Recent research has highlighted that information-movement couplings are unique to the constraints of the task, environment and performer. This recent research implies that skills should be developed in practice environments that are reflective of those found in competition. Representative environments should also allow the performer to attune to specifying information essential for success of a skill. However, in water polo, shooting practice is often conducted without the presence of a goalkeeper or defender. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of game-specific task constraints on the ball speed, accuracy and technique of the water polo shot. Ten male competitive level water polo players performed a total of forty shots comprising ten shots in each of four conditions from the 4m-penalty line. Conditions included all combinations of goalkeeper and defender (absent or present). Three Sony mini-digital cameras (50Hz) were placed perpendicular to the movement, giving rear, overhead and a right sagittal view. Ball speed was measured using a Radar-gun (Stalker Pro, USA). For each condition, means and standard deviations were determined for all outcome measures (shooting accuracy and ball speed) and technique variables. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effect (p<0.05) of the goalkeeper and defender individually as well as in combination on the dependent variables. Cohen's effect sizes were also used to determine the magnitude of the difference between conditions. The presence of a defender resulted in a significant increase in lateral trunk flexion at ball release, decreased the duration of the shot and selected swing sub-phases (i.e. pick-up to top of back swing time) and significantly altered the placement of the ball in the goal. When the goalkeeper only was present, this resulted in decreases in total shot time and pick-up to top of back swing time and significantly altered the placement of the ball in the goal. The presence of the defender and goalkeeper in combination brought about a moderate effect, decreasing the ball speed, significantly decreasing the success of the shots, scores achieved and significantly altering the placement of shots. Forward swing distance and selected swing sub-phases (i.e. total shot time, pick-up to top of back swing time, forward swing start to midway and forward swing start to release) were also significantly decreased in the presence of the defender and goalkeeper. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining appropriate task constraints during water polo shooting practice. In effect the removal of the defender and goalkeeper leads to the development of inappropriate information-movement couplings. Specifically, the presence of the defender and/or goalkeeper lead to reductions in the durations of selected swing sub phases, resulting in changes in the relative coordination and timing of the water polo shot. These findings indicate that in order to facilitate the development of this specific shooting skill, coaches should structure practice to replicate the perceptual information available during competition.

No description available.

No description available.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of mental practice on the shooting accuracy performance of male water polo players at three skill levels. Thirty-six right handed athletes from the Quebec League, assigned by experienced coaches to novice, intermediate and elite groups according to their overall water polo playing ability, served as subjects. They were tested on shooting accuracy by the average score of ten shots in the beginning of the study, after a two-week mental practice treatment, and after a one-week break with no treatment. / A 3 way ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor was conducted on the shooting accuracy scores. Those who received the mental practice program had significantly higher post-treatment scores than their control group counterparts who had received a relaxation training program during the treatment period. As noted above, the experimental group improved significantly from Pre to Post1 test-time, and there was no change in performance between the two Post-tests. There was no significant difference in shooting performance between Intermediate and Elite skill groups but both of them scored significantly better than the Novice group.

Recent research has highlighted that information-movement couplings are unique to the constraints of the task, environment and performer. This recent research implies that skills should be developed in practice environments that are reflective of those found in competition. Representative environments should also allow the performer to attune to specifying information essential for success of a skill. However, in water polo, shooting practice is often conducted without the presence of a goalkeeper or defender. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of game-specific task constraints on the ball speed, accuracy and technique of the water polo shot. Ten male competitive level water polo players performed a total of forty shots comprising ten shots in each of four conditions from the 4m-penalty line. Conditions included all combinations of goalkeeper and defender (absent or present). Three Sony mini-digital cameras (50Hz) were placed perpendicular to the movement, giving rear, overhead and a right sagittal view. Ball speed was measured using a Radar-gun (Stalker Pro, USA). For each condition, means and standard deviations were determined for all outcome measures (shooting accuracy and ball speed) and technique variables. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to determine the effect (p<0.05) of the goalkeeper and defender individually as well as in combination on the dependent variables. Cohen's effect sizes were also used to determine the magnitude of the difference between conditions. The presence of a defender resulted in a significant increase in lateral trunk flexion at ball release, decreased the duration of the shot and selected swing sub-phases (i.e. pick-up to top of back swing time) and significantly altered the placement of the ball in the goal. When the goalkeeper only was present, this resulted in decreases in total shot time and pick-up to top of back swing time and significantly altered the placement of the ball in the goal. The presence of the defender and goalkeeper in combination brought about a moderate effect, decreasing the ball speed, significantly decreasing the success of the shots, scores achieved and significantly altering the placement of shots. Forward swing distance and selected swing sub-phases (i.e. total shot time, pick-up to top of back swing time, forward swing start to midway and forward swing start to release) were also significantly decreased in the presence of the defender and goalkeeper. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining appropriate task constraints during water polo shooting practice. In effect the removal of the defender and goalkeeper leads to the development of inappropriate information-movement couplings. Specifically, the presence of the defender and/or goalkeeper lead to reductions in the durations of selected swing sub phases, resulting in changes in the relative coordination and timing of the water polo shot. These findings indicate that in order to facilitate the development of this specific shooting skill, coaches should structure practice to replicate the perceptual information available during competition.

