[Truncated abstract] Broadly, research literature on the physiological aspects of water polo game play is limited, but particularly so in the women's game. Moreover, significant changes to game rules in recent years are likely to have had an impact on the game demands. Therefore, this research project sought to investigate the physiological characteristics of contemporary elite female water polo players and the demands of match play. Overall, the five studies comprising this thesis aimed to improve the practical knowledge of coaches and sport scientists concerning the training and monitoring of players. Study one (Chapter 3) compared two water polo-specific field tests of aerobic and/or match fitness (MSST, multistage shuttle swim test; and WIST, water polo intermittent shuttle test) with a traditional incremental swimming test to exhaustion (IST, 5 x 200 m). Prior to this study, the physiological responses to the MSST and WIST were not well understood. Additionally, the degree of association between these two tests was unknown. Therefore, 14 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players performed the MSST and WIST, and 13 players from a National Water Polo League club performed the MSST, WIST and IST, on separate occasions. Peak heart rate, blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were obtained for all tests. Expired air was collected post test for the National League players. The results showed that the National Squad players performed significantly better in the MSST (636 ± 114 vs. 437 ± 118 m, p < 0.001) and WIST (270 ± 117 vs. 115 ± 57 m, p < 0.001) than the National League players. ... Absolute decrement yielded TE of 0.55 s (-0.42-0.81), CV of 26.0% (19.3-41.0) and ICC of -0.002 (-0.44-0.44). Relative (%) decrement yielded TE of 1.6% (1.2-2.3), CV of 27.2% (20.1-42.9) and ICC of -0.02 (-0.46-0.42). Results indicate that total time was a reliable measure, whilst decrement was not. Similar to land-based RSA tests, total time should be the criterion measure of performance in the RST. The RST can form part of a specific battery of field tests for water polo, and can also be used as a conditioning tool. The final study (Chapter 7) was a nutritional-intervention study. Based on the time-motion data from study three, a 59-min match simulation test (MST) was designed to mimic the activity profiles and physical demands of water polo match play. Using a randomized cross-over double-blind design, 12 Australian National Women's Water Polo Squad players ingested 0.3 g·kg-1 of NaHCO3 or placebo, 90 min before performing the MST, which included 56 x 10-m maximal-sprint swims as the performance measure. Although pre-exercise ingestion of NaHCO3 was effective in enhancing extracellular pH and bicarbonate levels, the percentage difference in mean sprint times between trials showed no substantial effects of NaHCO3 (0.4; ±0.9%, effect size = 0.09; ±0.23, p = 0.51). The results suggest that elite water polo players should not expect enhancement in intermittent-sprint performance from NaHCO3 supplementation. These findings are contrary to previous NaHCO3 studies on simulated team-sport performance, but this investigation is unique in that it examined highly-trained athletes performing sport-specific tasks. In conclusion, the findings of this thesis add to the existing literature on the applied physiology of women's water polo. It is hoped that the knowledge gained from these findings will lead to more appropriate conditioning, testing and selection outcomes.

Title: Management of sporting event - 6 Nations Objectives: Target of the thesis is brought and defines problems with organization sport action 6 Nations. Whole organization will be describe and next will be analyzed the problems, with which the organizers had the opportunity to meet. With help of selected theoretic method will be on the conception of the project the next year show, how prevent and eliminate the arising situation so as the negative repercussion was least. The most important chapter is propagation of the action and options, that this part was the best result. Methods: With help of descriptive case study and date analysis of case study will be description organization of whole action that will be analyzed. On a questionnaire and discussion will be shown problems with propagation and will be devise the methods of propagation so as the propagations was the most intensive and reach target groups. In conclusion is done generalization the obtained results and setting assumptions to successful organization of sport enterprise. Results: Have been identified deficiencies in quality of propagation that wasn't focused on ideal target groups and thus not be met, which was set before the event. The main purpose was expand the water polo between people and get to water polo another young active...

