Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes Mart. Solms-Laubach (Pontederiaceae), a freefloating aquatic macrophyte of Neotropical origin, was introduced into South Africa as an ornamental aquarium plant in the early 1900’s. By the 1970’s it had reached pest proportions in dams and rivers around the country. Due to the sustainability, cost efficiency and low environmental risk associated with biological control, this has been a widely used method in an attempt to reduce infestations to below the threshold where they cause economic and ecological damage. To date, five arthropod and one pathogen biocontrol agents have been introduced for the control of water hyacinth but their impact has been variable. It is believed that their efficacy is hampered by the presence of highly eutrophic systems in South Africa in which plant growth is prolific and the negative effects of herbivory are therefore mitigated. It is for these reasons that new, potentially more damaging biocontrol agents are being considered for release. The water hyacinth grasshopper, Cornops aquaticum Brüner (Orthoptera: Acrididae), which is native to South America and Mexico, was brought into quarantine in Pretoria, South Africa in 1995. Although the grasshopper was identified as one of the most damaging insects associated with water hyacinth in its native range, it has not been considered as a biocontrol agent for water hyacinth anywhere else in the world. After extensive host-range testing which revealed it to be safe for release, a release permit for this candidate agent was issued in 2007. However, host specificity testing is no longer considered to be the only important component of pre-release screening of candidate biocontrol agents. Investigating biological and ecological aspects of the plant-herbivore system that will assist in determination of potential establishment, efficacy and the ability to build up good populations in the recipient environment are some of the important factors. This thesis is a pre-release evaluation of C. aquaticum to determine whether it is sufficiently damaging to water hyacinth to warrant its release. It investigated interactions between the grasshopper and water hyacinth under a range of nutrient conditions found in South African water bodies as well as the impact of the grasshopper on the competitive performance of water hyacinth. Both plant growth rates and the response of water hyacinth to herbivory by the grasshopper were influenced by nutrient availability to the plants. The ability of water hyacinth to compensate for loss of tissue through herbivory was greater under eutrophic nutrient conditions. However, a negative linear relationship was found between grasshopper biomass and water hyacinth performance parameters such as biomass accumulation and leaf production, even under eutrophic conditions. Water hyacinth’s compensatory ability in terms of its potential to mitigate to detrimental effects of insect feeding was dependent on the amount of damage caused by herbivory by the grasshopper. Plant biomass and the competitive ability of water hyacinth in relation to another freefloating aquatic weed species were reduced by C. aquaticum under eutrophic nutrient conditions, in a short space of time. It was also found that grasshopper feeding and characteristics related to their population dynamics such as fecundity and survival were significantly influenced by water nutrient availability and that environmental nutrient availability will influence the control potential of this species should it be released in South Africa. Cornops aquaticum shows promise as a biocontrol agent for water hyacinth but additional factors that were not investigated in this study such as compatibility with the South African climate and the current water hyacinth biocontrol agents need to be combined with these data to make a decision on its release. Possible management options for this species if it is to be introduced into South Africa are discussed.