O polo aquático (PA) é um esporte coletivo e de invasão praticado no meio líquido. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas pelos jogadores de PA, destaca-se o eggbeater (EB), movimento propulsivo de membros inferiores que permite ao jogador a permanência na posição vertical e deslocamentos. Devido às especificidades do gesto de EB e à falta de informações a respeito das características fisiológicas de jogadores de PA, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e verificar a concordância de resultados obtidos de testes de esforço máximo realizados dentro (com EB) e fora da água (em cicloergômetro). Para tal, doze jogadores de PA (30,5 ± 7,7 anos de idade; 79,2 ± 7,2 kg de massa corporal; 179,1 ± 5,9 cm de estatura) foram avaliados em duas etapas: (1) em laboratório com teste máximo em ciclo-ergômetro e (2) em piscina com teste máximo em EB. Em ambas as etapas foram obtidos: consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), taxa de troca gasosa (RER), frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) e esforço percebido (EP). Entre os dados obtidos de ambos os testes foram realizadas análises descritivas, análises de comparação, correlação intra-classe e concordância. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os valores máximos obtidos nos dois testes (ciclo-ergômetro: VO2max = 40,2 ± 2,7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1,17 ± 0,08, FCmax = 181,4 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38,4 ± 5,7 ml.kg- 1.min-1, RER = 1,19 ± ,12, FCmax = 179 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20). De modo geral, os valores encontrados no teste em EB apresentaram maior variabilidade, porém análises de Bland-Altmann indicam limites de concordância aceitáveis para VO2max, RER e FCmax obtidos de diferentes métodos (dentro e fora da água) entre jogadores de PA. / Water polo (PA) is a team and invasion sport performed in water. Among the techniques used by the players, the eggbeater kick (EB) is a propulsive movement of the lower limbs, which allows the player to remain in the upright position and to displace. Due to the specifics of the EB and the lack of information about the physiological characteristics of PA players, the aim of this study was to compare and to verify the agreement of maximal exercise tests in (EB) and out (cycling) water. Twelve PA players (30.5 ± 7.7 years, 79.2 ± 7.2 kg body mass; 179.1 ± 5.9 cm height) were evaluated in two steps: (1) in laboratory with maximal test on a cycle ergometer and (2) in pool with maximum test in EB. In both phases, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), gas exchange ratio (RER), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and perceived exertion (EP) were obtained. The descriptive analysis, comparison analysis, intra-class correlation and level of agreement were performed. No differences were found between the maximum values obtained in the two tests (cycle ergometer: VO2max = 40.2 ± 2.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.17 ± 0.08, FCmax = 181.4 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38.4 ± 5.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.19 ± 12 water, FCmax = 179 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20). In general, the values in EB test showed greater variability than in cycle ergometer, but the Bland-Altmann analyzes indicate acceptable limits of agreement for VO2max, RER and HRmax obtained from different methods (in and out water) in PA players.

