Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Cell isolation method may have effects on the characteristics of the cells isolated from porcine umbilical cords. As stem cells age or approach senescence, it is hypothesized that their properties change. We expect that isolation method and age of cells will have effects on the phenotype of porcine umbilical cord (PUC) cells during in vitro expansion. We investigated the effects of three isolation methods on PUC population doublings, ability to produce colony forming units (CFU), and amount of ganglioside GD2 (GD2) expression over eleven passages. Isolation methods were explant (Exp) in which the Wharton's Jelly was removed from cords, minced and plated, enzyme digest (Dig), and stomacher assisted enzyme digestion (Stom). Cell isolates were analyzed for GD2 expression, CFU, and population doublings at early (3), middle (7), and late (11) passage. The Exp method produced greater (P<0.05) population doublings and more (P<0.05) CFU at passage 7. Explant isolates also were numerically more likely to survive to passage 11 (9/9 isolates vs 5/9 for Dig and 7/9 for Stom). In contrast, the percent cells expressing GD2 was greater (P<0.05) for Stom isolates than Exp isolates at passage 11. There were no trends for increased passage number to decreased population doubling, CFU formation, or percent GD2 positive cells. In summary, our results indicate that the Exp isolation method produced the greatest number of population doublings over 11 passages and there were minimal effects of isolation method on CFU and GD2 expression. Although Exp may be more difficult to scale up to isolate all of the PUCs in a cord, it provided greater in vitro expansion than the enzyme methods in our experiment and may provide the most cells for biotechnological and biomedical applications.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Culturing stem cells is usually done on tissue-culture treated plastic. Over time the cells change their gene expression and start to differentiate. Porcine umbilical cord (PUC) stem cells express the embryonic transcription factors Oct4, Nanog and Sox2 and changes in their expression may be useful for to evaluating culture-induced changes in the cells. We developed an extract of porcine Wharton’s jelly matrix (JMX) that may provide some characteristics of the stem cell niche located in the umbilical cord. Our extract used whole cords and enzyme digestion to simplify preparation of the product. We compare cells cultured on plastic to those grown on thin and thick gels of JMX in four experiments. In Exp 1a and b, growing PUCs on a thick JMX coating for 3(1a) or 4(1b) d increased the number of cells at the end of culture (P < 0.05) with minimal effects on gene expression. In Exp 2 we compared PUCs grown on thin and thick layered JMX with added collagen (+C) and to control cells. The JMX layers caused the cells to adopt a small, round shape and to form clumps or colonies during culture. No differences (P > 0.10) were seen between thin10 +C and control wells for viable and total cell counts but thick layered +C resulted in decreased numbers of viable cells compared to thin + C (P < 0.10) and control wells (P < 0.05). In a follow up experiment (Exp. 3) growing the PUCs mixed within, rather than plating on top of, a thick layer of JMX + C caused marked morphological changes with dense 3-dimensional structures formed. Exp 4 compared JMX allowed to gel for 10 (Thin10 +C) or 60 (Thin60 +C) min before the non-gelled fraction was removed. There were no effects on cell numbers at the end of culture (P > 0.10) but Sox2 expression was increased in Thin60 +C compared to controls on plastic (P < 0.05) and Thin10 +C (P < 0.10). In summary, JMX extracts change cell morphology and in some formats increased cell proliferation and may increase Sox2 expression. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the effects of JMX on PUCs.

This work examines the osteogenic potential and immune-privileged properties of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) in normal Wistar rats and athymic rnu/rnu rats for up to 60 days. HUCPVCs demonstrated a mesenchymal stromal cell phenotype, assayed through flow cytometry, and RT-PCR analysis detected their expression of osteogenic genes. A bone tissue engineering construct was developed through centrifugal seeding of HUCPVCs onto calcium phosphate-coated PLGA scaffolds. These cell-scaffold constructs were transplanted into bilateral femoral defects. HUCPVCs did not induce any systemic biological response in normal rats; however, they did not engraft and impaired bone healing up to 60 days. When transplanted into athymic rats, HUCPVCs were detected up to 30 days in the femoral defects, improved bone regeneration at 15 and 30 days, as measured by micro computed tomography, and expressed osteogenic proteins. These findings demonstrate that HUCPVCs are suitable for bone tissue engineering studies in larger animals.

