The structure of fault zones (FZs) plays an important role in understanding fault mechanics, earthquake rupture and seismic hazards. Fault zone seismic guided waves (GW) carry important information about internal structure of the low-velocity fault damage zone. Numerical modeling of observed FZGWs has been used to construct models of FZ structure. However, the depth extent of the waveguide and the uniqueness of deep structure in the models have been debated. Elastic finite-difference synthetic seismograms were generated for FZ models that include an increase in seismic velocity with depth both inside and outside the FZ. Strong GWs were created from sources both in and out of the waveguide, in contrast with previous homogenous-FZ studies that required an in-fault source to create GW. This is because the frequency-dependent trapping efficiency of the waveguide changes with depth. The near-surface fault structure efficiently guides waves at lower frequencies than the deeper fault. Fault structure at seismogenic depth requires the analysis of data at higher frequencies than the GWs that dominate at the surface. Adapting a two-station technique from surface wave studies, dispersive differential group arrival times between two earthquakes can be used to solve for FZ structures between the earthquakes. This method was tested with synthetic data and shallow events recorded in the SAFOD borehole in the San Andreas Fault. A pair of deep earthquakes recorded in the SAFOD borehole indicate a ~150 m wide San Andreas Fault waveguide with >20% velocity contrast at 10-12 km depth. With additional earthquakes, the full FZ structure at seismogenic depth could be imaged. Subsurface FZ structure can also be derived from a surface source and receiver array analogous to a body-wave refraction survey. Synthetic seismograms for such source-receiver geometry were generated and verified that FZGWs are refracted by the increase in velocity with depth. Synthetic data from a surface array were successfully inverted to derive FZ structure in the subsurface. The new methods presented in this dissertation extend the potential of FZGWs to image deeper FZ structure than has been uniquely constrained in the past. / Ph. D.

Changes in power system operating conditions cause dynamic changes in angle and frequency. These disturbances propagate throughout the system area with finite speed. This propagation takes the form of a traveling wave whose arrival time at a particular point in the system can be observed using a wide-area measurement system (WAMS). Observations of these waves both through simulation and measurement data have demonstrated several factors that influence the speed at which a disturbance propagates through a system. Results of this testing are presented which demonstrate dependence on generator inertia, damping and line impedance. Considering a power system as an area with and uneven distribution of these parameters it is observed that a disturbance will propagate throughout a system at different rates in differing directions. This knowledge has applications in locating the originating point of a system disturbance, understanding the overall dynamic response of a power system, and determining the dependencies between various parts of that system. A simplified power system simulator is developed using the swing equation and system power flow equations. This simplified modeling technique captures the phenomenon of traveling electromechanical waves and demonstrates the same dependencies as data derived from measurements and commercial power system simulation packages. The ultimate goal of this research is develop a methodology to approximate a real system with this simplified wave propagation model. In this architecture each measurement point would represent a pseudo-bus in the model. This procedure effectively lumps areas of the system into one equivalent bus with appropriately sized generators and loads. With the architecture of this reduced network determined its parameters maybe estimated so as to provide a best fit to the measurement data. Doing this effectively derives a data-driven equivalent system model. With an appropriate equivalent model for a given system determined, incoming measurement data can be processed in real time to provide an indication of the system operating point. Additionally as the system state is read in through measurement data future measurements values along the same trajectory can be estimated. These estimates of future system values can provide information for advanced control and protection schemes. Finally a procedure for the identification and extraction of inter-area oscillations is developed. The dominant oscillatory frequency is identified from an event region then fit across the surrounding dataset. For each segment of this data set values of amplitude, phase and damping are derived for each measurement vector. Doing this builds up a picture of how the oscillation evolves over time and responds to system conditions. These results are presented in a graphical format as a movie tracking the modal phasors over time. Examples derived from real world measurement data are presented. / Ph. D.

No / A numerical method for sound propagation of higher-order cross-sectional modes in a duct of arbitrary cross-section and boundary conditions with nonzero, complex acoustic admittance has been considered. This method assumes that the cross-section of the duct is uniform and that the duct is of a considerable length so that the longitudinal modes can be neglected. The problem is reduced to a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) solution, from which a set of cross-sectional eigen-values and eigen-functions are determined. This result is used to obtain the modal frequencies, velocities and the attenuation coefficients. The 2D FE solution is then extended to three-dimensional via the normal mode decomposition technique. The numerical solution is validated against experimental data for sound propagation in a pipe with inner walls partially covered by coarse sand or granulated rubber. The values of the eigen-frequencies calculated from the proposed numerical model are validated against those predicted by the standard analytical solution for both a circular and rectangular pipe with rigid walls. It is shown that the considered numerical method is useful for predicting the sound pressure distribution, attenuation, and eigen-frequencies in a duct with acoustically nonrigid boundary conditions. The purpose of this work is to pave the way for the development of an efficient inverse problem solution for the remote characterization of the acoustic boundary conditions in natural and artificial waveguides.