O polo aquático (PA) é um esporte coletivo e de invasão praticado no meio líquido. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas pelos jogadores de PA, destaca-se o eggbeater (EB), movimento propulsivo de membros inferiores que permite ao jogador a permanência na posição vertical e deslocamentos. Devido às especificidades do gesto de EB e à falta de informações a respeito das características fisiológicas de jogadores de PA, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e verificar a concordância de resultados obtidos de testes de esforço máximo realizados dentro (com EB) e fora da água (em cicloergômetro). Para tal, doze jogadores de PA (30,5 ± 7,7 anos de idade; 79,2 ± 7,2 kg de massa corporal; 179,1 ± 5,9 cm de estatura) foram avaliados em duas etapas: (1) em laboratório com teste máximo em ciclo-ergômetro e (2) em piscina com teste máximo em EB. Em ambas as etapas foram obtidos: consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), taxa de troca gasosa (RER), frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) e esforço percebido (EP). Entre os dados obtidos de ambos os testes foram realizadas análises descritivas, análises de comparação, correlação intra-classe e concordância. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os valores máximos obtidos nos dois testes (ciclo-ergômetro: VO2max = 40,2 ± 2,7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1,17 ± 0,08, FCmax = 181,4 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38,4 ± 5,7 ml.kg- 1.min-1, RER = 1,19 ± ,12, FCmax = 179 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20). De modo geral, os valores encontrados no teste em EB apresentaram maior variabilidade, porém análises de Bland-Altmann indicam limites de concordância aceitáveis para VO2max, RER e FCmax obtidos de diferentes métodos (dentro e fora da água) entre jogadores de PA. / Water polo (PA) is a team and invasion sport performed in water. Among the techniques used by the players, the eggbeater kick (EB) is a propulsive movement of the lower limbs, which allows the player to remain in the upright position and to displace. Due to the specifics of the EB and the lack of information about the physiological characteristics of PA players, the aim of this study was to compare and to verify the agreement of maximal exercise tests in (EB) and out (cycling) water. Twelve PA players (30.5 ± 7.7 years, 79.2 ± 7.2 kg body mass; 179.1 ± 5.9 cm height) were evaluated in two steps: (1) in laboratory with maximal test on a cycle ergometer and (2) in pool with maximum test in EB. In both phases, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), gas exchange ratio (RER), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and perceived exertion (EP) were obtained. The descriptive analysis, comparison analysis, intra-class correlation and level of agreement were performed. No differences were found between the maximum values obtained in the two tests (cycle ergometer: VO2max = 40.2 ± 2.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.17 ± 0.08, FCmax = 181.4 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38.4 ± 5.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.19 ± 12 water, FCmax = 179 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20). In general, the values in EB test showed greater variability than in cycle ergometer, but the Bland-Altmann analyzes indicate acceptable limits of agreement for VO2max, RER and HRmax obtained from different methods (in and out water) in PA players.

Submitted by Fabiano Gomes Teixeira null (fabgtei@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-04T14:26:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano_Teixeira_Tese Final_UNESP.pdf: 4697186 bytes, checksum: a8c128fedff97b47d80b40f6358398ac (MD5) / Submitted by Fabiano Gomes Teixeira (fabgtei@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-04T14:43:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano_Teixeira_Tese Final_UNESP.pdf: 4697186 bytes, checksum: a8c128fedff97b47d80b40f6358398ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2017-12-04T16:57:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_fg_dr_rcla.pdf: 4697186 bytes, checksum: a8c128fedff97b47d80b40f6358398ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-04T16:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeira_fg_dr_rcla.pdf: 4697186 bytes, checksum: a8c128fedff97b47d80b40f6358398ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-22 / O polo aquático é um esporte coletivo, jogado na água e de alta intensidade, que exige ótima condição física dos atletas. Considerando a importância do complexo do ombro nas ações de jogadores do polo aquático, tornou-se importante investigar a influência das variáveis de torque e propriocepção, as quais podem ser afetadas e predispor o atleta a lesões. Além disso, o presente estudo pretendeu identificar a influência da fadiga e quais as contribuições da bandagem elástica quando aplicada na articulação do ombro sobre o desempenho de força e propriocepção em atletas. Participaram deste estudo 20 voluntários homens, 10 atletas profissionais de Polo Aquático e 10 jovens fisicamente ativos, os quais foram submetidos a testes (Cinestesia, Senso de Posição Ativo, Isocinético Concêntrico/Concêntrico e Concêntrico/Excêntrico, torque isométrico máximo, controle de força, indução de fadiga e all out no dinamômetro isocinético) realizados em dinamômetro isocinético (Byodex System 4 Pro), com e sem bandagem funcional. Para o tratamento estatístico foram realizados testes de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) e de homocedasticidade (Levene) e garantidas às condições de distribuição normal e variâncias homogêneas, foi utilizado o teste paramétrico t-Student para amostras pareadas e independentes com o nível de significância de α < 0.05. Os resultados mostraram que não houve influência da bandagem elástica nas variáveis estudadas em atletas. Em relação aos jovens fisicamente ativos foram encontradas influência da fadiga no Toque Máximo Isométrico e isocinético para rotação interna (concêntrica). Já ao comparar os grupos, os resultados mostraram que atletas apresentam maior torque máximo tanto isométrico como isocinético nos rotadores do ombro, e que apesar das diferenças no TC e W’ maiores em atletas em aproximadamente 40%, quando o torque crítico é normalizado pela CVM, não existe diferença entre os grupos. O presente estudo concluiu que a Bandagem Elástica não interferiu no desempenho e por isso não existem implicações contrárias à sua utilização terapêutica e que o tipo de atividade e treinamento realizados no polo aquático não são próprios para aumentar os percentuais de torque crítico e que o mesmo é maior, devido a maiores capacidades de força e não necessariamente devido a melhora na resistência. / The water polo is a collective sport, played in the water with high intensity, which requires optimum physical condition of the athletes. Considering the importance of the shoulder complex in the actions of water polo players, it has become important to investigate the influence of torque and proprioception variables, which may be affected and predispose the athlete to injury. In addition, the present study aimed to identify the influence of fatigue and the contributions of elastic bandage when applied to the shoulder joint on the performance of torque and proprioception in athletes. Have participated in this study 20 male volunteers, 10 professional water polo athletes and 10 physically active young people, who performed the tests (kinesthesia, active position sensing, concentric / concentric and concentric / eccentric isokinetic torque, maximal isometric torque, induction of fatigue and all out) performed in isokinetic dynamometer (Byodex System 4 Pro), with and without functional bandage. For the statistical treatment, normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homoscedasticity (Levene) tests were performed and guaranteed to the conditions of normal distribution and homogeneous variances, the Student's t-parametric test was used for paired and independent samples with the significance level of α <0.05. The results showed that there was no influence of the elastic bandage on the variables studied in athletes. In relation to the physically active young people, the influence of fatigue was found in Isometric Maximum Torque and isokinetic for internal (concentric) rotation. When comparing the groups, the results showed that athletes presented higher isometric and isokinetic maximum torque in shoulder rotators, and that despite differences in CT and W 'in athletes by approximately 40%, but when the critical torque is normalized by CVM , there is no difference between groups. The present study concluded that elastic Bandage did not interfere in the performance and therefore there are no implications contrary to its therapeutic use and that the type of activity and training performed in the water polo are not proper to increase the percentages of critical torque, once it is higher, due to higher strength capacities and not necessarily due to improved resistance.

