Recently, the body mass of college football lineman has increased markedly and places them at higher risk for a number of post competitive pathogenic chronic health consequences. Recognition of problems associated with oversized athletes is easily accepted intellectually-however, the practicalities of solving the problem have not been fully realized.

No description available.

The purpose of this study was to determine if the motivational profiles of male junior high weight-training students (n = 166) differ across levels of teacher and peer relatedness (high, low). The students' contextual motivation was measured using the Sport Motivation Scale II -Physical Education (SMS II-PE) pre- and post-intervention (high vs. low teacher-to-student relatedness). Situational motivation and relatedness measurements were assessed pre- and post-intervention using the Situational Motivation Scale-Physical Education (SIMS-PE), Amotivation Inventory-Physical Education Scale (AI-PE), and the Interpersonal Behavior Scale (IBS). Results revealed that situational motivation was not affected by the intervention in either group. Significant differences were observed in student's contextual motivation. That is, both within-groups contextual motivation increased. The notion of pre-existing contextual motivation and its relationship to interpersonal behavioral support and situational motivation are presented and explored.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 5 stages of change identified in the transtheoretical model (Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) accurately describe stages of adopting exercise and strength training behaviors among older adults; and to test if the variables of age, gender, education, current level of physical activity, and health problems are accurate measures of predicting stage. Participants included 277 residents of 6 continuing care retirement communities in a midwestern state. A site administered survey instrument used a modified Stages of Change Instrument (Marcus, Selby, Niaura, & Rossi, 1992); the Health Status Inventory (Gorely & Gordon, 1995); and the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly° (Washburn, Smith, Jette, & Janney, 1993).The study was the first to test whether the 5 stages could be found for strength training, an exercise type. All 5 stages of change were present in both exercise and strength training behaviors but in differing proportions. Results suggest the need to design different strategies to move persons from one stage to another for strength training and exercise. The majority of participants were consistent exercisers as 52% were in maintenance, the stage where people are exercising regularly and have been for longer than six months. The most promising result found 16% in the maintenance stage for strength training behavior with 53% in contemplation, the stage where people are thinking about beginning.A logistic regression analysis was used to conclude that current level of physical activity and number of health problems have some predictive accuracy for stages to adopt exercise and strength training behaviors. The variables of age, gender, and education were not found to be predictive in this study. / Department of Educational Leadership

Thirteen Ball State University, male basketball players participated in this study to examine the effects of an amino acid supplement, Rebuild IITM and glutamine, on strength and vertical jump performance. Rebuild IITM contains high levels of BCAA and glutamine.The thirteen subjects were divided into two groups, Rebuild IIT"'' (n=7) and placebo (n=6). Both groups participated in a ten week strength and conditioning training program. Subjects were pre and post-tested on the hang clean, bench press, squat, and the vertical jump. Changes in percent body fat were also compared. Pre and post measures were analyzed using a 2x2 ANOVA variance with a significant level set at p<0.05. Both groups showed significant increases between pre and post-test measurements in all of the variables measured, but could not be significantly proven to be due to treatment effect. It was concluded that with a controlled strength and conditioning program, basketball players would increase strength and vertical jump performance and decrease percent body fat. Yet in order to determine whether an amino acid supplement may further increase these measurements, a dietary recall must be obtained. / School of Physical Education