The majority of South Africa’s fresh water (lotic and lentic), is eutrophic and this has resulted in water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (C.Mart.) Solms. (Pontederiaceae) becoming South Africa’s most damaging aquatic macrophyte. Recently however, concerns have also been voiced over the presence of highly invasive submerged macrophyte species, such as Eurasian water-milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L. (Haloragaceae) in the Vaal River. Interaction studies between floating and submerged macrophytes have shown that floating macrophyte dominance restricts light penetration into the water column shading out submerged macrophytes while submerged macrophyte dominance reduces nutrient availability in the water column limiting floating macrophyte growth. This cycle ensures that these species cannot coexist in the same habitat for extended periods of time. The aims of this thesis were to: 1. Investigate changes in the historical and current macrophyte dominance in the Vaal River 2. Determine whether these changes could be attributed to stochastic events, such as floods and herbicide control measures. 3. The physio-chemical conditions of the water column, and whether pressure from herbivory by macroinvertebrates had possibly influenced Eurasian water-milfoil’s ability to dominate. Spatial and temporal analysis of satellite imagery revealed that water hyacinth and submerged macrophyte species dominated different regions of the study area over different periods of time from 2006 to 2010. This was significantly correlated with nitrate concentrations of the water column. One of the lower Vaal River Water Management Areas (WMA) had changed from a water hyacinth dominated state in 2006 to an alternative submerged macrophyte dominated stable state in 2008. It was concluded that this change could be attributed to: a stochastic flooding event in 2006; perturbation from integrated control measures implemented against water hyacinth; and low nitrate concentrations of the WMA. The lack of any substantial macroinvertebrate herbivory pressure or control measures implemented against Eurasian water-milfoil, compared to similar surveys conducted in the U.S.A. and its native range in Eurasia was shown to contribute to its dominance. Future successful integrated control programmes, including biological control against Eurasian water-milfoil, could provide the perturbation required to restore the ecosystem. However, without the reduction in nitrate concentration levels, water hyacinth will remain the dominant stable state of the rest of the Vaal River.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1487940 bytes, checksum: d95d0412987e018a2d5fe79a3afee5f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Habitat diversification in agroecosystems by mantaining non-crop plants is a strategy which allows the increase of beneficial arthropods since it makes the environment more suitable for natural enemies, due to the availability of food resources, oviposition sites and refuge areas. Chili pepper Capsicum frutescens is a very important crop in Brasil, because of its profitability and social value. However, this crop needs phytosanitary stand and the growers use inadequate practices in attempt to control pests. Among the several beneficial arthropods, lacewings are highlighted by their natural occurrence in various agroecosystems and by their predatory ability. From this perspective, I carried out assessments in areas of chili pepper cultivation to determine: i) the influence of noncrop plants integrated to the field in the abundance of lacewings and of aphids compared to chili pepper crops without non-crop plants, ii) the identification of non-crop plants, present in the crop, associated to lacewings (food source, oviposition and/or refuge site) and to the absence or presence of aphids, and iii) intraguild predation in eggs of C. externa in the presence and in the absence of non-crop plants. Posteriorly, in chapter 2, I studied in laboratory the role of non-crop plant flowers of common occurrence in chili pepper crops (Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Sonchus oleraceus) in the survivor, development, fecundity and fertility of C. externa and Ceraeochrysa cubana. According to the results found in field, the abundance of lacewings in chili pepper crop areas was favoured by the presence of non-crop plants and there was no significant difference in the presence of aphids on chili pepper plants in the areas with or without non crop vegetation. Emilia sp. (average = 1 egg/plant) and Pennisetum sp. (average = 0.54 egg/plant) were the species with the greatest presence of lacewing eggs. In Pennisetum sp., Conyza bonariensis, Marsypianthes chamaedrys, Solanum lycocarpum, and Solanum americanum it was found the greatest presence of adults with average of 1.21, 1, 0.90, 0.85 and 0.83 adults/plant, respectively. Six out of 16 non-crop plants identified in chili pepper crops had aphids on them. Intraguild predation on eggs of C. externa was higher in the areas of chili pepper crops without non-crop plants (average = 2.91 predated eggs/card/plant) compared to the chili pepper crop areas with non-crop plants (average = 2.19 eggs/card/plant). In the laboratory assessments, both C. externa and C. cubana larvae survived for a longer time in the diets of A. conyzoides and B. pilosa with flowers compared to the remaining diets