<p>Today’s climate changes will probably give rise to precipitation in Sweden, which will cause more floods in Swedish rivers. Many of the Swedish rivers are regulated and have lots of hydro-electro power plants. Higher floods in the rivers will give greater water loads on the dams, which mean that a higher discharge through the sluice gates and in the spillway channels is needed. High discharge of water in a spillway channel can create scour of the material in the channel. Usually, for spillways in Swedish hydropower plants, this material is rock and the scour is in form of rock blocks. Scour downstream of dams can in the worst case endanger the dam construction.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to identify the extent and the type of rock scour that may appear in spillway channels of Swedish hydro power plants. The scour in rock material in a spillway channel is usually caused by pressure fluctuations in the water, which can cause large differences in pressure on the top and bottom surfaces of blocks. This pressure difference can be high enough to lift whole blocks. The main factors that affect this kind of scour are the crack pattern of the rock mass, the geometry of the spillway, the discharge of water and the surface fluctuation in the water. In this study a numeric model analyse, a field study and a literature study has been made in order to examine the influence on scour of the orientation of cracks in a rock mass. A rock mass containing a group of cracks with small or no dip is more likely to scour when it is exposed to discharging water. The orientation of the cracks in a rock mass relative to the direction of the water flow has also an impact on the capacity of the rock mass to resist scour.</p><p>In the field study the scour pattern in the spillway channels of the hydro power plants in Ligga, Harsprånget, Porjus, Satisjaure and Seitevare was examined. The scour of rock mass in the spillway channels in Ligga, Harsprånget and Porjus has been extensive. The rock mass in these channels has bedding cracks of small distances. This is probably the reason why these rock masses are sensitive for loads from discharging water. The rock mass in the spillway channel in Satisjaure has lots of cracks and is also very sensitive for loads from discharging water. This channel has been rebuilt during 2004.</p><p>There are different methods to predict the ability of a rock mass to resist scour. The Erodibility Index Method is a semi-empirical method that is verified by field observations in the USA. In this work the ability to apply this method on Swedish channels has been examined with field observations from Porjus, Harsprånget and Seitevare. As the Erodibility Index Method seemed to work in the case of these three spillways, it was also applied on the spillways in Satisjaure and Ligga.</p><p>Measures to reduce the energy in the discharging water in the spillways are very effective to reduce the risk of scouring in the rock mass. Blasted stairs in the rock mass in a channel or a stilling basin downstream the sluice gate is something that can reduce the energy in discharging water. Further documentary of spillway channels, like mapping and laser scanning, would contribute to a further verification of the Erodibility Index Method and to get a general survey of the risk of scour in Swedish spillways.</p> / <p>Dagens klimatsituation ser ut att ge ökad mängd nederbörd i Sverige, vilket innebär att de svenska älvarna kommer att utsättas för allt högre vattenflöden. De flesta av Sveriges älvar är reglerade, d v s längs älvarna finns en mängd större och mindre dammar. Ett högre flöde i älvarna innebär även rikligare tillrinning till dammarna vilket medför att avbördningen från dem måste bli större. Avbördningen från dammarna sker genom utskov och höga vattenflöden i utskovskanalerna kan orsaka erosion på det berg som kanalen vanligen består av. Erosionen är av typen ”blockerosion” där hela bergblock av större eller mindre storlek lösgörs från bergmassan. I värsta fall kan blockerosionen krypa uppströms och erodera dammkroppen bakifrån, vilket skulle kunna innebära att dammen brister.