By projecting observed microseismic data backward in time to when fracturing occurred, it is possible to locate the fracture events in space, assuming a correct velocity model. In order to achieve this task in near real-time, a robust computational system to handle backward propagation, or Reverse Time Migration (RTM), is required. We can then test many different velocity models for each run of the RTM. We investigate the use of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based system using Compute Unified Device Architecture for C (CUDA-C) as the programming language. Our preliminary results show a large improvement in run-time over conventional programming methods based on conventional Central Processing Unit (CPU) computing with Fortran. Considerable room for improvement still remains. / text

No description available.

A significant proportion of the world's population and physical assets are located in low lying coastal zones. Accurate prediction of wave induced run-up and overtopping of sea defences are important in defining the extent and severity of wave action, and in assessing risk to people and property from severe storms and tsunamis. This thesis describes a one-dimensional numerical model based on the Boussinesq equations of Madsen and Sorensen (1992) and the non-linear shallow water equations. The model is suitable for simulating propagation of weakly non-linear and weakly dispersive waves from intermediate to zero depth, such that any inundation and/or overtopping caused by the incoming waves is also calculated as part of the simulation. Wave breaking is approximated by locally switching to the non-linear shallow water equations, which can model broken waves as bores. A piston paddle wavemaker is incorporated into the model for complete reproduction of laboratory experiments. A domain mapping technique is used in the vicinity of the paddle to transform a time-varying domain into a fixed domain, so that the governing equations can be more readily solved. First, various aspects of the numerical model are verified against known analytical and newly derived semi-analytical solutions. The complete model is then validated with laboratory measurements of run-up and overtopping involving solitary waves. NewWave focused wave groups, which give the expected shape of extreme wave events in a linear random sea, are used for further validation. Simulations of experiments of wave group run-up on a plane beach yield very good agreement with the measured run-up distances and free surface time series. Wave-by-wave overtopping induced by focused wave groups is also successfully simulated with the model, with satisfactory agreement between the experimental and the predicted overtopping volumes. Repeated simulations, now driven by second order paddle displacement signals, give insight into second order error waves spuriously generated by using paddle signals derived from linear theory. Separation of harmonics reveals that the long error wave is significantly affecting the wave group shape and leading to enhanced runu-up distances and overtopping volumes. An extensive parameter study is carried out using the numerical model investigating the influence on wave group run-up of linear wave amplitude at focus, linear focus location, and wave group phase at focus. For a given amplitude, both the phase and the focus location significantly affect the wave group run-up. It is also found that the peak optimised run-up increases with the wave amplitude, but wave breaking becomes an inhibiting factor for larger waves. This methodology is proposed for extreme storm wave induced run-up analysis.