O polo aquático (PA) é um esporte coletivo e de invasão praticado no meio líquido. Dentre as técnicas utilizadas pelos jogadores de PA, destaca-se o eggbeater (EB), movimento propulsivo de membros inferiores que permite ao jogador a permanência na posição vertical e deslocamentos. Devido às especificidades do gesto de EB e à falta de informações a respeito das características fisiológicas de jogadores de PA, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e verificar a concordância de resultados obtidos de testes de esforço máximo realizados dentro (com EB) e fora da água (em cicloergômetro). Para tal, doze jogadores de PA (30,5 ± 7,7 anos de idade; 79,2 ± 7,2 kg de massa corporal; 179,1 ± 5,9 cm de estatura) foram avaliados em duas etapas: (1) em laboratório com teste máximo em ciclo-ergômetro e (2) em piscina com teste máximo em EB. Em ambas as etapas foram obtidos: consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max), taxa de troca gasosa (RER), frequência cardíaca máxima (FCmax) e esforço percebido (EP). Entre os dados obtidos de ambos os testes foram realizadas análises descritivas, análises de comparação, correlação intra-classe e concordância. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os valores máximos obtidos nos dois testes (ciclo-ergômetro: VO2max = 40,2 ± 2,7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1,17 ± 0,08, FCmax = 181,4 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38,4 ± 5,7 ml.kg- 1.min-1, RER = 1,19 ± ,12, FCmax = 179 ± 11,7 bpm; EP = 20). De modo geral, os valores encontrados no teste em EB apresentaram maior variabilidade, porém análises de Bland-Altmann indicam limites de concordância aceitáveis para VO2max, RER e FCmax obtidos de diferentes métodos (dentro e fora da água) entre jogadores de PA. / Water polo (PA) is a team and invasion sport performed in water. Among the techniques used by the players, the eggbeater kick (EB) is a propulsive movement of the lower limbs, which allows the player to remain in the upright position and to displace. Due to the specifics of the EB and the lack of information about the physiological characteristics of PA players, the aim of this study was to compare and to verify the agreement of maximal exercise tests in (EB) and out (cycling) water. Twelve PA players (30.5 ± 7.7 years, 79.2 ± 7.2 kg body mass; 179.1 ± 5.9 cm height) were evaluated in two steps: (1) in laboratory with maximal test on a cycle ergometer and (2) in pool with maximum test in EB. In both phases, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), gas exchange ratio (RER), maximal heart rate (HRmax) and perceived exertion (EP) were obtained. The descriptive analysis, comparison analysis, intra-class correlation and level of agreement were performed. No differences were found between the maximum values obtained in the two tests (cycle ergometer: VO2max = 40.2 ± 2.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.17 ± 0.08, FCmax = 181.4 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20; eggbeater: VO2max = 38.4 ± 5.7 ml.kg-1.min-1, RER = 1.19 ± 12 water, FCmax = 179 ± 11.7 bpm; EP = 20). In general, the values in EB test showed greater variability than in cycle ergometer, but the Bland-Altmann analyzes indicate acceptable limits of agreement for VO2max, RER and HRmax obtained from different methods (in and out water) in PA players.

No description available.