in which I offered non-crop plants without flowers. Larvae development was significantly affected by the offered diets, eight C. cubana larvae pupated in the diet of B. pilosa and two C. externa larvae pupated in the diet of S. oleraceus, the higher number of pupae being formed in the diets with flowers for each lacewing species. The diet with A. kuehniella eggs was the only treatment where more than 70% of the larvae survived, pupated and emerged as adults. The average survivorship of adults in all diets with non-crop plants was five days, with no oviposition. In the diet with yeast and honey, survivorship was higher than 60 days for both lacewing species tested, with total oviposition of 775.35 (±207.8) and 1108.12 (±106.8) eggs/female for C. externa and C. cubana, respectively. Maintaining non-crop vegetation in chili pepper crop areas favours the presence of lacewings and decreases the intraguild predation. The use of plant flowers as food for larvae of C. externa and C. cubana favours their survivorship and may be useful as complementary food in the diet of these predators. Therefore, maintaining non-crop plants in crop fields may improve natural enemy survivorhip e development. / A diversificação do habitat em agroecossistemas através da manutenção de plantas espontâneas é uma estratégia que permite aumentar populações de artrópodes benéficos ao tornar o ambiente mais adequado para os inimigos naturais, devido à disponibilidade de recursos alimentares, lugares para oviposição e áreas de refúgio em condições adversas. A pimenta-malagueta Capsicum frutescens é uma cultura de grande importância no Brasil, por sua rentabilidade e importância social. No entanto, a cultura carece de suporte fitossanitário e os agricultores incorrem em práticas inadequadas na tentativa de controle de pragas. Dentre os diferentes artrópodes benéficos, os crisopídeos (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) se destacam pela ocorrência natural em diferentes agroecossistemas e por sua capacidade predatória. A partir desta perspectiva foram realizadas avaliações em áreas de cultivo de pimenta-malagueta para estabelecer: i) a influência de plantas espontâneas integradas no campo de cultivo na abundância de crisopídeos e de pulgões comparada com plantios de pimenta-malagueta sem vegetação espontânea; ii) a identificação das plantas espontâneas presentes na cultura, sua associação com crisopídeos (fonte de alimento, lugar oviposição e/ou refúgio) e a presença de pulgões; e iii) a predação intraguilda em ovos de C. externa na presença e na ausência de plantas espontâneas. Posteriormente, no capítulo 2, estudou-se em laboratório o papel das inflorescências das plantas espontâneas de ocorrência comum em cultivos de pimenta (Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides e Sonchus oleraceus) na sobrevivência, no desenvolvimento, na fecundidade e fertilidade de C. externa e Ceraeochrysa cubana. De acordo com os resultados obtidos em campo, a abundância de crisopídeos nas áreas de pimenta-malagueta foi favorecida pela presença de plantas espontâneas e não houve diferença significativa na presença de pulgões em plantas de pimenta nas áreas com e sem vegetação espontânea. Emilia sp. (média= 1 ovo/planta) e Pennisetum sp. (média= 0,54 ovos/planta) foram as espécies com maior presença de ovos. Pennisetum sp., Conyza bonariensis, Marsypianthes chamaedrys, Solanum lycocarpum, e Solanum americanum foram as espécies com maior presença de adultos com médias de 1,21, 1, 0,90, 0,85 e 0,83 adultos/planta, respectivamente. Das 16 espécies de plantas espontâneas que foram identificadas no plantio de pimentamalagueta, seis tinham presença de pulgões. A predação intraguilda em ovos de C. externa foi maior nas áreas de pimenta sem vegetação espontânea (média= 2,9 ovos predados/cartão/planta) do que nas áreas de pimenta com vegetação espontânea (média= 2,2 ovos/cartão/planta). Nos experimentos em laboratório, tanto as larvas de C. externa como as de C. cubana sobreviveram mais tempo nas dietas A. conyzoides e B. pilosa com inflorescência do que nas outras dietas onde foram oferecidas plantas espontâneas sem inflorescência. O desenvolvimento das larvas foi significativamente afetado pelas dietas oferecidas, oito larvas de C. cubana empuparam na dieta B. pilosa e duas de C. externa na dieta de S. oleraceus, sendo o maior numero de pupas formadas nas dietas com inflorescências para cada uma das espécies de crisopídeos. A dieta com ovos de A. kuehniella foi o único tratamento onde mais do 70% das larvas sobreviveram, empuparam e os adultos emergiram. A sobrevivência média dos adultos em todas as dietas com plantas espontâneas foi de cinco dias por tanto não houve oviposição. Na dieta de levedo e mel a sobrevivência foi superior aos 60 dias para as duas espécies de crisopídeos testadas, com oviposição total de 775,35 (±207,8) e 1108,12 (±106,8) ovos/fêmea para C. externa e C. cubana, respectivamente. A manutenção da vegetação espontânea na cultura da pimenta-malagueta favorece a presença de crisopídeos e reduz a predação intraguilda. O uso das inflorescências como alimento para larvas de C. externa e C. cubana favorece a sua sobrevivência e pode ser útil como alimento complementar na dieta destes predadores. Assim, a manutenção de plantas espontâneas no campo de cultivo pode incrementar a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento destes inimigos naturais.