This work examines the osteogenic potential and immune-privileged properties of human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) in normal Wistar rats and athymic rnu/rnu rats for up to 60 days. HUCPVCs demonstrated a mesenchymal stromal cell phenotype, assayed through flow cytometry, and RT-PCR analysis detected their expression of osteogenic genes. A bone tissue engineering construct was developed through centrifugal seeding of HUCPVCs onto calcium phosphate-coated PLGA scaffolds. These cell-scaffold constructs were transplanted into bilateral femoral defects. HUCPVCs did not induce any systemic biological response in normal rats; however, they did not engraft and impaired bone healing up to 60 days. When transplanted into athymic rats, HUCPVCs were detected up to 30 days in the femoral defects, improved bone regeneration at 15 and 30 days, as measured by micro computed tomography, and expressed osteogenic proteins. These findings demonstrate that HUCPVCs are suitable for bone tissue engineering studies in larger animals.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Duane L. Davis / Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects all mammals. In the swine industry IUGR pigs result from intrauterine crowding. Prenatal programming in IUGR pigs has substantial effects on myogenesis and adipogenesis. Prenatal programming due to IUGR is also a problem in humans and long-term effects on adipogenesis are well established for small for gestational age (SGA) babies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the precursors for adipocytes. The umbilical cord contains a population of MSCs in Wharton’s jelly (WJ) and they can be harvested postnatally without ethical issues. Therefore, WJMSCs are proposed as models for studying prenatal programming of adipogenesis. We selected genes from studies of adipogenesis in humans and other species and examined their expression in pig WJ. We assigned pigs within litter as High, Medium, or Low birth weight and evaluated these categories for expression of Cox1, Cox2, EGR1, PPARɣ1, PPARɣ2, and Pref1. Differences due to size classification within litter were limited but there were correlations between weaning weight and delta cycle threshold (ΔCt) for EGR1 (r = 0.28; P < 0.009), PPARɣ1 (r = 0.29; P < 0.007), and PPARɣ2 (r = 0.30; P < 0.005). This may be consistent with the reports for SGA babies where EGR1 is upregulated by prenatal growth restriction. To gain insight into when during pregnancy IUGR affects WJ cells we collected umbilical cords at d 60 and d 95. In d 60 umbilical cords, small fetuses had increased (P = 0.06) Cox1 gene expression. We tested the ability of d 60 WJ cells to undergo adipogenic differentiation using standard protocols and a cycling protocol that exposed the cells to adipogenic differentiation conditions interposed with a rest phase with high insulin. It has been reported that the cycling protocol revealed increased glucose uptake in WJ cells from human SGA babies. We found that d 60 WJ cells did not show adipogenic differentiation in any of the protocols tested however glucose uptake correlated negatively with birth weight at Cycle 0 (P < 0.02; r = 0.61). In summary, pig WJ cells reveal some effects of IUGR but they appear to differ from the relationship demonstrated reported for human SGA babies. A new finding was that at midgestation pig WJ cells do not appear to be competent to complete adipogenesis. We also studied nursing managements to improve outcomes for IUGR pigs. Colostrum intake may be a problem, particularly for light weight pigs and those born later during farrowing. Split suckling is the removal of some pigs to allow others unrestricted nursing access. We temporarily removed the six heaviest pigs and this treatment increased gain and weight by d 7 of age. Colostrum intake was highest for the high birth weight pigs. When we temporarily removed the first half of the litter, colostrum intake was increased for the second half of litter born and the difference in immunocrit was reduced between the two litter halves.