[Truncated abstract] Resistance training is increasingly popular for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy, maximal strength, endurance and power. Although many resistancetraining programmes now adhere to the concept of periodisation, the number of studies examining its structure and design are few, and there are just a handful of studies that have examined periodised training for the maintenance of strength and power. Even rarer, are periodised resistance-training studies that utilise female subjects. Previous studies have compared non-periodised training regimens such as Progressive Resistance Exercise (PRE), and the two main models of periodisation, Linear Periodisation (LP) and Undulating Periodisation (UP). Results are inconclusive as to whether the efficacy of the periodised training programmes were due to the manipulation of training variables such as volume and intensity, or that training programmes with higher doses of volume induced better training responses. However, to make effective comparisons between training programmes, the training volume or workload (total load lifted x total repetitions) and training intensity have to be equated between the groups under examination. While the intensities (percentage of one-repetition maximum, 1 RM) for improving strength qualities such as hypertrophy and maximal strength have general consensus among resistance-training practitioners, there exists disagreement over the intensity that should be used during the training of power. Thus, it is important to first identify the load for power training before comparisons can be made between LP and UP programmes using equal training volumes. ... The final study found that adhering to two UP maintenance training programmes with equalised volumes and intensities twice a week increased upper-body strength and maintained lower-body strength adequately across a 3-wk phase. The results from these studies support previous results that suggest training programmes with higher workloads and repetitions produce superior strength and power adaptations, and it is not specifically the variation of training volume and intensity within a periodised programme that improves strength qualities. Thus, both periodised programmes used in this thesis can be recommended for untrained and moderatelytrained women as both LP and UP were found to be similarly effective for increasing upper- and lower-body hypertrophy, strength and power.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-143). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-143).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Resumo Enaiane Menezes.pdf: 405086 bytes, checksum: 55d01882cfa5090686fb03a72c4001e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Background: Urinary Incontinence (UI) is defined as any complaint of involuntary urine loss. The relationship between physical activity/resistance exercise training and UI is inconclusive and bidirectional. General Objective: To analyze the frequency and severity of urine leakage according to older women regular level of physical activity, as well as to analyze the acute effect of resistance exercises at different intensities (moderate and vigorous) on urine leakage in older women with UI. This study consists of two chapters/articles. Chapter/Article 1 aims to verify and to compare the level of physical activity with the frequency and severity of UI in older women. Chapter/Article 2 aims to determine the acute effect of resistance exercise at different intensities (moderate and vigorous) on UI in elderly women with UI. Methods: In the first article 19 elderly women with stress or mixed UI were evaluated. Data on the frequency and severity of UI were obtained through the ICIQ-SF and the level of physical activity through triaxial accelerometer GT3-X brand ActiGrafh. Data were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage) and inferential tests (Mann-Whitney or way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc). In the second article 15 elderly women with stress and mixed UI were enrolled in an experimental study. These participants were submitted to two experimental sessions with intensity of 12 maximal repetitions (MR) (moderate exercise) and 6MR (vigorous) to check for urine loss. Urine leakage during the sessions was verified by the Pad test and the cutoff point was two grams. All participants underwent both protocols and a cross-over design was used to define the order of the sessions. To compare Pad test results between the intensities of 12MR and 6MR a Wilcoxon test was used. Results: In Article 1, we observed that older women with more frequent leakage episodes had lower levels of regular physical activity (F = 6.050; p = 0.011). In article 2, there was no significant difference (p=0.727) between the means of the Pad test in elderly women with UI according to intensity of resistance exercise (moderate vs vigorous). Conclusion: The frequency and severity of urine loss interferes in the level of physical activity of older women with UI. This highlights the importance of interventions with physical activity programs. Older women did not report leakage during resistance training exercises with different intensities. So, these kind of exercises might be beneficial for elderly women with UI. / Introdução: A Incontinência Urinária (IU) é definida como qualquer queixa de perda involuntária de urina. A relação entre a prática de atividades física/exercício resistido e a IU é indefinida e bidirecional. Objetivo geral: Analisar a frequência e gravidade da perda urinária, segundo o nível de