For an affine Weyl group W, we explicitly determine the elements for which the Möbius function of the subposet of affine Grassmannians under the Bruhat order is non-zero by utilizing the quantum Bruhat graph of the classical Weyl group associated to W . Then we examine embedding stable and consistent statistics on the affine Weyl group of type A which permit the definition of an affine infinite symmetric group. / Doctor of Philosophy / Similar to the integers, there are groups that have both an infinite number of elements and also a way to partially order those elements. With a partial ordering, we can consider the interval between two elements. When we make a function that sums over an interval of elements, then we can invert the function by using something called the Mӧbius function. For many groups, the Mӧbius function is extremely unpredictable and calculating the inverse may require us to consider an infinite number of elements. In this paper, we focus on groups called affine Weyl groups, which are very useful in algebraic geometry. It turns out that most elements in these groups have a very predictable pattern in their Mӧbius functions which only considers a finite number of elements. The first part of this paper gives very simple rules for calculating it. The second part of this paper focuses on a special type of affine Weyl group: the affine symmetric groups. We provide an attempt at defining a large parent group, which we call the affine infinite symmetric group, that contains all the other affine symmetric groups.

Given a finite Weyl group W_fin with root system Phi_fin, one can create the affine Weyl group W_aff by taking the semidirect product of the translation group associated to the coroot lattice for Phi_fin, with W_fin. The double affine Weyl semigroup W can be created by using a similar semidirect product where one replaces W_fin with W_aff and the coroot lattice with the Tits cone of W_aff. We classify cocovers and covers of a given element of W with respect to the Bruhat order, specifically when W is associated to a finite root system that is irreducible and simply laced. We show two approaches: one extending the work of Lam and Shimozono, and its strengthening by Milicevic, where cocovers are characterized in the affine case using the quantum Bruhat graph of W_fin, and another, which takes a more geometrical approach by using the length difference set defined by Muthiah and Orr. / Doctor of Philosophy / The Bruhat order is a way of organizing elements of the double affine Weyl semigroup so that we have a better understanding of how the elements interact. In this dissertation, we study the Bruhat order, specifically looking for when two elements are separated by exactly one step in the order. We classify these elements and show that there are only finitely many of them.

Root systems are a fundamental concept in the theory of Lie algebra. In this thesis, we will use two different kind of graphs to represent the group generated by reflections acting on the elements of the root system. The root systems we are interested in are those of type A2, B2 and G2. After drawing the graphs, we will study the algebraic groups corresponding to those root systems. We will use three different techniques to give a geometric description of the homogeneous spaces G/P where G is the algebraic group corresponding to the root system and P is one of its parabolic subgroup. Finally, we will make a link between the graphs and the multiplication of basis elements in the Chow group CH(G/P).

Root systems are a fundamental concept in the theory of Lie algebra. In this thesis, we will use two different kind of graphs to represent the group generated by reflections acting on the elements of the root system. The root systems we are interested in are those of type A2, B2 and G2. After drawing the graphs, we will study the algebraic groups corresponding to those root systems. We will use three different techniques to give a geometric description of the homogeneous spaces G/P where G is the algebraic group corresponding to the root system and P is one of its parabolic subgroup. Finally, we will make a link between the graphs and the multiplication of basis elements in the Chow group CH(G/P).

Root systems are a fundamental concept in the theory of Lie algebra. In this thesis, we will use two different kind of graphs to represent the group generated by reflections acting on the elements of the root system. The root systems we are interested in are those of type A2, B2 and G2. After drawing the graphs, we will study the algebraic groups corresponding to those root systems. We will use three different techniques to give a geometric description of the homogeneous spaces G/P where G is the algebraic group corresponding to the root system and P is one of its parabolic subgroup. Finally, we will make a link between the graphs and the multiplication of basis elements in the Chow group CH(G/P).

No / A finite quantum system in which the position and momentum take values in the Galois field GF(p¿l) is constructed from a smaller quantum system in which the position and momentum take values in Zp , using field extension. The Galois trace is used in the definition of the Fourier transform. The Heisenberg¿Weyl group of displacements and the Sp(2, GF(p¿l)) group of symplectic transformations are studied. A class of transformations inspired by the Frobenius maps in Galois fields is introduced. The relationship of this 'Galois quantum system' with its subsystems in which the position and momentum take values in subfields of GF(p¿l) is discussed.