</p><p>Syftet med detta arbete var att identifiera omfattning och typ av bergerosionsproblem som uppkommer i utskovskanaler. Blockerosion uppkommer i regel då forsande vatten skapar tryckskillnader mellan övre och undre ytan på block. Tryckskillnaden kan då skapa tillräckliga lyftkrafter för att block ska lossna. De huvudsakliga faktorerna som styr blockerosionen är bergmassans sprickighet och material, utskovskanalens geometri och vattnets flöde och ytfluktuation. Genom litteraturstudie, numerisk modellanalys samt fältstudie har inverkan på blockerosionen av sprickriktningar utretts. En bergmassa som innehåller sprickgrupper som har liten, nära horisontell, stupning är känslig för vattenbelastning. Stupningsriktningen i förhållande till flödesriktningen har också betydelse för blockerosionen. Stupningsriktning i flödesriktningen gör bergmassan mer känslig för belastning av forsande vatten och gynnar därmed erosionen.</p><p>Utskovskanalerna i Ligga, Harsprånget, Porjus, Satisjaure samt Seitevare har undersökts med avseende på erosionsrisk. Erosionen i Ligga, Harsprånget och Porjus har varit omfattande och detta beror troligtvis på att dessa kanaler har subhorisontella bankningssprickor med litet sprickavstånd. I Satisjaure är bergmassan mycket sprickig, varför denna kanal är mycket känslig för vattnets belastning. Där har dock åtgärder vidtagits så att kanalen ska tåla sitt dimensionerande flöde. I Seitevare är erosionsrisken i kanalens övre del liten.</p><p>Det finns olika metoder för att bedöma erosionsrisken i en bergmassa. Erosionsindexmetoden är en semiempirisk metod som är verifierad med platsobservationer i USA. Med hjälp av observationer från Porjus, Harsprånget och Seitevare har erosionsindexmetodens tillämplighet på svenska kanaler undersökts. För dessa tre observationer verkar metoden fungera bra och har därför även använts i kanalerna i Satisjaure och Ligga.</p><p>Energidämpande åtgärder i kanalerna, såsom energiomvandlargropar och utsprängda trappor i kanalerna, har visats sig vara mycket effektivt för att minska erosionsrisken. En noga dokumentering av utskovskanaler, som t ex kartering och inmätningar, skulle bidra till att erosionsindexmetoden kunde verifieras ytterligare och att en översiktlig bedömning av erosionsrisken i utskovskanaler enkelt kan erhållas.</p>

Today’s climate changes will probably give rise to precipitation in Sweden, which will cause more floods in Swedish rivers. Many of the Swedish rivers are regulated and have lots of hydro-electro power plants. Higher floods in the rivers will give greater water loads on the dams, which mean that a higher discharge through the sluice gates and in the spillway channels is needed. High discharge of water in a spillway channel can create scour of the material in the channel. Usually, for spillways in Swedish hydropower plants, this material is rock and the scour is in form of rock blocks. Scour downstream of dams can in the worst case endanger the dam construction. The purpose of this study was to identify the extent and the type of rock scour that may appear in spillway channels of Swedish hydro power plants. The scour in rock material in a spillway channel is usually caused by pressure fluctuations in the water, which can cause large differences in pressure on the top and bottom surfaces of blocks. This pressure difference can be high enough to lift whole blocks. The main factors that affect this kind of scour are the crack pattern of the rock mass, the geometry of the spillway, the discharge of water and the surface fluctuation in the water. In this study a numeric model analyse, a field study and a literature study has been made in order to examine the influence on scour of the orientation of cracks in a rock mass. A rock mass containing a group of cracks with small or no dip is more likely to scour when it is exposed to discharging water. The orientation of the cracks in a rock mass relative to the direction of the water flow has also an impact on the capacity of the rock mass to resist scour. In the field study the scour pattern in the spillway channels of the hydro power plants in Ligga, Harsprånget, Porjus, Satisjaure and Seitevare was examined. The scour of rock mass in the spillway channels in Ligga, Harsprånget and Porjus has been extensive. The rock mass in these channels has bedding cracks of small distances. This is probably the reason why these rock masses are sensitive for loads from discharging water. The rock mass in the spillway channel in Satisjaure has lots of cracks and is also very sensitive for loads from discharging water. This channel has been rebuilt during 2004. There are different methods to predict the ability of a rock mass to resist scour. The Erodibility Index Method is a semi-empirical method that is verified by field observations in the USA. In this work the ability to apply this method on Swedish channels has been examined with field observations from Porjus, Harsprånget and Seitevare. As the Erodibility Index Method seemed to work in the case of these three spillways, it was also applied on the spillways in Satisjaure and Ligga. Measures to reduce the energy in the discharging water in the spillways are very effective to reduce the risk of scouring in the rock mass. Blasted stairs in the rock mass in a channel or a stilling basin downstream the sluice gate is something that can reduce the energy in discharging water. Further documentary of spillway channels, like mapping and laser scanning, would contribute to a further verification of the Erodibility Index Method and to get a general survey of the risk of scour in Swedish spillways. / Dagens klimatsituation ser ut att ge ökad mängd nederbörd i Sverige, vilket innebär att de svenska älvarna kommer att utsättas för allt högre vattenflöden. De flesta av Sveriges älvar är reglerade, d v s längs älvarna finns en mängd större och mindre dammar. Ett högre flöde i älvarna innebär även rikligare tillrinning till dammarna vilket medför att avbördningen från dem måste bli större. Avbördningen från dammarna sker genom utskov och höga vattenflöden i utskovskanalerna kan orsaka erosion på det berg som kanalen vanligen består av. Erosionen är av typen ”blockerosion” där hela bergblock av större eller mindre storlek lösgörs från bergmassan. I värsta fall kan blockerosionen krypa uppströms och erodera dammkroppen bakifrån, vilket skulle kunna innebära att dammen brister. Syftet med detta arbete var att identifiera omfattning och typ av bergerosionsproblem som uppkommer i utskovskanaler. Blockerosion uppkommer i regel då forsande vatten skapar tryckskillnader mellan övre och undre ytan på block. Tryckskillnaden kan då skapa tillräckliga lyftkrafter för att block ska lossna. De huvudsakliga faktorerna som styr blockerosionen är bergmassans sprickighet och material, utskovskanalens geometri och vattnets flöde och ytfluktuation. Genom litteraturstudie, numerisk modellanalys samt fältstudie har inverkan på blockerosionen av sprickriktningar utretts. En bergmassa som innehåller sprickgrupper som har liten, nära horisontell, stupning är känslig för vattenbelastning. Stupningsriktningen i förhållande till flödesriktningen har också betydelse för blockerosionen. Stupningsriktning i flödesriktningen gör bergmassan mer känslig för belastning av forsande vatten och gynnar därmed erosionen. Utskovskanalerna i Ligga, Harsprånget, Porjus, Satisjaure samt Seitevare har undersökts med avseende på erosionsrisk. Erosionen i Ligga, Harsprånget och Porjus har varit omfattande och detta beror troligtvis på att dessa kanaler har subhorisontella bankningssprickor med litet sprickavstånd. I Satisjaure är bergmassan mycket sprickig, varför denna kanal är mycket känslig för vattnets belastning. Där har dock åtgärder vidtagits så att kanalen ska tåla sitt dimensionerande flöde. I Seitevare är erosionsrisken i kanalens övre del liten. Det finns olika metoder för att bedöma erosionsrisken i en bergmassa. Erosionsindexmetoden är en semiempirisk metod som är verifierad med platsobservationer i USA. Med hjälp av observationer från Porjus, Harsprånget och Seitevare har erosionsindexmetodens tillämplighet på svenska kanaler undersökts. För dessa tre observationer verkar metoden fungera bra och har därför även använts i kanalerna i Satisjaure och Ligga. Energidämpande åtgärder i kanalerna, såsom energiomvandlargropar och utsprängda trappor i kanalerna, har visats sig vara mycket effektivt för att minska erosionsrisken. En noga dokumentering av utskovskanaler, som t ex kartering och inmätningar, skulle bidra till att erosionsindexmetoden kunde verifieras ytterligare och att en översiktlig bedömning av erosionsrisken i utskovskanaler enkelt kan erhållas.

Submitted by GABRIELA NASCIMENTO HERCOS (ghercos@hotmail.com) on 2018-07-30T13:42:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WLT DISSERTAÇÃO FINAL PARA REPOSITÓRIO.pdf: 2479083 bytes, checksum: cd2c2572fc69fad4a63148cf6359bebc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sulamita Selma C Colnago null (sulamita@btu.unesp.br) on 2018-07-31T12:42:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hercos_gn_me_bot.pdf: 2479083 bytes, checksum: cd2c2572fc69fad4a63148cf6359bebc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hercos_gn_me_bot.pdf: 2479083 bytes, checksum: cd2c2572fc69fad4a63148cf6359bebc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-25 / Hercos GN. Aplicabilidade clínica do teste de sobrecarga de água em crianças com dor abdominal crônica e dispepsia. [Dissertação]. Botucatu: Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu:- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, 2018. Introdução. A ingestão está associada a mudanças no controle motor gástrico, como o armazenamento inicial da refeição, através do reflexo da acomodação gástrica, seguido de esvaziamento a uma taxa que corresponde à capacidade de absorção do intestino delgado. Alteração nos receptores sensoriais ou na função da via neural pode resultar em maior sensibilidade visceral, podendo resultar em dor. O Teste de Sobrecarga de Água é proposto para avaliar a acomodação e a sensibilidade visceral. O objetivo do estudo foi: determinar a aplicabilidade do teste de sobrecarga de água como um instrumento na investigação de crianças com Dor Abdominal Crônica, avaliando se seria discriminatório para crianças com dor de origem orgânica ou funcional e com e sem dispepsia. Métodos. Estudo prospectivo, transversal de pacientes com Dor Abdominal Crônica. Critérios de Inclusão: idade de 7 a 15 anos; Dor Abdominal Crônica conforme critérios de Apley; diagnóstico de Dor Abdominal Crônica Funcional segundo Critérios de Roma IV; diagnóstico Dor Abdominal Crônica de etiologia orgânica realizado de acordo com os métodos e critérios padrões utilizados na pratica clínica. Critérios de exclusão foram: doença crônica genética, neurológica, metabólica, renal, hepática, infecciosa, hematológica, cardiovascular, ou doença pulmonar, história de hemorragia gastrintestinal prévia ou cirurgia abdominal. Procedimentos: durante a primeira consulta foram coletados dados clínicos, antropométricos. Na segunda consulta foi realizado o Teste de Sobrecarga de Água e a aplicação de um Escore Clínico de Sintomas Dispépticos durante e após o teste. Todos os dados foram compilados utilizando-se o programa estatístico GraphPad Prism versão 7.00. Os testes estatísticos foram bicaudais e o nível de significância considerado em p <0,05. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 83 crianças com DAC, sendo 55 com DAC Funcional e 28 com DAC Orgânica (44 do subgrupo Dispepsia, dos quais 18 com Dispepsia Funcional e 26 com Dispepsia Orgânica). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto as variáveis antropométricas entre os subgrupos de DAC. O Escore Clínico de Sintomas Dispépticos foi significativamente maior no subgrupo DAC Orgânica e no subgrupo Dispepsia. Não houve diferença no Volume Máximo Tolerado entre os diferentes subgrupos de DAC. Crianças maiores de 10 anos e do sexo masculino toleraram volume maior de água. Houve correlação positiva entre Volume Máximo Tolerado e Escore Clínico de Sintomas Dispépticos no subgrupo Não Dispepsia 30 minutos após o teste. Observou- se correlação positiva entre Volume Máximo Tolerado e o peso, estatura e IMC para os diferentes subgrupos. Discussão e conclusão: o teste de Sobrecarga de Água não mostrou poder discriminatório entre os diferentes subtipos de DAC. Provavelmente a não inibição do esvaziamento gástrico com refeição teste com água tenha impedido a retenção adequada para desencadear um defeito na acomodação gástrica. Palavras chave: Teste de Sobrecarga de Água; Dor Abdominal Crônica; Dispepsia; Criança / Introduction. Ingestion is associated with changes in gastric motor control, such as primary storage of the meal through the reflex of gastric accommodation, followed by emptying at a rate that corresponds to the absorption capacity of the small intestine. Alteration in sensory receptors or neural pathway function may result in increased visceral sensitivity and may result in pain. The Water Load Test (WLT) is proposed to assess gastric accommodation and visceral sensitivity. Objective: to determine the applicability of the WLT as an instrument for the investigation children with Chronic Abdominal Pain (CAP), evaluating whether it would be discriminatory for children with the pain of organic or functional origin and with and without dyspepsia. Methods. Prospective, cross-sectional study of patients with CAP. Inclusion Criteria: age between 7-15 years; CAP according to Apley criteria; diagnosis of Functional Abdominal Pain according to Rome IV Criteria; diagnosis of organic CAP performed according to the standard methods and approaches used in clinical practice. Exclusion criteria: chronic genetic, neurological, metabolic, renal, hepatic, infectious, hematological, cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, history of previous gastrointestinal bleeding or abdominal surgery. Procedures: During the first visit, clinical and anthropometric data were collected. During the second visit, the WLT and the Clinical Dyspepsia Symptoms Score were performed during and after the test. All data were compiled using the statistical program GraphPad Prism version 7.00. The statistical tests were two-tailed and the level of significance considered at p <0.05. Results: 83 children with CAP were evaluated, 55 with functional CAP and 28 with organic CAP (44 dyspepsia, of which 18 with functional and 26 with organic dyspepsia). There was no statistical difference in the anthropometric variables between the subgroups of CAP. The Clinical Dyspepsia Symptoms Score was significantly higher in the CAP Organic and Dyspepsia subgroup. There was no difference in Maximum Tolerated Volume (MTV) between the different subgroups of CAP. Children older than ten years and males had more MTV. There was a positive correlation between MTV and Clinical Dyspepsia Symptoms Score in the No Dyspepsia subgroup 30 minutes after the test. There was a positive correlation between MTV and weight, height and BMI for the different subgroups. Discussion and conclusion: WLT did not show discriminatory power between the different subtypes of CAP. Probably not inhibiting gastric emptying with a test meal with water has prevented adequate retention to trigger a defect in gastric accommodation. Keywords: Water Load test; Chronic abdominal pain; Dyspepsia; Children.

Orientador: Nilton Carlos Machado / Resumo: Hercos GN. Aplicabilidade clínica do teste de sobrecarga de água em crianças com dor abdominal crônica e dispepsia. [Dissertação]. Botucatu: Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu:- Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, 2018. Introdução. A ingestão está associada a mudanças no controle motor gástrico, como o armazenamento inicial da refeição, através do reflexo da acomodação gástrica, seguido de esvaziamento a uma taxa que corresponde à capacidade de absorção do intestino delgado. Alteração nos receptores sensoriais ou na função da via neural pode resultar em maior sensibilidade visceral, podendo resultar em dor. O Teste de Sobrecarga de Água é proposto para avaliar a acomodação e a sensibilidade visceral. O objetivo do estudo foi: determinar a aplicabilidade do teste de sobrecarga de água como um instrumento na investigação de crianças com Dor Abdominal Crônica, avaliando se seria discriminatório para crianças com dor de origem orgânica ou funcional e com e sem dispepsia. Métodos. Estudo prospectivo, transversal de pacientes com Dor Abdominal Crônica. Critérios de Inclusão: idade de 7 a 15 anos; Dor Abdominal Crônica conforme critérios de Apley; diagnóstico de Dor Abdominal Crônica Funcional segundo Critérios de Roma IV; diagnóstico Dor Abdominal Crônica de etiologia orgânica realizado de acordo com os métodos e critérios padrões utilizados na pratica clínica. Critérios de exclusão foram: doença crônica genética, neurológica, metabólica, renal, hepática, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Introduction. Ingestion is associated with changes in gastric motor control, such as primary storage of the meal through the reflex of gastric accommodation, followed by emptying at a rate that corresponds to the absorption capacity of the small intestine. Alteration in sensory receptors or neural pathway function may result in increased visceral sensitivity and may result in pain. The Water Load Test (WLT) is proposed to assess gastric accommodation and visceral sensitivity. Objective: to determine the applicability of the WLT as an instrument for the investigation children with Chronic Abdominal Pain (CAP), evaluating whether it would be discriminatory for children with the pain of organic or functional origin and with and without dyspepsia. Methods. Prospective, cross-sectional study of patients with CAP. Inclusion Criteria: age between 7-15 years; CAP according to Apley criteria; diagnosis of Functional Abdominal Pain according to Rome IV Criteria; diagnosis of organic CAP performed according to the standard methods and approaches used in clinical practice. Exclusion criteria: chronic genetic, neurological, metabolic, renal, hepatic, infectious, hematological, cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, history of previous gastrointestinal bleeding or abdominal surgery. Procedures: During the first visit, clinical and anthropometric data were collected. During the second visit, the WLT and the Clinical Dyspepsia Symptoms Score were performed during and after the test. All data w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Floods are the natural disaster that causes the most deaths and economic damage in the world. Sweden has been relatively spared from casualties in connection with floods, but the material damage is significant. In the future, larger and more frequent floods are expected. It is therefore interesting to study new protection barriers with higher capacity. C3C Engineering AB is a Växjö-based company that manufactures concrete blocks according to the lego principle out of waste concrete. In 2021, C3C has 99 production sites spread around Sweden. In the study, four models of stacking C3Cblock® were analyzed.The aim of the study was to produce calculation materials that can be used for stacking and placing C3Cblock® for flood protections. To calculate the capacity of the models, three horizontal loads were assumed to act on the stacking: static water pressure, hydrodynamic water pressure and floating debris load. In the study, four interviews with experts in the flood area were conducted. The interviews provided an insight into how experts at the relevant authorities view Sweden's preparedness, management, planning against floods and which criteria for protection barriers are considered important.The results from the study show that the C3Cblock® largely manage the water velocities and water heights that the authority for protection and preparedness maps for. The work also shows that the impact of floating debris has a relatively small effect compared to the hydrodynamic and hydrostatic water load. As the calculation set-up has been in ideal conditions, it is important when using the C3Cblock® for flood prevention purposes to have knowledge of terrain conditions such as base material and ground slope. / Översvämningar är den naturkatastrof som orsakar flest antal dödsoffer och ekonomisk skada i världen. Sverige har varit relativt förskonat från dödsoffer i samband med översvämningar, men de materiella skadorna är betydande. I framtiden förväntas större och mer frekventa översvämningar. Det är därför intressant att studera nya skyddsbarriärer med högre kapacitet. C3C Engineering AB är ett Växjöbaserat företag som tillverkar betongblock enligt legoprincipenutav överbliven spillbetong. År 2021 har C3C 99 stycken produktionsplatser utspridda runt om i Sverige. I arbetet kontrollerades fyra modeller för stapling av C3Cblock®. Målet med arbetet var att ta fram beräkningsmaterial som kan användas vid stapling och placering av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar. För att beräkna modellernas kapacitet antogs tre horisontella laster verka på staplingen: statiskt vattentryck, hydrodynamiskt vattentryck och drivgodslast. I arbetet har fyra stycken intervjuer med sakkunniga inom översvämningsområdetgenomförts. Intervjuerna gav en inblick i hur sakkunniga på berörda myndigheter ser på Sveriges beredskap, hantering, planering mot översvämningar och vilka kriterier för skyddsbarriärer som anses viktiga. Resultatet av arbetet visar att C3Cblock® till stor del klarar de vattenhastigheter och vattenhöjder som myndigheten för skydd och beredskap karterar för. Arbetet visar också att inverkan av drivgods har en relativt liten effekt jämfört med dethydrodynamiska- och hydrostatiska vattenlasten. Då beräkningsuppställningen varit i ideala förhållanden är det viktigt att vid användning av C3Cblock® i förebyggande syfte mot översvämningar ha kännedom kring terrängförhållanden som underlagsmaterial och marklutning.