Water polo is a highly dynamic and physically demanding sport that has heretofore not inspired nearly as much research as other overhead sports such as baseball or swimming. As in almost all overhead sports, water polo puts its players at high risks for shoulder injuries since the motions required to perform the sport at an optimum level push the limits of normal shoulder function. Human shoulders are inherently unstable as a tradeoff to their flexibility. Because of this instability, many structures are required to work concurrently to keep the shoulder in place. These structures include muscles, ligaments and cartilages. It is important to recognize that the shoulder is not a singular joint in itself but rather a highly mobile complex that can perform many nuanced motions. Shoulder instability can cause a variety of injuries such as impingement, which occurs often among overhead athletes. This malady refers to a pathologic limitation of normal subacromial space that causes structures to be in abnormal contact with each other, which causes abrasive and pinching forces. These forces can result in a range of shoulder maladies including bursitis, tendinitis, and tearing of muscles and ligaments. Impingement is very apparent in both swimmers and water polo players due to the repetitive stresses present in each sport. In swimmers, impingement has been relatively well researched; the freestyle stroke utilized in water polo, however, is fundamentally different in that water polo players keep their heads and chests erect out of the water with a stroke known as head-up freestyle. Hitherto unknown are the biomechanics of this stroke and the extent to which impingement in water polo players is caused and/or worsened by this form of freestyle. The proposed research is a two-part study to investigate the biomechanics of water polo head-up freestyle as a first step to understanding its role in impingement in water polo players. First, experienced water polo players with healthy shoulders approved by the IRB committee of Scripps College will be recruited in this study, and their head-up freestyle kinematic sequences and muscle activities will be recorded by synchronized high-speed cinematography and fine-wire electromyography. These data will be compared to those of head-down freestyle in the literature to understand the biomechanical differences between head-up in and head-down. Part II of the study will recruit experienced water polo players with existing shoulder impingement in addition to those with healthy shoulders in Part I, and their head-up freestyle will be recorded in the same manner. These data will be compared to those in Part I to understand how the head-up stroke differs between impinged and healthy shoulders. This research will provide a basis for the understanding of impingement in head-up freestyle to ultimately increase the safety of the players. Further studies should be conducted to compare the patterns of biomechanical differences between healthy and impinged shoulders in head-up vs. head-down, analyze impingement in each phase of the head-up swim stroke, and investigate how the rate of impingement is altered by fatigue and poor technique.

O eggbeater (EB) é uma habilidade fundamental utilizada no polo aquático e no nado sincronizado com a finalidade de sustentação e deslocamentos. Sabe-se como o EB deve ser executado para ser mais eficiente, mas não é encontrada metodologia de ensino para o mesmo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de uma intervenção de ensino sobre parâmetros de desempenho de EB. Participaram 15 crianças de ambos os sexos (idade: 8,13 ± 1,68 anos) adaptadas ao meio aquático. O período de intervenção foi composto por 12 aulas com sequências de exercícios específicos para o ensino do EB. Na avaliação pré-intervenção foi realizada antropometria e um teste de impulsão vertical em terra para estimar a potência dos membros inferiores (PotMI). Os testes na água foram aplicados antes e após o período de intervenção. Foram realizados dois testes na água: o teste de EB de suporte, sob máxima intensidade, com duração de 10 s, para obter as variáveis distância média mantida entre os joelhos (DJs), variação vertical do quadril (Vvq) e sobreposição das fases de in-kick (SEB); e o teste de alçada (impulsão vertical na água), em três tentativas, para obter as variáveis altura absoluta da alçada (Hegg) e altura relativa da alçada (HRegg). Em ambos os testes, foram obtidas e posteriormente analisadas imagens de vídeo gravadas no plano frontal em relação ao executante. Adotou-se para a análise do teste de EB de suporte os seis primeiros ciclos completos de EB. Resultados: DJs e Vvq não apresentaram diferença entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa para SEB, sendo, respectivamente, as médias pré e pós de 43,5 ± 29% e 20,1 ± 9%. Hegg e HRegg não apresentaram diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. De maneira geral, os resultados indicaram que as crianças que participaram do presente estudo melhoraram a técnica de execução do eggbeater a partir da análise da sobreposição. / The eggbeater kick (EB) is a fundamental skill used in water polo and synchronized swimming in order to support and to displace. It is known how the EB must be performed to be more efficient, but non teaching methodology is found for the same. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a teaching intervention on EB performance parameters. Fifteen children of both genders (age: 8.13 ± 1.68 years) adapted to the aquatic environment, participated in this study. The intervention period was composed by 12 lessons with specific sequences of exercise for EB teaching. In the pre-intervention period, anthropometric data were obtained and vertical jump test was carried out on land to estimate the power of the lower limbs (PotMI). Two tests in water were performed on the water, both applied before and after the intervention period: the EB support test under maximum intensity, lasting 10 s, for the variables mean distance maintained between the knees (DJs), vertical variation of the hip (Vvq) and overlapping in-kick phases (SEB); and the vertical jump test in water to get the variables absolute height (Hegg) and the relative height (HRegg). In both tests video images were obtained and analyzed from the frontal plane in relation to the performer. Six complete cycles of EB were analyzed in the EB support test. Results: DJs and Vvq showed no difference between pre-and post-intervention period. Statistically significant difference was found for SEB, being, respectively, pre-and post, 29% ± 43.5 and 20.1 ± 9%. Hegg and HRegg showed no differences between pre-and post-intervention period. Overall, the results indicated that children who participated in this study improved the technical execution of the eggbeater from the analysis of overlapping.

