um conjunto potencial de indicadores discutidos e calculados a partir dos dados que foram levantados e sugestões de melhoria como aprendizado do processo de aplicação e de formulação dos indicadores. / The demand for this research is related with the disability in providing water supply and sanitation services (W&S) in areas with social and environmental vulnerable populations, which are usually located in the city peripheries. The aim was to propose a set of indicators to the São Paulo State Energy and Sanitation Regulatory Agency (ARSESP) intended to improve service access using the sunshine prospect regulation model. The regulatory agency has as a role to regulate, supervise and monitor the ES & SAA deliveries and it already uses a set of indicators responsible for measuring the operator performance. However, these indicators are not yet enough to bring focus in solving the service deficit in urban areas in social and environmental vulnerability and thus it is not addressed in an integrated manner, as it should. In addition, the indicators used by the W&S sector cannot support the development of a diagnosis that leads to a full understanding of the real situation of the services. The result is the lack of service information which consequently hinders the role of the regulatory agency in drawing up incentive mechanisms and determining the service efficiency parameters. This research was made with the formation of a set of indicators categorized into dimensions of service delivery. The indicators were applied for Cubatão city context, in Santos Metropolitan Area – São Paulo State, through a study case. The purpose was to analyze the implementation of the set of indicators and reflect about information and data situation of service provision in areas with vulnerable populations. The final result was the accomplishment of potential set of indicators discussed and calculated from the data that were obtained and some suggestions for improving the learning process about application and formulation of indicators.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of a degree of Masters of Arts in Community Work in the Department of Social Work, at the University of Zululand, 2010. / South Africa has one of the most progressive legislative and policy frameworks for water and sanitation services in the world, which includes a constitutional right to water and a national free basic water policy. However, when it comes to the local government level (municipalities) who arestipulated with the duty to provide water and sanitation services not only in informal settlements, the reality is quite different.In many municipalities, water and sanitation services programs are still run according to long established routine and customs which have never been examined for their effectiveness or appropriateness to current conditions of the areas (informal settlements) where services are driven to. Nevertheless, the intention of this study was to evaluate municipality programs in addressing water and sanitation services in informal settlements. To produce data for thestudy, the questionnaires, interviews schedule and document review or analysiswas utilised.A sample of 10respondents was drawn from three Umhlathuze municipalities, namely: Richards Bay, Empangeni and Esikhawini municipalities. The findings from the study indicated that Umhlathuze municipality programs in addressing water and sanitation services in informal settlements is a failure, the municipality have a sour working relationship with the community, the criteria used to choose the strategy to the provision of the services does notencourage community participation, and finally, the municipalities are still using a bit of the past supply driven approach and the new approach; demand responsive approach simultaneously. The set objectives for the study were achieved, andmost importantly, it is recommended that fullcommunity participation at different levels and stages of water supply and sanitation service planning and implementation should be encouraged.

Cette thèse étudie les inégalités environnementales dans un objectif de justice sociale. La première partie propose une définition interdisciplinaire de ces inégalités afin de capter son caractère multidimensionnel et de montrer son utilité en économie de l’environnement et en économie écologique. À partir de la littérature en philosophie économique, le caractère juste ou injuste des inégalités environnementales est ensuite analysé en mobilisant différentes conceptions égalitaristes de la justice et en considérant l’existence d’autres objectifs sociétaux. À la suite de ce travail théorique, la seconde partie s’articule autour d’une application aux enjeux de l’accès à l’eau et à l’assainissement au Brésil. Après avoir présenté la situation relative à ces services dans le contexte brésilien, les déterminants socioéconomiques et institutionnels de cet accès sont identifiés par des analyses économétriques sur des données à l’échelle des ménages. Ces analyses permettent de mettre en lumière des déterminants au cœur des problématiques de justice environnementale comme le revenu, l’ethnicité, mais aussi le rôle des États en ayant recours à des modèles multi-niveaux. En utilisant un indicateur d’accès à l’eau et à l’assainissement construit à partir d’une analyse factorielle, les inégalités associées à ces services sont ensuite mesurées par différentes méthodes correspondant à chacune des conceptions de la justice développées dans la première partie / This thesis studies the environmental inequalities in an objective of social justice. The first part offers an interdisciplinary definition of these inequalities in order to catch their multidimensional nature and to show their usefulness in environmental economics and ecological economics. Based on a philosophy of economics perspective, the fairness of environmental inequalities is analysed by using different egalitarian conceptions of justice with a consideration of the existence of other societal objectives. Following this theoretical development, the second part is devoted to an analysis of the issues of access to water and sanitation services in the context of Brazil. After a discussion over the situation related to the water and sanitation sector in Brazil, the socioeconomic and institutional determinants of the access to these services are identified using econometric analyses at the household level. These analyses enable to expose key determinants in the perspective of environmental justice including income level and ethnicity. In addition, they show the role of the state level thanks to the use of multilevel models. By using an indicator of the access to water and sanitation services elaborated through a factor analysis, the inequalities associated to these services are then measured by different methods which correspond to each conception of justice developed in the first part.