Dans le contexte de la caractérisation des tissus mammaires, on peut se demander ce que l’examen d’un attribut en échographie quantitative (« quantitative ultrasound » - QUS) d’un milieu diffusant (tel un tissu biologique mou) pendant la propagation d’une onde de cisaillement ajoute à son pouvoir discriminant. Ce travail présente une étude du comportement variable temporel de trois paramètres statistiques (l’intensité moyenne, le paramètre de structure et le paramètre de regroupement des diffuseurs) d’un modèle général pour l’enveloppe écho de l’onde ultrasonore rétrodiffusée (c.-à-d., la K-distribution homodyne) sous la propagation des ondes de cisaillement. Des ondes de cisaillement transitoires ont été générés en utilisant la mèthode d’ imagerie de cisaillement supersonique ( «supersonic shear imaging » - SSI) dans trois fantômes in-vitro macroscopiquement homogènes imitant le sein avec des propriétés mécaniques différentes, et deux fantômes ex-vivo hétérogénes avec tumeurs de souris incluses dans un milieu environnant d’agargélatine. Une comparaison de l’étendue des trois paramètres de la K-distribution homodyne avec et sans propagation d’ondes de cisaillement a montré que les paramètres étaient significativement (p < 0,001) affectès par la propagation d’ondes de cisaillement dans les expériences in-vitro et ex-vivo. Les résultats ont également démontré que la plage dynamique des paramétres statistiques au cours de la propagation des ondes de cisaillement peut aider à discriminer (avec p < 0,001) les trois fantômes homogènes in-vitro les uns des autres, ainsi que les tumeurs de souris de leur milieu environnant dans les fantômes hétérogénes ex-vivo. De plus, un modéle de régression linéaire a été appliqué pour corréler la plage de l’intensité moyenne sous la propagation des ondes de cisaillement avec l’amplitude maximale de déplacement du « speckle » ultrasonore. La régression linéaire obtenue a été significative : fantômes in vitro : R2 = 0.98, p < 0,001 ; tumeurs ex-vivo : R2 = 0,56, p = 0,013 ; milieu environnant ex-vivo : R2 = 0,59, p = 0,009. En revanche, la régression linéaire n’a pas été aussi significative entre l’intensité moyenne sans propagation d’ondes de cisaillement et les propriétés mécaniques du milieu : fantômes in vitro : R2 = 0,07, p = 0,328, tumeurs ex-vivo : R2 = 0,55, p = 0,022 ; milieu environnant ex-vivo : R2 = 0,45, p = 0,047. Cette nouvelle approche peut fournir des informations supplémentaires à l’échographie quantitative statistique traditionnellement réalisée dans un cadre statique (c.-à-d., sans propagation d’ondes de cisaillement), par exemple, dans le contexte de l’imagerie ultrasonore en vue de la classification du cancer du sein. / In the context of breast tissue characterization, one may wonder what the consideration of a quantitative ultrasound (QUS) feature of a scattering medium (such as a soft biological tissue) under propagation of a shear wave adds to its discriminant power. This work presents a study of the time varying behavior of three statistical parameters (the mean intensity, the structure parameter and the clustering parameter of scatterers) of a general model for the ultrasound backscattering echo envelope (i.e., the homodyned K-distribution) under shear wave propagation. Transient shear waves were generated using the supersonic shear imaging (SSI) method in three in-vitro macroscopically homogenous breast mimicking phantoms with different mechanical properties, and two ex-vivo heterogeneous phantoms with mice tumors included in an agar gelatin surrounding medium. A comparison of the range of the three homodyned K-distribution parameters with and without shear wave propagation showed that the parameters were significantly (p < 0.001) affected by shear wave propagation in the in-vitro and ex-vivo experiments. The results also demonstrated that the dynamic range of the statistical parameters during shear wave propagation may help discriminate (with p < 0.001) the three in-vitro homogenous phantoms from each other, and also the mice tumors from their surrounding medium in the ex-vivo heterogeneous phantoms. Furthermore, a linear regression model was applied to relate the range of the mean intensity under shear wave propagation with the maximum displacement amplitude of speckle. The linear regression was found to be significant : in-vitro phantoms : R2 = 0.98, p < 0.001 ; ex-vivo tumors : R2 = 0.56, p = 0.013 ; ex-vivo surrounding medium : R2 = 0.59, p = 0.009. In contrast, the linear regression was not as significant between the mean intensity without shear wave propagation and mechanical properties of the medium : in-vitro phantoms : R2 = 0.07, p = 0.328, ex-vivo tumors : R2 =0.55, p = 0.022 ; ex-vivo surrounding medium : R2 = 0.45, p = 0.047. This novel approach may provide additional information to statistical QUS traditionally performed in a static framework (i.e., without shear wave propagation), for instance, in the context of ultrasound imaging for breast cancer classification.