[pt] Decompõe-se o espaço das curvas não-degeneradas sobre a n-esfera sujeitas a uma dada matriz de monodromia (munido de uma estrutura de variedade de Hilbert adequada) em uma coleção enumerável de células contráteis parametrizadas pelos itinerários admissíveis para os levantamentos a SOn+1 das referidas curvas através das células obtidas de uma estratificação de SOn+1 estreitamente relacionada com a clássica decomposição de Bruhat de GLn+1. A expressão itinerário admissível significa aqui uma sequência finita de células sujeitas a umas poucas restrições que, ademais, são naturalmente insinuadas pela geometria do problema. O principal interesse dessa nova abordagem é que essa combinatorialização funciona homogeneamente em todas as dimensões n (não obstante óbvias dificuldades computacionais), diferentemente dos métodos ad-hoc, de cunho mais geométrico, até aqui empregados para obter informações topológicas sobre esses e outros espaços de curvas relacionados (que têm sido bem sucedidos apenas em dimensões n baixas). Essa abordagem pode ser considerada como uma primeira tentativa de chegar a um método unificado para a determinação do tipo homotópico de tais espaços, e ajuda a dispensar certos argumentos de análise funcional usualmente empregados na definição da topologia correta para os referidos espaços de curvas. / [en] The space of nondegenerate curves on the n-sphere subject to a fixed monodromy matrix (provided with a suitable Hilbert manifold structure) is decomposed into a countable collection of contractible cells parameterized by the SOn+1-lifted curves admissible itineraries through cells arriving from a stratification of SOn+1 closely related to the classical Bruhat decomposition of GLn+1. The expression admissible itinerary herein stands for a finite sequence of cells subject to a few constraints that are otherwise naturally suggested by the geometry of the problem. The main interest of such a new approach is that this combinatorialization works homogeneously in any dimension n (with obvious computational difficulties), unlike the more geometry-flavoured ad-hoc methods for achieving topological information about these and related spaces of curves (which usually have had a good run only in low dimensions n). This approach can be regarded as a first attempt at a unified method for figuring out the homotopy-type of such spaces, and it helps to override some functional analysis arguments usually deployed in defining the right topology for these spaces of curves.

Ce mémoire étudie deux familles de fonctions orthogonales, soit les fonctions d'orbite de Weyl et les fonctions d'orbite de Hartley. Chacune de ces familles est associée à une algèbre de Lie simple et cette recherche se limite aux algèbres A₂, C₂ et G₂ de rang 2. Les fonctions d'orbite de Weyl ont été largement étudiées depuis des années en raison de leurs propriétés exceptionnelles. Nouvellement, elles ont été utilisées pour générer des polynômes de Chebyshev généralisés et calculer les fonctions génératrices de ces polynômes pour les algèbres de Lie simples de rang 2. Les fonctions d'orbite de Hartley, quant à elles, ont été récemment introduites par Hrivnák et Juránek et l'étude de ces dernières ne fait que débuter. L'objectif de ce mémoire est de définir des polynômes de Chebyshev généralisés associés aux fonctions de Hartley et de calculer les fonctions génératrices de ceux-ci pour les algèbres A₂, C₂ et G₂. Le premier chapitre introduit les systèmes de racines et le groupe de Weyl, original et affine, ainsi que leurs domaines fondamentaux, afin que le lecteur ait les notations et définitions pour comprendre les chapitres suivants. Le deuxième chapitre présente et étudie les fonctions de Weyl. Il définit également leurs polynômes de Chebyshev généralisés et se termine en présentant les différentes fonctions génératrices de ces polynômes pour les algèbres de Lie simples de rang 2. Finalement, le troisième chapitre contient les résultats originaux; il expose les fonctions de Hartley et certaines de leurs propriétés. Il définit les polynômes de Chebyshev généralisés de celles-ci et énonce également leurs relations d'orthogonalité discrète. Il conclut en calculant les fonctions génératrices de ces polynômes pour les algèbres A₂, C₂ et G₂. / This master's thesis studies two families of orthogonal functions, the Weyl orbit functions and the Hartley orbit functions. Each of these families is associated to a simple Lie algebra and the present work is limited to the algebras A₂, C₂ and G₂ of rank 2. Weyl orbit functions have been widely studied for years because of their exceptional properties. Recently, these properties have been used to generate generalized Chebyshev polynomials and to compute the generating functions of these polynomials for the simple Lie algebras of rank 2. Hartley orbit functions, on the other hand, were recently introduced by Hrivnák and Juránek and the study of the latter has only begun. The objective of this thesis is to define the generalized Chebyshev polynomials of Hartley orbit functions and to compute their generating functions for the algebras A₂, C₂ and G₂. The first chapter introduces root systems and the Weyl group, original and affine, and their fundamental domains, so that the reader has the notations and definitions at hand to read the following chapters. The second chapter introduces and studies Weyl orbit functions. It also defines their generalized Chebyshev polynomials and ends by presenting the different generating functions of these polynomials for simple Lie algebras of rank 2. Finally, the third chapter contains the original contribution; it presents the Hartley functions and some of their properties. It defines the generalized Chebyshev polynomials of these and also states their discrete orthogonality relations. It concludes by computing the generating functions of these polynomials for the algebras A₂, C₂ and G₂.

[pt] Iniciamos o trabalho com uma revisão da classificação de álgebras de Lie semi-simples sobre corposo algebraicamente fechados de caracteristica zero a traves dos Diagramas de Dyinkin. Posteriormente estudamos sigma - sistemas normais e classificamos eles a traves de diagramas de Satake. Finalmente estudamos a estrutura das formas reais de álgebras de Lie semi-simples complexas, explicitando a conexão com os diagramas de Satake e fornecenendo assim uma classificação das mesmas. / [en] We begin the work with a review of the classification of semisimple Lie algebras over an algebraically field of characteristic zero through the Dyinkin Diagrams. Subsequently we study sigma - normal systems and classify them through Satake diagrams. Finally we study the structure of the real forms of complex semi-simple Lie algebras, explaining the connection with the Satake diagrams and thus providing a classification of them.