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Mark L. Weiss / Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) is the major complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. GVHD is activated by immunocompetent T cells presented in the donor grafted tissue. Due to the increased use of bone marrow transplantation to treat diverse malignancies, the incidence of GVHD has shown a notable increase. Depending of the degree of immunological mismatch between donor and host, 50-70% of patients develop GVHD after allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). Once GVHD develops, mortality reaches up to 50% in humans. Several studies using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) to prevent and treat GVHD have produced controversial results. It is thought that distinct MSCs sources used in those studies might be an important factor that produces different outcomes. For cellular therapy, the most attractive characteristics of MSCs are their reduced immunogenic potential, and their abilities to modulate immune responses. This dissertation addressed the hypothesis that Wharton’s jelly cells (WJCs) would prevent the pathology and death associated with GVHD after BMT. To accomplish this, I created a clinically relevant model of GVHD by transplanting allogeneic bone marrow across minor histocompatibility antigen (HA) barriers in the rat. To enhance alloreactive T-cell stimulation, bone marrow (BM) was co-administered with a fraction of CD8[superscript]+ cells magnetically selected from spleen to induce GVHD. Bone marrow tissue was isolated from a donor rat Fischer 344 (F344, RT1lv) and transplanted into lethally irradiated (10 Gray) Lewis rat (LEW, RT1l). Once GVHD was induced, MSCs derived from umbilical cord WJCs were either co-transplanted at day 0 with bone marrow, or given on day 2 post-BMT intravenously. The prophylactic potential of WJCs in an in vivo GVHD model was assessed as survival time, clinical symptomatology occurrence, and histopathology injuries in target tissues. Results indicate that while co-administration of WJCs with hematopoietic cells on day 0 failed to alleviate GVHD associated symptomatology and mortality. WJCs administered on day 2 post-induction ameliorated GVHD-associated symptomatology, improved engraftment and survival.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Mary Lynn Higginbotham / Objectives – To isolate and maintain canine Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJMSCs) in culture, to determine the effects of micellar nanoparticles containing doxorubicin (DOX) on WJMSCs and canine osteosarcoma (OSA) D17 cell viability, and to determine the effects of conditioned media from WJMSCs loaded with micellar nanoparticles containing DOX on OSA D17 cell viability. Sample Population – Canine WJMSCs containing various concentrations of DOX micelles and canine OSA D17 cells. Procedures – WJMSCs were isolated from canine umbilical cords. Micellar nanoparticles containing DOX were prepared and added to culture plates containing canine OSA D17 cells to determine micelle effects on cell growth and viability. Conditioned media from culture plates containing canine WJMSCs incubated with various DOX micelle concentrations was added to OSA D17 cells for conditioned media experiments. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess OSA D17 cell viability. A trypan blue stain was also utilized to perform cell counts to determine the effect of the DOX micelles on stromal cell growth. Results – WJMSCs were successfully isolated and maintained in culture. Micellar nanoparticles containing DOX decreased OSA D17 cell viability. OSA D17 cell viability was also decreased following incubation with conditioned media from canine WJMSCs loaded with micellar nanoparticles containing DOX. Significant decreases with the conditioned media of canine WJMSCs loaded with 10μM micelles occurred at 48 hours (p < 0.005) and at 72 and 96 hours (p < 0.0001). Significant decreases were also observed with the 1 μM DOX micelles at 72 hours (p < 0.005) and 96 hours (p < 0.0001). WJMSC numbers decreased in a dose dependent manner following incubation with DOX micelles. Changes in WJMSC number was not caused by increased cell death as all variables produced similar percentages of dead cells. Conclusions – Canine WJMSCs were successfully isolated and maintained in culture. Stromal cells containing DOX micellar nanoparticles induced OSA D17 cell cytotoxicity while inducing an anti-proliferative, rather than cytotoxic effect, on the WJMSC. These data support future in vivo experiments utilizing canine WJMSCs and micellar nanoparticles.