Access to basic water and sanitation services, the local public health goods, is a human right and a public health necessity. Provision of these services is typically devolved to Local Governments to ensure they correspond to the local needs. In rural India, such a correspondence is sub-optimal, with high local needs and poor provision by the Local Governments (Panchayats). The citizen participation in Panchayat's public deliberative meetings (Grama Sabha) is weak. The community context is characterised by social fragmentation and high socio-economic inequality. This research examined, whether and how better deliberative participation in Panchayat meetings was associated with better provision of these services by the Panchayats. The research used a three-staged systematic sampling method. Using correlational field survey design it gathered primary data from 99 panchayats in Karnataka State, and from 99 villages and 396 individuals within these Panchayats. Factor analytic and multivariate regression techniques were used to analyse the data in the statistical software, Stata® v.13. Results suggest, better Grama Sabha meetings (that were convened more frequently, attended by a higher number of people with better representativeness, where discussions approximate to the deliberative norms: reciprocal, pro-social and accountable; and decisions taken have a common good orientation) were associated with better provision of water and sanitation services by the Panchayat. Further analysis suggested two possible explanations for this association: First, the individuals who participated more frequently in deliberative meetings of the Panchayat and where discussions approximated to the deliberative norms; were associated with: • Better information on availability and accessibility to services; • Better external political efficacy, a perception of greater responsiveness of the Panchayat to their needs and their efforts to influence it; and hence engage evenly in discussions; • Better sense of community, a greater willingness to cooperate and coordinate, to find mutual needs and seek convergence when they are heterogeneous. Above findings suggest, in a participatory setting, these individuals can be associated with better capability to collectively engage; to articulate, communicate and identify the mostii common of their service needs and frame it as a collective demand, through policy objective, for provision by the Panchayats. Second, better Grama Sabha meetings were associated with better rule of law in policy administration at the Panchayat level. This suggests, rule-bound conversion of policy objectives into actual service outputs; a reflection of responsiveness and accountability of the bureaucratic action in achieving administrative commitment to the legislative goals. In conclusion, better deliberative participation can be associated with better capability of the individuals to engage in collective action. This can improve the correspondence between the needs and the provision; by strengthening individuals' collective demand for the services and by improving the responsiveness of the Panchayat in the supply of these services.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / Este estudo apresenta uma análise da situação da cobertura de saneamento básico no Brasil no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2006, a partir das estratégias adotadas pelo Governo Federal dirigidas à universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário. É feito um breve histórico a partir da criação do Plano Nacional de Saneamento - PLANASA (1969), momento em que o setor é estruturado nacionalmente nos moldes autoritários e centralizadores do regime militar (1964-1985), até o período recente quando foram redefinidas as principais orientações da política nacional e transformadas na Lei do Saneamento de nº 11.445/ 2005, aprovada pelo Congresso Nacional, mas em fase de regulamentação, ainda em julgamento pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, dadefinição da titularidade dos serviços.O PLANASA foi responsável por um grande salto na cobertura de saneamento no país, mas se mostrou incapaz de universalizar o acesso aos serviços, mesmo que apenas para água potável. As políticas na década de noventa e mais especificamente apartir de 1995, apesar de contribuírem para ampliar os níveis de cobertura relativa dos serviços, paradoxalmente não incidiram sobre um volumoso déficit medido em termos de famílias não atendidas