The thesis engages in taking and verifying the interventionist yoga programme for the Czech national team players of the women water polo in their adolescence age. In the theoretical part there was described the setting of water polo, the essential physiology of the respiratory system, the principle of the yogic techniques and the specification of the adolescent age. The research group (10 teenage ladies ) took part in 12 weeks yoga programme. Its goal was to use the right correct breathing for health optimizing and for reduction unwanted emotional expressions. The professional physiotherapy examination, the questioning research STAI, POMS and the research by Biofeedback method have been done. After the finishing interventionist yoga programme the hard pressed muscles groups were relaxed and stretched, probands have learnt how to breath properly, and thanks to it, to control state of stress and relax, the improvement of the posture was not confirm for all probands.

O eggbeater (EB) é uma habilidade fundamental utilizada no polo aquático e no nado sincronizado com a finalidade de sustentação e deslocamentos. Sabe-se como o EB deve ser executado para ser mais eficiente, mas não é encontrada metodologia de ensino para o mesmo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de uma intervenção de ensino sobre parâmetros de desempenho de EB. Participaram 15 crianças de ambos os sexos (idade: 8,13 ± 1,68 anos) adaptadas ao meio aquático. O período de intervenção foi composto por 12 aulas com sequências de exercícios específicos para o ensino do EB. Na avaliação pré-intervenção foi realizada antropometria e um teste de impulsão vertical em terra para estimar a potência dos membros inferiores (PotMI). Os testes na água foram aplicados antes e após o período de intervenção. Foram realizados dois testes na água: o teste de EB de suporte, sob máxima intensidade, com duração de 10 s, para obter as variáveis distância média mantida entre os joelhos (DJs), variação vertical do quadril (Vvq) e sobreposição das fases de in-kick (SEB); e o teste de alçada (impulsão vertical na água), em três tentativas, para obter as variáveis altura absoluta da alçada (Hegg) e altura relativa da alçada (HRegg). Em ambos os testes, foram obtidas e posteriormente analisadas imagens de vídeo gravadas no plano frontal em relação ao executante. Adotou-se para a análise do teste de EB de suporte os seis primeiros ciclos completos de EB. Resultados: DJs e Vvq não apresentaram diferença entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa para SEB, sendo, respectivamente, as médias pré e pós de 43,5 ± 29% e 20,1 ± 9%. Hegg e HRegg não apresentaram diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. De maneira geral, os resultados indicaram que as crianças que participaram do presente estudo melhoraram a técnica de execução do eggbeater a partir da análise da sobreposição. / The eggbeater kick (EB) is a fundamental skill used in water polo and synchronized swimming in order to support and to displace. It is known how the EB must be performed to be more efficient, but non teaching methodology is found for the same. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a teaching intervention on EB performance parameters. Fifteen children of both genders (age: 8.13 ± 1.68 years) adapted to the aquatic environment, participated in this study. The intervention period was composed by 12 lessons with specific sequences of exercise for EB teaching. In the pre-intervention period, anthropometric data were obtained and vertical jump test was carried out on land to estimate the power of the lower limbs (PotMI). Two tests in water were performed on the water, both applied before and after the intervention period: the EB support test under maximum intensity, lasting 10 s, for the variables mean distance maintained between the knees (DJs), vertical variation of the hip (Vvq) and overlapping in-kick phases (SEB); and the vertical jump test in water to get the variables absolute height (Hegg) and the relative height (HRegg). In both tests video images were obtained and analyzed from the frontal plane in relation to the performer. Six complete cycles of EB were analyzed in the EB support test. Results: DJs and Vvq showed no difference between pre-and post-intervention period. Statistically significant difference was found for SEB, being, respectively, pre-and post, 29% ± 43.5 and 20.1 ± 9%. Hegg and HRegg showed no differences between pre-and post-intervention period. Overall, the results indicated that children who participated in this study improved the technical execution of the eggbeater from the analysis of overlapping.