Weed infestation of the arable land by persistent weeds is serious problem today. Very dangerous species occuring in all crops, not just only on the arable land, is "Elytrigia repens". It's spread is connected with decrease the level of tillage and with reduction of agrotechnical measures. The target of my thesis is to broadening of knowledges and to suggest other possible solutions of regulation of the occurrence of "Elytrigia repens". SO we did an herbicidal attempt at "Triticum aestivum", which was focused on chemical regulation of this weed. There were used three herbicidal products in different variants. Using of herbicidal products reduces the occurrence of weed species.

No ambiente agrícola, a possibilidade de prever eventos futuros para poder estabelecer prioridades e planejar atividades são indispensáveis para um manejo adequado. Modelos matemáticos têm se tornado ferramentas valiosas para o entendimento de fenômenos e simulação de soluções de um dado sistema de interesse para diferentes condições iniciais e valores de parâmetros. O crescimento das plantas obedece a certos princípios fisiológicos que podem ser descritos, em termos quantitativos em resposta ao meio ambiente, através de equações matemáticas. Nos agrosistemas, a dinâmica da população de plantas daninhas pode ser descrita por modelos matemáticos que relacionam as densidades de sementes produzidas e de plântulas em áreas de cultivo. Os valores dos parâmetros dos modelos podem ser inferidos diretamente de experimentação e análise estatística, ou extraídos da literatura. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar as particularidades dos parâmetros de modelos dinâmicos para populações de plantas daninhas, a partir de um experimento conduzido em campo, usando inferência Bayesiana via método de Monte Carlo com cadeias de Markov e analisar situações que podem alterar a dinâmica do comportamento populacional por meio de simulações. / In the agricultural environment, the possibility to predict future events to establish priorities and to plan activities is indispensable for an appropriate management. Mathematical models have become precious tools for the understanding of phenomena and simulation of solutions of a given system for different initial conditions and values of parameters. The growth of plants obeys the certain physiological principles that can be described, in quantitative terms in reply to the environment, through mathematical equations. In agrosystems, the dynamics of weed populations can be described by mathematical models that relates the produced seeds density and seedlings density in areas of a crop. The parameter models can be either directly inferred from experimentation and statistics analysis, or can be extracted from literature. The goals of this work is to investigate the particularitities of the dynamic models parameters for weed populations, from field experiment, using Bayesian inference by Monte Carlo method with Markov chains and to analyze situations that can modify the population behavior by simulations.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of alternative chemical control of weeds in the arthropod fauna in Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill). The study was conducted in an area belonging to Fepagro Forests in Santa Maria, RS, with planting of E. grandis, being composed of the following treatments: T1 - Chemical control of weeds with glyphosate in total area (planting rows and lines), T2 - Total Chemical control of weeds in the crop row (50 cm), T3 = Chemical control of plants grasses and weeds in the row spacing of planting, T4 - chemical control of broadleaved weeds in row spacing and planting, T5 - full control of weeds in strips with a width of 1.0 m beside the row, leaving 1. 0 m interrow unchecked, T6 - Treatment (control). Results showed that the herbicides glyphosate, bentazon and setoxidin and in doses not have a direct influence on the mega, macro and mesofauna of the soil, and environmental variables have influence on the temporal distribution of soil fauna, with significant interaction between treatment and the collection periods for most groups edaphic collected. Observed that the treatments with vegetation strips of weeds with fewer plants attacked by insects pests, and greater diversity of soil organisms collected, in addition to providing significant ground cover, and showing good initial development when compared to treatment with control of weeds. Accordingly, the adoption of tracks chemical control of weeds with herbicides for the control of weeds in Eucalyptus, constitutes a viable alternative to be used in programs for Integrated Pest Management, by increasing plant diversity and arthropod, ecosystems grown. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito de alternativas de controle químico de plantas daninhas na fauna de artrópodos em plantios de Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill). O estudo foi conduzido em área pertencente à Fepagro Florestas, em Santa Maria, RS, com plantio de E. grandis, sendo composto pelos tratamentos: T1 - Controle químico de plantas daninhas com glifosato (área total/ linhas de plantio e entrelinhas); T2 - Controle químico total de plantas daninhas na linha de plantio (50 cm); T3= Controle químico de plantas daninhas poáceas na linha e entrelinha de plantio; T4 - Controle químico de plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas na linha e entrelinha de plantio; T5 - Controle total de plantas daninhas em faixas com largura de 1,0m, ao lado da linha de plantio, deixando-se 1,0m na entrelinha sem controle; T6 - Tratamento sem controle (testemunha). Os resultados mostraram que os herbicidas glifosato, setoxidin e bentazon, nas doses aplicadas, não exercem influência direta na mega, macro e mesofauna do solo, sendo que as variáveis ambientais apresentam distribuição temporal da fauna de com interação significativa entre os tratamentos períodos coleta para a maioria dos grupos edáficos coletados. Observou-se faixas vegetação plantas daninhas apresentaram menor número atacadas por insetos-praga maior diversidade organismos coletados, além propiciar cobertura solo. Também bom desenvolvimento inicial, quando comparados ao tratamento controle total infestantes. Assim, adoção químico herbicidas específicos, visando o daninhas, em plantios Eucalyptus, constitui-alternativa viável ser usada programas Manejo Integrado Pragas, pelo aumento vegetal artropodofauna promovem, nos ecossistemas cultivados.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:39:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3353008 bytes, checksum: 78686b70f2516da973341b63fed089b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Among the factors that difficult the expansion of the area cultivated with organic corn is the control of weeds. On this crop system only the cultural and mechanical control methods are allowed, which most of the times are little efficient and not adequate to the direct planting system. On this work the efficiency of weed clearing was evaluated (Bidens pilosa and Commelina benghalensis) about the physiological and growth characteristics of corn plants. Three experiments were conducted: the first one evaluated the influence of weed clearing over the growth of corn plants; the second one evaluated the effects of clearings on the development of B. pilosa and C. benghalensis species; and the third evaluated the effect of clearings over the physiological characteristics of corn crops. When in competition without using clearings, C. benghalensis did not interfere on the radicular dry mass rate and on the relationship aerial part/radicular system of corn plants. On the opposite, B. pilosa species, when in competition with corn crops, affected all evaluated characteristics, except the crop stalk diameter. Two clearings of weeds provided the biggest benefits to the culture. It was not observed the influence of corn plants over the development of B. pilosa plants, for the evaluated characteristics. However, corn plants affected the accumulation of root dry matter mass and seeds from C. benghalensis plants. Two clearings reduced the interference of B. pilosa and C. benghalensis weeds over the morphological characteristics of corn (total dry matter mass, aerial part/radicular system rate, radicular mass rate and foliar mass rate). Still, these clearings did not influence the physiological aspects (photosyntetical rate, stomatal conductance, internal carbon/external carbon rate, carbon consumed, transpiration and efficiency of water use) evaluated on corn plants in competition with weeds. The C. benghalensis species reduced the photosyntethic rate and the transpiration of corn plants when in competition with this culture. / Dentre os fatores que dificultam a expansão da área cultivada com milho orgânico destaca-se o controle das plantas daninhas. Neste sistema de cultivo são permitidos apenas os métodos de controle culturais e mecânicos, que na maioria das vezes são pouco eficientes e não adequados ao sistema de plantio direto. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficiência da roçada das plantas daninhas (Bidens pilosa e Commelina benghalensis) sobre as características fisiológicas e de crescimento de plantas de milho. Foram conduzidos três experimentos: no primeiro avaliou-se a influência da roçada das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento das plantas de milho; no segundo, os efeitos da roçada no desenvolvimento das espécies B. pilosa e C. benghalensis; e no terceiro, o efeito da roçada sobre as características fisiológicas da cultura do milho. Quando em competição sem uso de roçadas, a C. benghalensis não interferiu na razão de massa seca radicular e na relação parte aérea/sistema radicular das plantas de milho. Ao contrário, a espécie B. pilosa, quando em competição com plantas de milho, afetou todas as características avaliadas, exceto o diâmetro do colmo da cultura. Duas roçadas das plantas daninhas proporcionaram os maiores benefícios à cultura. Não se observou influência das plantas de milho sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas de B. pilosa, para as características avaliadas. Entretanto, as plantas de milho afetaram o acúmulo de massa da matéria seca da raiz e das sementes de plantas de C. benghalensis. Duas roçadas reduziram a interferência das plantas daninhas B. pilosa e C. benghalensis nas características morfológicas do milho (massa da matéria seca total, razão parte aérea/sistema radicular, razão de massa radicular e razão de massa foliar). Todavia, essas roçadas não influenciaram os aspectos fisiológicos (taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática, razão carbono interno/carbono externo, carbono consumido, transpiração e eficiência do uso da água) avaliados nas plantas de milho em competição com as plantas daninhas. A espécie C. benghalensis reduziu a taxa fotossintética e a transpiração de plantas de milho quando em competição com esta cultura.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV07MA011.pdf: 625199 bytes, checksum: 0056f2b6539816ae105f66ab5d8fd0da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The demand for healthy and non-contaminated foods has increased between the consumers that become more and more exigent in terms of quality. The organic products appear as an option for the requirements of these consumers. However, research involving the organic production of fruits is still incipient. Thus, this study was carried out to evaluate the weed control by ground covers, its action on the weeds in the line of the apple trees in an organic orchard, the response in terms of apple tree vegetative development, and soil chemical and physical properties. The experiment is located at Embrapa/CNPUV, in Vacaria, RS, Southern Brazil. The orchard was planted in 2003, with cv. Galaxy on Marubakaido rootstock and M9 filter, in a Brown Latosol. The treatments were as follows: manual hoeing control, black plastic film, black plastic shade screen, new pinus sawdust, pinus needle mulch, Andropogon sp mulch, annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), black oat (Avena strigosa), black oat + common vetch (Vicia sativa), black oat + fodder radish (Raphanus sativus), annual ryegrass + white clover (Trifolium repens) + native plant cover, weed mowing; control without weed management. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with three replications. The weed incidence and the growth of apple tree were evaluated. Soil chemical and physical properties were analyzed in the layer 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth. Pinus needle mulch, black plastic, manual weed control, and new pinus sawdust were more effective to reduced the weed incidence, controlling more than 90%. The use of soil cover affected the height and the diameter of the trees, and black plastic and pinus needle mulch were the better covers concerning apple development. Soil chemical properties under these managements were adequate for apple tree growth, showing differences only between the orchard condition in relation to the natural forest. Soil physical properties were not affected by the different ground covers and showed its good quality, maintained in adequate conditions to plant growth / A demanda por alimentos saudáveis e livres de contaminantes tem aumentado entre os consumidores que se tornam cada vez mais exigente em termos de qualidade alimentar. Os produtos orgânicos surgem como uma opção para a exigência destes consumidores. No entanto, pesquisas envolvendo a produção orgânica de frutos ainda são incipientes. Assim sendo, este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o controle de plantas espontâneas por coberturas de solo, sua ação sobre as plantas espontâneas presentes na linha da cultura da macieira em pomar orgânico, a resposta da macieira em termos de crescimento e os atributos químicos e físicos do solo. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Vacaria-RS. O pomar foi implantado no ano de 2003, com a cultivar Galaxy, porta-enxerto Marubakaido e filtro M9, em baixa densidade, condução líder central, em um Latossolo Bruno. Utilizou-se 13 tratamentos, que foram: capina manual, cobertura com plástico preto, sombrite, serragem nova, acícula de pinus, palha de capim rabo-de-burro (Andropogon sp.), azevém (Lolium multiflorum L.), aveia (Avena strigosa L.), aveia + ervilhaca (Avena strigosa L. + Vicia sativa L.), aveia + nabo (Avena strigosa L. + Raphanus sativus L.), azevém + trevo branco + espécies nativas, roçada na linha, e sem controle na linha. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Foi avaliado a incidência das plantas espontâneas e o crescimento da macieira (altura e diâmetro do caule de plantas). Os atributos químicos e físicos do solo foram analisados nas camadas 0 a 5 e 5 a 10 cm de profundidade. A acícula de pinus, o plástico preto, a capina na linha e a serragem foram os tratamentos que mais reduziram a incidência das plantas espontâneas, controlando em mais de 90 %. O uso de coberturas do solo afetou a altura e o diâmetro do caule das macieiras, sendo que o plástico preto e a acícula de pinus foram as coberturas que proporcionaram maiores valores para estas variáveis. Os atributos químicos do solo, nos diferentes manejos de coberturas do solo, se mostraram adequados para o crescimento das macieiras, mostrando diferença mais expressiva apenas nos tratamentos em relação à mata. As condições físicas do solo não foram afetadas pelas diferentes coberturas do solo a ponto de interferir na qualidade do mesmo, já que esta foi preservada devido ao manejo adequado que lhe foi dado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunnoFDO_DISSERT.pdf: 1072437 bytes, checksum: ca0f1130c794e389077757530d1d5b66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Based on climate data and occurrence records, ecological niche models (ENM) are an important opportunity to identify areas at risk or vulnerable to biological invasion. These models are based on the assumption that there is a match between the climatic characteristic of native and invaded regions predicting the potential distribution of exotic species. Using new methods to measure niche overlap, we chose two exotic species fairly common in semi-arid regions of South America, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. and Prosopis pallida (H. ; B. ex. Willd) HBK, to test the climate matching hypothesis. Our results indicate that both species occur with little niche overlap in the native region while the inverse pattern is observed in the invaded region on South America, where both species occur with high climatic overlap. Maybe some non-climate factor act limiting the spread of P. pallida on the native range. We believe that a founder effect can explain these similarities between species niche in the invaded region once the seeds planted in Brazil came from a small region on the Native range (Piura in Peru), where both species occur sympatric. Our hypothesis of a founder effect may be evident when we look at the differences between the predictions of the models built in the native and invaded ranges. Furthermore, our results indicate that P. juliflora shows high levels of climate matching between native and invaded ranges. However, conclusions about climate matching of P. pallida should be taken with caution. Our models based on climatic variables provide multiple locations suitable for occurrence of both species in regions where they still don t have occurrence records, including places of high interest for conservation. / Baseados nas informa??es clim?ticas e nos registros de ocorr?ncia, modelos de nicho ecol?gico (MNE) s?o uma importante oportunidade de identificar ?reas sob risco ou vulner?veis ? invas?o biol?gica. Estes modelos se ap?iam na suposi??o de que existe congru?ncia entre os climas das regi?es nativa e invadida para prever a distribui??o potencial de esp?cies ex?ticas. Utilizando m?todos recentes para medir sobreposi??es entre MNE, escolhemos duas esp?cies invasoras bastante comuns em regi?es semi-?ridas da Am?rica do Sul, Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. e Prosopis pallida (H. ; B. ex. Willd) H.B.K., para testar a hip?tese da congru?ncia clim?tica. Nossos resultados indicam as duas esp?cies ocorrem com pouca sobreposi??o de nicho na regi?o nativa, enquanto que o inverso se observa na regi?o invadida na Am?rica do Sul, onde as duas esp?cies ocorrem com elevada sobreposi??o de nicho. Algum fator n?o clim?tico pode atuar limitando a dispers?o de P. pallida na ?rea nativa. Acreditamos que um efeito fundador pode explicar estas semelhan?as de nicho encontradas na regi?o invadida uma vez que as sementes plantadas no Brasil vieram de uma pequena regi?o da ?rea nativa (Piura, Peru), onde ambas esp?cies ocorrem em simpatria. Diferen?as entre as previs?es dos modelos constru?dos na regi?o nativa e projetados para a regi?o nativa evidenciam nossa hip?tese do efeito fundador. Al?m disso, nossos resultados indicam que P. juliflora ocorre nas regi?es nativas e invadidas em condi??es clim?ticas bastante congruentes. Entretanto, conclus?es sobre congru?ncia clim?tica entre regi?es nativas e invadidas por P. pallida devem ser tomados com cautela. Os modelos prev?em v?rios locais favor?veis para a ocorr?ncia de ambas as esp?cies em regi?es onde ainda n?o existem registros de ocorr?ncia, inclusive locais de elevado interesse para conserva??o.

CAPES / A presença de plantas daninhas afeta o desenvolvimento e o rendimento de plantas cultivadas, depreciando a qualidade final do produto. Dentre as alternativas práticas que se destacam para a redução da perda de rendimento, estão o incremento da habilidade competitiva da cultura e o manejo químico das plantas daninhas em meio a estas. Um programa de pesquisas foi desenvolvido no curso de Agronomia da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Câmpus Pato Branco - PR, durante os anos de 2015/16, com os objetivos de: avaliar se o uso de inibidores da síntese de giberelina incrementam a habilidade competitiva de plantas de feijão, tornandoas insensíveis aos efeitos do inicialismo, ampliando o período anterior a interferência. Avaliar a tolerância de plantas de feijão comum ao herbicida ethoxysulfuron e, verificar se ocorre relação entre a massa da parte aérea seca da cultura com o nível de tolerância das plantas ao herbicida. Avaliar o efeito de doses crescentes de ethoxysulfuron sobre características morfológicas e nos componentes do rendimento de grãos das cultivares de feijão IPR Tangará e IPR Andorinha. Avaliar o efeito de crescentes doses de ethoxysulfuron sobre o desenvolvimento da cultivar IAC Imperador e sobre a comunidade de infestantes presentes na área. Elucidar o mecanismo que confere a tolerância de plantas de feijão ao herbicida ethoxysulfuron. Inibidores de giberelina não foram eficientes em incrementar os períodos de convivência entre plantas daninhas e o feijoeiro. Trinexapac-ethyl incrementou 20% no rendimento de grãos das plantas de feijão. Foi observada grande variabilidade de resposta das cultivares de feijão ao herbicida ethoxysulfuron, contudo, apesar de doses elevadas (200 g ha-1) não foi constatada a morte de plantas. Em campo, os resultados indicam que quando a dose de ethoxysulfuron é de 83,2 g ha-1, a redução no rendimento de grãos pode chegar a 40% para plantas da cultivar IPR Tangará e a 30% da cultivar IPR Andorinha. Contudo, para cada cultivar citada, ethoxysulfuron nas doses de 17 e 12 g ha-1, reduzem 10% do rendimento de grãos. Avaliando o controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do feijão cultivar IAC Imperador com o herbicida ethoxysulfuron, foi observado que doses próximas a 20 g ha-1 são suficientes para controlar plantas de soja e Ipomoea spp., contudo, devido ao nível de fitotoxidade o incremento de rendimento de grãos não foi suficiente para alcançar o da testemunha livre de infestantes e sem herbicida. Os ensaios avaliando o mecanismo de tolerância das plantas de feijão ao ethoxysulfuron sugerem que este ocorre devido a degradação da molécula do herbicida. / The presence of weeds decreases the crop yield. Among the alternatives to reduce the crop yield loss, it can be included to increase the competitive ability of the crop and the chemical control of the weeds. A research program was developed in the course of Agronomy at Federal Technological University at Paraná, Campus Pato Branco - PR, during the years 2015/16, with the objectives evaluating if gibberellin inhibitors increase the competitive ability of bean plants, making them insensitive to the initialism, extending the period prior to weed-crop interference. Evaluate the tolerance of common bean plants to the herbicide ethoxysulfuron and investigate the existence of relationship between the plant mass and the level of tolerance of the plants to the herbicide. Evaluate the effect of increasing doses of ethoxysulfuron on morphological characteristics, yield components and grain yield of the bean cultivars IPR Tangará and IPR Andorinha. Evaluate the effect of increasing doses of ethoxysulfuron on the development of IAC Imperador and the community of weeds present in the area. Elucidate the mechanism that confers tolerance to bean plants to the herbicide ethoxysulfuron. The results indicate that gibberellin inhibitors were not effective in increasing periods of weed-crop coexistence. Trinexapac-ethyl increased 20% the grain yield of bean plants. It was observed high variability as the response of bean cultivars to the herbicide ethoxysulfuron, however, despite high doses (200 g ha-1), it was not observed death of the plants. The field results indicate that when the ethoxysulfuron dose is 83.2 g ha-1, the reduction in grain yield can reach 40% with the cultivar IPR Tangará and 30% in the cultivar IPR Andorinha. However, respectively for each cultivar cited, ethoxysulfuron at 17 and 12 g ha-1 are enough to reduce 10% of grain yield. Evaluating the control of weeds within the bean crop cultivar IAC Imperador with the herbicide ethoxysulfuron, it was observed that doses at 20 g ha-1 are enough to control soybean and Ipomoea spp. plants. But, due to the level of plant injury, the crop grain yield increase was not sufficient to match the one observed on the weed-free untreated control. The mechanism of tolerance of bean plants to ethoxysulfuron appears to be the herbicide degradation.