atividade física habitual e, o efeito agudo do exercício resistido em diferentes intensidades (moderada e vigorosa) sobre a perda urinária de mulheres idosas com incontinência urinária. Este estudo é composto por dois Capítulos/Artigos. O Capítulo/Artigo 1 tem como objetivo verificar e comparar o nível de atividade física habitual com a frequência e a gravidade da perda urinária em idosas. O Capítulo/Artigo 2 tem como objetivo verificar o efeito agudo do exercício resistido em diferentes intensidades (moderada e vigorosa) sobre a perda urinária de mulheres idosas com incontinência urinária. Métodos: No artigo 1 participaram do estudo 19 idosas com IU de esforço ou mista. Foram coletados dados referentes a frequência e gravidade da IU por meio do ICIQ-SF e sobre o nível de atividade física habitual por meio do acelerômetro triaxial GT3-X marca ActiGrafh. Utilizou-se estatística descritiva (média, desvio padrão, frequência e porcentagem) e inferencial (U de Mann-Whitney ou ANOVA unifatorial com post hoc de Bonferroni). No artigo 2 participaram do estudo experimental 15 idosas com incontinência urinária de esforço e mista. Todas foram submetidas a duas sessões experimentais com intensidade de 12RM (moderada) e 6RM (vigorosa) para verificar a perda urinária. A perda urinária durante as sessões foi verificada por meio do Pad test e o ponto de corte adotado para definir como perda urinária durante o exercício foi dois gramas. Todas as participantes realizaram ambos os protocolos e um delineamento cross-over foi utilizado para definir a ordem das sessões. Para verificar as diferenças do Pad test entre as intensidades de 12RM e 6RM foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: No artigo 1 as idosas com perdas urinárias mais frequentes apresentaram menor nível de atividade física habitual (F= 6,050; p= 0,011). No artigo 2 não houve diferença significativa (p=0,727) entre as médias do Pad test e as intensidades dos exercícios resistidos nas idosas com IU. Conclusão: A frequência e gravidade da perda urinária interfere no nível de atividade física habitual de mulheres idosas com IU, destacando a importância de intervenções com programas de atividades físicas. Em relação ao exercício resistido com diferentes intensidades as mulheres não perdem urina na realização deste, considerando-o benéfico para idosas com IU.

Orientador: Mara Patricia Traina Chacon-Mikahil / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T02:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_ClaudineiFerreirados_D.pdf: 5106136 bytes, checksum: 3c8ba3f70ffe0e4630ab7e8c634b98d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Os efeitos do treinamento com pesos realizados com diferentes intensidades, freqüências e volumes trazem respostas benéficas e são bem difundidos para populações de jovens e atletas. No entanto, estudos que procuram avaliar os efeitos do treinamento com pesos realizados em diferentes freqüências semanais são escassos para populações idosas. Assim, o propósito da presente pesquisa foi analisar e comparar os efeitos do treinamento com pesos sobre indicadores da sarcopenia, composição corporal, hipertrofia muscular e das capacidades físicas força muscular e flexibilidade de homens idosos submetidos a duas ou três sessões semanais de treinamento com pesos. Para tanto fizeram parte da amostra 27 indivíduos, subdivididos em: grupo treinamento com freqüência semanal de 2 sessões de treino (GT2, n=9), grupo treinamento com freqüência semanal de 3 sessões de treino (GT3, n=10), ambos submetidos a um programa de treinamento com pesos por um período de 16 semanas, e um grupo controle (GC, n=8) que não se envolveu com nenhuma rotina de exercícios físicos durante o período do experimento. Os indicadores da sarcopenia e composição corporal foram determinados por Absortometria Radiológica de Dupla Energia (DEXA). A sarcopenia foi determinada pelo índice relativo de músculo esquelético. Como indicador de hipertrofia muscular, a área de secção transversal do braço (ASTBr) e coxa (ASTCx) foram avaliadas pelo método de ressonância magnética. Os indicadores de força muscular foram determinados pelo teste de uma repetição máxima (1-RM) em três exercícios na sala de treinamento com pesos (supino, leg press e rosca direta). Como indicadores de flexibilidade, sete movimentos articulares foram avaliados por flexímetro. O programa de treinamento com pesos foi dividido em duas etapas, cada qual com oito semanas de duração. Na primeira etapa o protocolo de treinamento foi realizado com cargas fixas (três séries de 15 repetições) com ordem de execução alternada por segmento. A segunda etapa, os exercícios foram localizados por articulação. As diferenças nas etapas objetivam aumentar a magnitude da carga de treinamento progressivamente ao longo do período de estudo. Ajustes semanais nas cargas de treinamento foram realizados observando o princípio da progressão de carga. Foram realizadas análises intra e inter-grupos nos diferentes momentos do estudo. A comparação entre os grupos e os momentos