Ce travail est une contribution à la caractérisation mécanique de l’os cortical. Dansce cadre, les méthodes ultrasonores sont des outils puissants pour aider à cette caractérisation.Ainsi, les phénomènes de propagation d’ondes mis en jeu lors des mesurespar les techniques ultrasonores de transmission axiale à la fréquence centrale de 1 MHzsont modélisés. Des méthodes numériques basées sur la méthode des éléments finis sontmises en oeuvre pour résoudre les systèmes d’équations aux dérivées partielles associéesaux conditions aux limites et initiales pour des tissus dont le comportement est supposé(visco-)élastique, anisotrope et/ou hétérogène. L’analyse des résultats de simulation permetde discuter l’influence des divers paramètres, non seulement en termes de propriétésmatérielles mais aussi géométriques, sur la nature des ondes qui se propagent dans lestissus. Nous avons ainsi pu analyse l’impact de ces paramètres sur la vitesse du premiersignal laquelle est considérée comme un indice pertinent pour mesurer la qualité du tissuosseux. Toujours dans le but de caractériser le tissu osseux, et en particulier pour obtenirdes valeurs de propriétés matérielles aussi proches que possible de la réalité, nous avonsdéveloppé une nouvelle méthode basée sur les développements asymptotiques, du typehomogénéisation périodique, pour prédire les modules d’élasticité effective de l’os corticaldu tissu hétérogène. / This work provides some contributions to the mechanical characterization of corticalbone by using ultrasound. Thus, the wave propagation phenomena involved during themeasurements by the ultrasound axial transmission techniques at the the central frequencyof 1 MHz are modeled. The finite element method was used to solve the equations ofwaves propagating in bone tissues whose the behavior is assumed to be (visco)elastic,anisotropic and/or heterogeneous. The analysis of simulation results allows us to discusson the influence of various parameters (not only in terms of material properties butalso geometric features), on the nature of waves that propagates through the tissue. Wewere able to analyze the impact of these parameters on the velocity of the first arrivingsignal which is known as an appropriate index to measure the quality of bone tissue.Another aspect in characterizing the bone tissue has also been considered in which wehave developed a new method based on asymptotic expansions, periodic homogenizationtype, for predicting effective properties of elasticity of heterogeneous cortical bone tissue.

Cette thèse vise à étudier le couplage entre méthodes de Galerkine discontinue (DG) et méthodes de différences finies (DF) en maillages hybrides non structuré / cartésien, en vue d'applications en aéroacoustique numérique. L'idée d'une telle approche consiste à pouvoir tirer profit localement des avantages respectifs de ces méthodes, soit, en d'autres termes, à pouvoir prendre en compte la présence de géométries complexes par une méthode DG en maillage non structuré, et les zones qui en sont suffisamment éloignées par une méthode DF en maillage cartésien, moins coûteuse. Plus précisément, il s'agit de concevoir un algorithme d'hybridation de ces deux types de schémas pour l'approximation des équations d'Euler linéarisées, puis d'évaluer avec attention le comportement numérique des solutions qui en sont issues. De par le fait qu'aucun résultat théorique ne semble actuellement atteignable dans un cas général, cette étude est principalement fondée sur une démarche d'expérimentation numérique. Par ailleurs, l'intérêt d'une telle hybridation est illustré par son application à un calcul de propagation acoustique dans un cas réaliste / This thesis aims at studying coupling techniques between Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) and finite difference (FD) schemes in a non-structured / Cartesian hybrid-mesh context,in the framework of Aeroacoustics computations. The idea behind such an approach is the possibility to locally take advantage of the qualities of each method. In other words, the goal is to be able to deal with complex geometries using a DG scheme on a non-structured mesh in their neighborhood, while solving the rest of the domain using a FD scheme on a cartesian grid, in order to alleviate the needs in computational resources. More precisely, this work aims at designing an hybridization algorithm between these two types of numerical schemes, in the framework of the approximation of the solutions of the Linearized Euler Equations. Then, the numerical behaviour of hybrid solutions is cautiously evaluated. Due to the fact that no theoretical result seems achievable at the present time, this study is mainly based on numerical experiments. What's more, the interest of such an hybridization is illustrated by its application to an acoustic propagation computation in a realistic case

This work is a numerical and analytical study of wave motion through dynamic materials (DM). This work focuses on showing several results that greatly extend the applicability of the checkerboard focusing effect. First, it is shown that it is possible to simultaneously focus dilatation and shear waves propagating through a linear elastic checkerboard structure. Next, it is shown that the focusing effect found for the original €œperfect€� checkerboard extends to the case of the checkerboard with smooth transitions between materials, this is termed a functionally graded (FG) checkerboard. With the additional assumption of a linear transition region, it is shown that there is a region of existence for limit cycles that takes the shape of a parallelogram in (m,n)-space. Similar to the perfect case, this is termed a €œplateau€� region. This shows that the robustness of the characteristic focusing effect is preserved even when the interfaces between materials are relaxed. Lastly, by using finite volume methods with limiting and adaptive mesh refinement, it is shown that energy accumulation is present for the functionally graded checkerboard as well as for the checkerboard with non-matching wave impedances. The main contribution of this work was to show that the characteristic focusing effect is highly robust and exists even under much more general assumptions than originally made. Furthermore, it provides a tool to assist future material engineers in constructing such structures. To this effect, exact bounds are given regarding how much the original perfect checkerboard structure can be spoiled before losing the expected characteristic focusing behavior.