Esta pesquisa faz um estudo integrado com ênfase na fragilidade das bacias hidrográficas costeiras do rio Nhundiaquara e rio Marumbi, localizadas no litoral do Paraná. Tem como objetivo geral a análise morfodinâmica destas bacias, na perspectiva da aplicação do modelo de fragilidade ambiental, frente aos indicadores das condições da água. Uma das justificativas deste trabalho é a tentativa de agregar aos estudos de fragilidade potencial e emergente, experimentos geradores de parâmetros ambientais de água. Além disso, a busca pela produção de material e de informações quantitativas e qualitativas sobre as características das bacias estudadas, visto que possam ser usadas como geoindicadores em programas de ordenamento, planejamento e gestão ambiental em atividades de educação pública. As informações para identificação, mapeamento e análise do meio físico (relevo, solos, geologia, vegetação e uso da terra) estão identificadas com apoio das tecnologias SIG, representadas pelas bases cartográficas. As correlações e combinações das informações são apresentadas com auxílio das tecnologias SIG representadas pelas ferramentas computacionais através dos softwares Spring, Idrisi e Corel Draw. Os resultados das combinações de informações temáticas apresentam fragilidades potencial e emergente, variando entre as classes baixa e muito alta, definidos pelas características físicas e sociais locais. A confrontação das fragilidades e as condições da água apresentam resultados com associação direta entre eles. / This research consists of an integrated study that focuses the fragility of the coastal watersheds of which Nhundiaquara and Marumbi Rivers are part of both located in the seashore are of Paraná. The main purpose of this research is the morphodynamic analysis of these watersheds applying the environmental fragility model, considering the indicators of water conditions. One of the reasons of this study is the attempt to add to the emerging and potential fragility studies, experiments that that generate environmental parameters for water condition. Moreover, the search for the production of information and materials as well as quantitative and qualitative information about the characteristics of the watersheds studies can be used as geoindicators in the planning and management of activities in public education. The information for the identification mapping and analysis of physical environmental (topography, soils, geology, vegetation and land use) are identified with the help of GIS technologies represented by the cartographic databases. The correlations and combinations of information are presented with the support of GIS technology represented by computational tools through Spring; Idrisi and Corel Draw softwares. The results of combinations of thematic information present potential and emerging fragility, varying in between low and very high classes, defined by local physical and social characteristics. The fragility confrontations and water conditions present results with direct association between them.

Esta pesquisa faz um estudo integrado com ênfase na fragilidade das bacias hidrográficas costeiras do rio Nhundiaquara e rio Marumbi, localizadas no litoral do Paraná. Tem como objetivo geral a análise morfodinâmica destas bacias, na perspectiva da aplicação do modelo de fragilidade ambiental, frente aos indicadores das condições da água. Uma das justificativas deste trabalho é a tentativa de agregar aos estudos de fragilidade potencial e emergente, experimentos geradores de parâmetros ambientais de água. Além disso, a busca pela produção de material e de informações quantitativas e qualitativas sobre as características das bacias estudadas, visto que possam ser usadas como geoindicadores em programas de ordenamento, planejamento e gestão ambiental em atividades de educação pública. As informações para identificação, mapeamento e análise do meio físico (relevo, solos, geologia, vegetação e uso da terra) estão identificadas com apoio das tecnologias SIG, representadas pelas bases cartográficas. As correlações e combinações das informações são apresentadas com auxílio das tecnologias SIG representadas pelas ferramentas computacionais através dos softwares Spring, Idrisi e Corel Draw. Os resultados das combinações de informações temáticas apresentam fragilidades potencial e emergente, variando entre as classes baixa e muito alta, definidos pelas características físicas e sociais locais. A confrontação das fragilidades e as condições da água apresentam resultados com associação direta entre eles. / This research consists of an integrated study that focuses the fragility of the coastal watersheds of which Nhundiaquara and Marumbi Rivers are part of both located in the seashore are of Paraná. The main purpose of this research is the morphodynamic analysis of these watersheds applying the environmental fragility model, considering the indicators of water conditions. One of the reasons of this study is the attempt to add to the emerging and potential fragility studies, experiments that that generate environmental parameters for water condition. Moreover, the search for the production of information and materials as well as quantitative and qualitative information about the characteristics of the watersheds studies can be used as geoindicators in the planning and management of activities in public education. The information for the identification mapping and analysis of physical environmental (topography, soils, geology, vegetation and land use) are identified with the help of GIS technologies represented by the cartographic databases. The correlations and combinations of information are presented with the support of GIS technology represented by computational tools through Spring; Idrisi and Corel Draw softwares. The results of combinations of thematic information present potential and emerging fragility, varying in between low and very high classes, defined by local physical and social characteristics. The fragility confrontations and water conditions present results with direct association between them.