Η σύγχρονη παραγωγή φαρμακευτικών και άλλων χημικών ουσιών και ο αναγκαίος τοξικολογικός τους έλεγχος επιφέρει την χρήση ενός μεγάλου αριθμού πειραματοζώων με αποτέλεσμα την αύξηση του κόστους αλλά και την έγερση ζητημάτων που σχετίζονται με την ασφάλεια και την βιοηθική. Στην βάση αυτού του προβληματισμού η ανάπτυξη νέων in vitro δοκιμασιών κυτταρο-τοξικότητας με δυνατότητα ακριβέστερης πρόβλεψης των αρχικών δόσεων οξείας από του στόματος τοξικότητας, προβάλλει ως αναγκαιότητα στις μέρες. Μέχρι τώρα έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί σε in vitro δοκιμασίες μετασχηματισμένα, αθανατοποιημένα ή πρωτογενή κύτταρα καθώς και εμβρυικά βλαστικά κύτταρα (hESCs). Επίσης πρόσφατα χρησιμοποιήθηκαν μεσεγχυματικά βλαστικά κύτταρα από τον μυελό των οστών (BM-hMSCs). Τα κύτταρα αυτά ωστόσο παρουσιάζουν μειονεκτήματα που σχετίζονται με την δυσκολία απομόνωσης τους, την ετερογένεια τους, αλλά και τον πρόωρο φαινότυπο γήρανσης κατά την καλλιέργεια τους. Σε αυτή την μελέτη διερευνάται για πρώτη φορά η χρήση των βλαστικών κυττάρων της γέλης του Wharton (WJSCs) του ομφαλίου λώρου σε in vitro δοκιμασία κυτταροτοξικότητας. Τα κύτταρα αυτά παρουσιάζουν σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα σε σχέση με άλλα μεσενχυματικά κύτταρα καθώς: απομονώνονται εύκολα, καλλιεργούνται εκτεταμένα με διατήρηση των βλαστικών τους ιδιοτήτων, δεν εγείρουν ηθικά ζητήματα για τη χρήσή τους, παρουσιάζουν γενετική και φαινοτυπική σταθερότητα και ήπιο ανοσολογικό προφίλ. Στην παρούσα μελέτη εξετάστηκαν παράλληλα και συγκριτικά με τα κύτταρα της γέλης του Wharton, οι κυτταρικές σειρές HepG2 (ηπατικού καρκινώματος) και NIH 3T3 (ινοβλάστες ποντικού) αλλά και τα μεσεγχυματικά κύτταρα λίπους AD-hSCs. Όπως προτείνεται από το πρωτόκολλο της ICCVAM δοκιμάστηκαν 12 ουσίες αναφοράς ενώ η μέτρηση της επιβίωσης των κυττάρων έγινε με την δοκιμασία MTS και NRU. Τα αποτελέσματα μας δείχνουν ότι τα κύτταρα της γέλης του Wharton μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αξιόπιστο και ελπιδοφόρο μοντέλο για δοκιμασίες in vitro τοξικότητας. Το μοντέλο αυτό μπορεί να λειτουργήσει συμπληρωματικά, ή ακόμα και να ξεπεράσει, ήδη επικυρωμένα μοντέλα κυτταροτοξικότητας . / The modern production of pharmaceuticals, other chemicals and their required toxicological controls results in the use of a large number of laboratory animals leading in increased costs as well as raising questions considering safety and bioethics. Alternatively, in vitro cytotoxicity assays are highlighted with the ability of a more accurate prediction of the starting dose of oral acute toxicity. Occasionally several cell lines have been used including transformed and immortalized cells or primary cells and embryonic stem cells (hESCs). For the same purpose adult mesenchymal stem cells derived from the bone marrow (BM-hMSCs) have been recently used but they exhibit difficulties in their isolation, heterogeneity, and premature senescence phenotype during their sub-cultivation. In this study for the first time we investigated the use of mesenchymal stem cells (WJSCs) isolated from fetal umbilical cord, in particular from the Wharton’s Jelly. These cells exhibit the advantage of easily being isolated and cultured in large quantities without ethical issues, genetic and phenotypic stability and subimmunological profile. Two different cell lines HepG2 (liver carcinoma) and NIH 3T3 (mouse fibroblasts) and mesenchymal adipose-derived stem cells AD-hSCs have been used and compared with the WJSCs in parallel. 12 substances have been tested for their cytotoxicity effect on cell survival using the MTS assay as suggested by ICCVAM. Our results indicate that this model is a reliable and promising approach for in vitro cytotoxicity tests on human cells and it can complement or even overpass validated cytotoxicity models.