foi realizada pela análise de variância (ANOVA) sendo adotado o nível de significância p<0,05. Os componentes da composição corporal, assim como, o indicador de sarcopenia não foram alterados após o período experimental em nenhum dos grupos. Contudo, diferença significante entre as mudanças percentuais foram observadas entre o GT3 e GC para a gordura corporal relativa e a massa livre de gordura. No teste de 1-RM foram obtidos aumentos significantes na condição pós treino para os exercícios de supino, rosca direta, carga total levantada e carga total levantada relativa a massa corporal para o GT2 e o GT3. Somente o GT3 aumentou significativamente a força muscular no leg press. A evolução semanal da carga de treinamento no exercício supino e rosca direta ocorreu mais acentuadamente para o GT3. Para o exercício de leg press GT2 e GT3 tiveram comportamentos parecidos. Ambos os grupos treinados mostraram aumentos percentuais maiores nos indicadores de flexibilidade para os movimentos de flexão de quadril direito e esquerdo e flexão de ombro esquerdo, quando comparados ao GC. Contudo, somente o movimento de flexão de quadril esquerdo aumentou significativamente para o GT3. Apesar de haver uma tendência ao aumento da ASTCx após o TP para ambos os grupos experimentais, somente houve aumento significativo da ASTBr (9,04%) para o GT3. Diante dos resultados analisados, a realização de três sessões semanais de TP mostrou-se mais efetiva para os grupos de idosos estudados. / Abstract: The effects of weight training made with different intensities, frequencies and volumes provide beneficial answers and are well spread among young people and athletes. However, studies that look for the effects of weight training held at different frequencies weekly are limited to elder populations. So, the purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the effects of weight training on indicators of sarcopenia, body composition, muscle hypertrophy and of the physical capacities of muscular strength and flexibility of elder men submitted to two or three week sessions of weight training. Twenty-seven (27) individuals were part of the sample separated in: group training with two weekly training sessions (TG2, n = 9), group training with three weekly training sessions (TG3, n = 10), both submitted to a weight training for a 16 weeks period, and a control group (CG, n = 8), which was not involved with any exercise routine during the experiment. The indicators of sarcopenia and body composition were determined by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA). The sarcopenia was determined by an index of relative skeletal muscle mass. As an indicator of muscular hypertrophy, the cross-section area of the arm (ASTBr) and thigh (ASTCx) were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. The indicators of muscle strength were determined by the test of one maximum repetition (1-RM) in three exercises in the fitness room (bench press, leg press and arm curl). As indicators of flexibility, seven joint movements were evaluated by the fleximeter. The weight-training program was divided into two stages, eight weeks each. The first stage of the training was performed with fixed loads (three sets of 15 repetitions), alternating the order of execution by body segment. On the second stage, the exercises were fixed for articulation. These differences in the stages aimed to increase the load training progressively along the stages. Some adjustments were made weekly in the loads, observing the principle of progressive load. Intra and inter groups' responses were analyzed at different times of the study. The comparison between groups and moments was performed by a variance analysis (ANOVA). The level of significance adopted for all analyses was p<0.05. None of the components of body composition, as well as the indicator of sarcopenia, was changed after the trial period for all groups. However, a significant difference between the changes percentage were observed between TG3 and CG for relative body fat and fat free mass. Significant increases were obtained in the 1-RM test for the bench press, arm curl and full load lifted up and relative load lifted up to the total body mass for the TG2 and TG3 post training. Only TG3 increased significantly muscle strength in the leg press test. The week load evolution in the training was more pronounced in the bench press exercise and the arm curl for the TG3. The leg press performance was similar for TG2 and TG3. Both showed higher increase percentage in indicators of flexibility, in the right and left hip flexion and in the left shoulder, when compared to CG. However, only the left hip flexion increased significantly for the TG3. Despite the tendency of a increasing in the ASTCx in both experimental groups, the significant increase in ASTBr (9,04%) happened only in the TG3. These results showed that the performance of threeweek sessions of TP was more effective for the elder studied group. / Doutorado / Ciencia do Desporto / Doutor em Educação Física