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden wesentliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Entwicklung von hochstämmigen, extensiv gepflegten Obstbäumen untersucht. Der direkte Einfluss von Klimafaktoren auf die Entwicklung der Gehölze konnte nachgewiesen werden. Dazu wurden neue Klimakennziffern definiert und durch dendrochronologische Untersuchungen Beziehungen zum Wachstum der Gehölze hergestellt. Weiterhin konnten komplexe Wechselwirkungen von klimatischen Einflüssen, Bodenwasserverhältnissen und dem Resistenzverhalten der Bäume gegenüber Winterkälte aufgezeigt werden. Für die hochstämmigen Obstbäume wurden in dem Zeitraum von mehr als 120 Jahren klima- und standortabhängige Negativ- und Positivweiserjahre aufgezeigt. Die Beziehungen zwischen den vegetativen Leistungen der Bäume und den Boden-/ und Bodenwasserverhältnissen wurden an ca. 50- , 100- und 200 jährigen Apfelbäumen untersucht und Zusammenhänge zu den Bewertungsmodellen der Reichsbodenschätzung (Bodenarten) und der Mittelmaßstäbigen landwirtschaftlichen Standortkartierung der DDR (Leitbodenformen) dargestellt. Die Gehölze zeigten standortabhängig unterschiedliche Wachstumsintensitäten. Die höchsten Zuwachsleistungen wurden an Grund- bzw. Stauwasser beeinflussten Standorten erzielt. Der Einfluss der Bodenarten an Wasser beeinflussten Standorten war innerhalb der Obstarten gering, zeigte aber Obstart spezifische Unterschiede. Die Apfelbäume erreichten auf sand- bzw. lehmüberlagerten Tonstandorten höhere Zuwachsleistungen als auf Deckton-Standorten. Bei der Obstart Birne waren die Wuchsleistungen auf Tonböden höher als an sand- bzw. lehmüberlagerten Tonstandorten. Wuchsdepressionen traten bei der Obstart Birne erst bei schweren Tonstandorten auf. Die Bedeutung der Leitbodenformen und Bodenarten trat an den Grund- bzw. Stauwasser fernen Standorten deutlich hervor. Von den untersuchten Leitbodenformen wiesen die Tieflehm- Fahlerden unabhängig von den Bodenarten die beste obstbauliche Eignung auf. Für den extensiven Anbau von Apfelbäumen auf den Leitbodenformen Sand-Rosterde und Sand-Braunerde sollten nur Standorte mit mehr als 28 Bodenpunkten verwendet werden (Bodenarten Sl 4D, Sl 3D, lS 4D,lS 3D und SL 4D). Das individuelle Verhalten von alten Apfelsorten in der vegetativen und generativen Leistung wurde auf einer starkwachsenden Klonunterlage untersucht. Eine Abhängigkeit der Zuwachsleistung der Bäume von den verwendeten Sorten, der Ertragsbildung und von den Witterungserscheinungen wurde nachgewiesen. / This thesis studied the factors that exercise essential influence on the development of tall fruit trees in extensive cultivation. We were able to prove that climatic factors directly influence the development of the trees. For achieving this we defined new climatic indicators and established relationships with the growth of the trees by means of dendro-chronological investigations. Further, we were able to prove that complex interactions exist between the climatic influences, soil water conditions and the resistance of the trees against cold in winter. For the tall fruit trees we defined negative and positive indicator years within a period of more than 120 years depending upon the climate and the location. The relationships between the vegetative performance of the trees and the soil/ and soil water conditions were studied in apple trees aged 50, 100 and 200 years and we were able to prove correlations with the evaluation models of the Reichsbodenschätzung (assessment of soil types in the German Reich) and the medium scale agricultural location mapping of the GDR (East Germany) (dominant soil forms). The growth intensity of the trees differed according to their location. The highest growth rates were reached in locations which were influenced by groundwater and/or perched water. At the locations that were influenced by water the type of soil had only minor influence within the same kind of fruit trees, however, we discovered specific differences between the individual kinds of fruit. On locations with clayey soil covered by sand or loam the apple trees reached higher growth rates than at locations where the top soil was clay. Pear trees reached higher growth rates on clayey soils than on clayey soils covered by sand or loam. Growth depressions occurred in pear trees only at locations with heavy clayey soil. Locations that were far from groundwater or perched water made the influence of the dominating soil forms and soil types very clear. From among the dominating soil forms which we investigated the pale soils with deep loam showed to be the most suitable for growing fruit trees irrespective of the kind of fruit. For extensive cultivation of apple trees on the dominating soil forms of sandy rusty soil and sandy brown soils should be used only locations with more than 28 points for soil quality (soil types S1 4D, S1 3D, IS 4D, IS 3D and SL 4D). We studied the individual behaviour of ancient apple species with respect to the vegetative and generative performance on a strongly growing clone stock. We were able to prove that the growth performance of the trees depends upon the chosen species, the yield formation and weather conditions.