que pertencem a grupos sociais reiteradamente excluídos. Nos anos noventa a agenda do Governo Federal para o setor depositou grande expectativa na construção do marco regulatório como solução para os entraves de ordem político-institucional e/ou restrições financeiras que impediam a universalização desses serviços, mas como é apresentado neste trabalho as últimas quatro administrações do Governo Federal não exerceram o papel indutor adequado para alcançar esse objetivo. / The current study presents an analysis of the Brazilian indicators for water and sanitation services between 1991 and 2006, taking into account the main strategies adopted by the Federal Government to universalize both services. It’s presented a brief historical from the creation of the National Plan for Water and Sanitation Services- PLANASA (1969), on authoritarian and centralized bases according to the military regime (1964-1985), until recent period when the main lines of the national policy were redefined by the approval by the Brazilian National Congress of a new Water and Services Law nº 11.445/2005, not yet regulated, depending on the Supreme Court definition about the responsibilities which will be attributed to states and counties. The PLANASA was responsible for a great evolution of the water and sanitation services in the whole country, although it did not achieved the goal of 100% access, including potable water. The policies developed during the 90’s and specially from 1995 on, despite of contributing to the relative increase of water and sanitation indicators, paradoxically were not aimed to solve the huge deficit measured in terms of families with no access to these services that belong to social groups systematically excluded. In the nineties’ the Brazilian Federal Government’s agenda to the water and sanitation sector had created great expectations around the discussion and approval of a new regulatory framework. It was presented as the solution to most of the political, institutional and economic restraints that blocked the universal access to these services. Eventually, the main conclusion of this thesis is that the last four Federal Government Administrations did not actually exercise their authority in order to induce new investments in poor areas to achieve the universal access to both services.

Avec l’émergence des ONG dans nos économies globalisées, les grandes entreprises développent divers types de partenariats ONG-entreprise (POE). Les chercheurs s’interrogent sur leurs enjeux stratégiques. Dans notre thèse, nous étudions la contribution spécifique des POE à l’évolution du business model (BM) de la grande entreprise.Une étude de cas longitudinale processuelle chez Suez-Environnement met en lumière trois grands apports des POE : les POE, selon leur type, influencent la stratégie de l’entreprise par leur concours à la segmentation des activités ; ils contribuent à la conception et au déploiement des BM issus de la nouvelle segmentation ; et ils jouent un rôle moteur dans l’évolution du portefeuille de BM de l’entreprise.À partir de ces résultats, nous proposons : une conception élargie de la finalité du BM intégrant la performance sociétale ; une représentation enrichie du concept de BM, baptisée modèle RCOV-EPs, articulant quatre dimensions en interactions ; et le concept de métabusiness model que nous définissons comme : une métalogique de création de valeur socioéconomique émergeant de relations inter-BM. / With the emergence of the NGOs in our globalized economies, large companies developdiverse types of corporate-NGO partnerships (CNPs). Some researchers raised interrogations on their strategic issues. In our thesis, we study the CNPs specific contribution to the evolution of large companies’ business model (BM).Drawing on a longitudinal processual case study at Suez-Environnement, we highlight three main contributions of CNPs: first, some types of CNPs influence company’s strategy by taking part in the activities’ segmentation; second, they contribute to design and to implement the BMs resulting from the new segmentation; third, they play a driving role in the company’s BMs portfolio evolution.From these results, we suggest: an extended approach of BM’s purpose including societalperformance; an enhanced representation of the BM concept, called RCOV-PsE model,structuring four interacting components; and the meta business-model concept that we define as: a socio-economic value creation logic appearing from inter-BM relations.