O eggbeater (EB) é uma habilidade fundamental utilizada no polo aquático e no nado sincronizado com a finalidade de sustentação e deslocamentos. Sabe-se como o EB deve ser executado para ser mais eficiente, mas não é encontrada metodologia de ensino para o mesmo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de uma intervenção de ensino sobre parâmetros de desempenho de EB. Participaram 15 crianças de ambos os sexos (idade: 8,13 ± 1,68 anos) adaptadas ao meio aquático. O período de intervenção foi composto por 12 aulas com sequências de exercícios específicos para o ensino do EB. Na avaliação pré-intervenção foi realizada antropometria e um teste de impulsão vertical em terra para estimar a potência dos membros inferiores (PotMI). Os testes na água foram aplicados antes e após o período de intervenção. Foram realizados dois testes na água: o teste de EB de suporte, sob máxima intensidade, com duração de 10 s, para obter as variáveis distância média mantida entre os joelhos (DJs), variação vertical do quadril (Vvq) e sobreposição das fases de in-kick (SEB); e o teste de alçada (impulsão vertical na água), em três tentativas, para obter as variáveis altura absoluta da alçada (Hegg) e altura relativa da alçada (HRegg). Em ambos os testes, foram obtidas e posteriormente analisadas imagens de vídeo gravadas no plano frontal em relação ao executante. Adotou-se para a análise do teste de EB de suporte os seis primeiros ciclos completos de EB. Resultados: DJs e Vvq não apresentaram diferença entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa para SEB, sendo, respectivamente, as médias pré e pós de 43,5 ± 29% e 20,1 ± 9%. Hegg e HRegg não apresentaram diferenças entre os momentos pré e pós-período de intervenção. De maneira geral, os resultados indicaram que as crianças que participaram do presente estudo melhoraram a técnica de execução do eggbeater a partir da análise da sobreposição. / The eggbeater kick (EB) is a fundamental skill used in water polo and synchronized swimming in order to support and to displace. It is known how the EB must be performed to be more efficient, but non teaching methodology is found for the same. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a teaching intervention on EB performance parameters. Fifteen children of both genders (age: 8.13 ± 1.68 years) adapted to the aquatic environment, participated in this study. The intervention period was composed by 12 lessons with specific sequences of exercise for EB teaching. In the pre-intervention period, anthropometric data were obtained and vertical jump test was carried out on land to estimate the power of the lower limbs (PotMI). Two tests in water were performed on the water, both applied before and after the intervention period: the EB support test under maximum intensity, lasting 10 s, for the variables mean distance maintained between the knees (DJs), vertical variation of the hip (Vvq) and overlapping in-kick phases (SEB); and the vertical jump test in water to get the variables absolute height (Hegg) and the relative height (HRegg). In both tests video images were obtained and analyzed from the frontal plane in relation to the performer. Six complete cycles of EB were analyzed in the EB support test. Results: DJs and Vvq showed no difference between pre-and post-intervention period. Statistically significant difference was found for SEB, being, respectively, pre-and post, 29% ± 43.5 and 20.1 ± 9%. Hegg and HRegg showed no differences between pre-and post-intervention period. Overall, the results indicated that children who participated in this study improved the technical execution of the eggbeater from the analysis of overlapping.

No description available.

The diploma thesis deals with the monitoring of selected functional indicators of the women's water polo team during the RTC. The aim of this work is to observe the women's team in the water pole during the RTC. Tracking their TF for tests aimed at developing endurance and speed at ball launch. I divided the work into several parts. The theoretical part is devoted to the issue of water polo, deals with the basic skills of a water polo player and deals with the individual peculiarities of sports training and selected functional indicators. The practical part is divided into research and final part. The resulting part contains records of acquired changes in heart rate in selected phases of the annual training cycle. In the resulting part are processed the resulting data. To find out the results for the practical part I used observation methods, questionnaire, testing and statistical methods.

Title: Changes in fitness levels and fitness parameters for water polo players during ATC 2012/2013 Objectives: The aim of the work determine the current performance through changes in competition and the transition period for players (n = 12, mean age 22.22 years + - 5, 6 years) water polo. Methods: To obtain a personal history of the probands was chosen method of qualitative structured interview with closed questions. From the basic anthropometrics values measured body height, weight and circuit parameters. Non-standard specific test for swimming biokinetic was at water polo players performed twice. The first test in the racing season (24th 3. 2013, 26th 3. 2013, 2nd 4. 2013), the second under the same conditions (10th 9. 2013), in a transitional period of annual training cycle (ATC) 2012/ 2013. The content of the selected non-standard specific test was compared test1 and test 2, which ran without the possibility of resting players were only interrupted by 40 seconds when tested probands carried leaps with throw up arms slightly bent at the elbows. This test was measured actual performance changes in ATC 2012/2013. Furthermore, fatigue was observed between test 1 and test 2 in the race and the transition period. During the trial, the parties all observed repeatedly drawn lactate. Results: All...