Master of Science / Department of Anatomy and Physiology / Mark L. Weiss / Wharton's jelly is a non-controversial source of mesenchymal stromal cells. Isolation of the cells is non-invasive and painless. The cells have been shown to have a wide array of therapeutic applications. They have improved symptoms when transplanted in a variety of animal disease models, can be used in tissue engineering applications to grow living tissue ex vivo for transplantation, and can be used as drug delivery vehicles in cancer therapy. The cells have also been shown to be non-immunogenic and immune suppressive. This thesis focuses on optimizing isolation protocols, culture protocols, cryopreservation, and characterization of cells in different growth conditions. Results from the experiments indicate that isolation of cells by enzyme digestion yields cells consistently, a freezing mixture containing 90% FBS and 10% DMSO confers maximum viability, and the expression of mesenchymal stromal cell consensus markers does not change with passage and cryopreservation. The results of the experiments also show that cells grow at a higher rate in 5% oxygen culture conditions compared to 21% oxygen culture conditions, serum does not have an effect on growth of the cells, serum and oxygen do not have effects on the expression of mesenchymal stromal cell consensus markers and the cells are stable without nuclear abnormalities when grown in 5% oxygen and serum free conditions for six passages after first establishing in serum conditions.

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are adherent, clonogenic, fibroblast-like cells endowing with unique multipotent differentiation potential and immunosuppressive properties. They are considered as promising candidates for regenerative medicine and immunotherapy. <p>MSC can be isolated from different tissue sources including bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT) and Wharton’s Jelly (WJ). Although fulfilling the ISCT criteria required to be recognized as MSC, MSC from these different sources could disclose some differences taking into account their different anatomical origin and ontogeny as well.<p>In the present work, we investigated the influence of MSC source on their immunosuppressive as well as differentiation properties. We further extended our study to the role of the microenvironment (infection and inflammation) on these features. <p>We show that BM-MSC express Toll-like receptors (TLR) from TLR1 to TLR6. In an inflammatory environment, TLR2, 3 and 4 are significantly upregulated. By upregulating TLR3 and TLR4 transcription, inflammation increases BM-MSC responsiveness to LPS (TLR4 ligand) and poly(I:C) (TLR3 ligand) leading to a pro-inflammatory shift of their cytokine profile. The effect of TLR ligation on BM-MSC osteogenic potential is donor dependent. Inflammation as well as stimulation with LPS and poly(I:C) result in a decrease of BM-MSC immunosuppressive capabilities. <p>We further observed that BM-, AT- and WJ-MSC do not have the same pattern of TLR expression and consequently do not respond the same way to bacterial or viral infection. WJ-MSC do not express TLR4 and although TLR3 is present at the protein level it is not functional as its ligation do not trigger cytokine expression. Inflammation modulates this TLR pattern expression by upregulating TLR3 in all three MSC types and TLR4 only in BM-MSC. TLR ligation increases the production of inflammatory cytokines in BM- and AT- but not in WJ-MSC and augments anti-inflammatory cytokines in AT-MSC. Although inflammation increases in all MSC types the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, additional TLR triggering does not further affect WJ-MSC. The immunosuppressive potential of WJ-MSC on mixed leucocytes reaction (MLR) is not affected either by inflammation or by TLR triggering.<p>On the differentiation side, WJ-MSC has the lower potential to differentiate into osteoblast as compared to BM- and AT-MSC, as revealed by alkaline-phosphatase (ALP) activity and by measuring extracellular Ca2+ deposits. However, inflammation is able to strongly increase the osteogenic differentiation of WJ-MSC as calcification and ALP activity appears as early as at day 7. However this latter enzymatic activity remains much lower than that disclosed by BM-MSC. TLR3 or TLR4 triggering does not affect the osteogenesis of WJ-MSC while it increases it in AT- and also, although to lesser extent, in BM-MSC.<p><p>Our work establishes that the source from which MSC is derived is of major importance for the design of MSC based immunointervention. WJ-MSC appear to be the most attractive cell type when an immunosuppressive action is required in an inflammatory or infectious context. Although WJ-MSC are poorly osteogenic, a complete osteogenic differentiation can be obtained under inflammatory conditions. Taking into account their easy accessibility as well as their huge proliferative potential, these data open an avenue for using these cells in regenerative medicine particularly in clinical settings where chronic inflammation or infection have to be considered. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished