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System level investigation of Radio Architectures for emerging Wireless StandardsYenamandra Guruvenkata, Vivek Sriram 16 December 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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Compartición del Espectro Radioeléctrico entre Tecnologías Inalámbricas de Última Generación en la Banda de la Televisión Digital TerrestreMartínez Pinzón, Gerardo 25 May 2018 (has links)
La presente tesis aborda la problemática de la convivencia entre las redes de la televisión digital terrestre y móvil de cuarta generación en la banda del primer dividendo digital (banda de 700 MHz), en Sudamérica. Además, se proponen dos potenciales casos de uso de compartición de espectro para el uso futuro de la banda de televisión después de los dividendos digitales, como modo de acceso eficiente y flexible para el uso del espectro radioeléctrico.
Para garantizar la convivencia entre las tecnologías de televisión y móviles en la banda del primer dividendo digital en Sudamérica, se evalúa tanto el impacto de las redes móviles sobre las de televisión, así como el caso contrario, las redes de televisión sobre las móviles, teniendo en cuenta los parámetros técnicos de operación de cada una de las redes implicadas, los cuales son definidos por organismos de estandarización o parámetros reales de redes implementadas por cada país. Dentro de los parámetros técnicos de operación que se definieron para las redes podemos citar: márgenes de protección entre las señales de televisión y móviles; distancias de protección entre el transmisor interferente y el receptor víctima; banda de guarda requeridas entre las dos tecnologías; límites de emisiones interferentes fuera de banda; niveles de atenuación adicionales en las máscaras espectrales; evaluación de técnicas de mitigación de interferencias, entre otros. Es importe resaltar, que las principales diferencias entre los estudios de convivencia en Sudamérica respecto a Europa son: la banda de guarda en Sudamérica son 5 MHz mientras en Europa son 9 MHz; el ancho de banda de un canal de televisión en Sudamérica es 6 MHz respecto a 8 MHz en Europa; el estándar de televisión adoptados en casi toda Sudamérica es ISDB-Tb, a excepción de Colombia que adopto DVB-T2.
Asimismo, en el ámbito de esta tesis, se proponen dos potenciales casos de estudio para el uso futuro de la banda de TV, promoviendo la compartición de espectro como un modo de acceso eficiente: El primer caso de estudio, propone un nuevo concepto de espacios en blanco llamado µ-TV-White-Space, los cuales son aquellas zonas geográficas en los interiores de una vivienda y/o oficina que no son cubiertas por el servicio de televisión digital terrestre, ya sea por la ausencia de cobertura o por obstáculos. El escenario propuesto es una red DVB-T2 ofreciendo cobertura en recepción fija sobre tejado, como servicio primario, y, femtoceldas LTE-A en interiores de un hogar u oficina, como servicio secundario. Los resultados obtenidos proporcionan restricciones técnicas para que las femtoceldas LTE-A puedan operar correctamente en espectro compartido con los servicios de televisión. Específicamente, se define la Potencia Isotrópica Radiada Equivalente (PIRE) máxima que podrían transmitir las femtoceldas, en función de la separación en frecuencia con los servicios de televisión. El segundo caso de estudio, propone el uso de los espacios en blanco para la compartición de espectro entre los servicios de internet de las cosas bajo el estándar NB-LTE-IoT, como servicio secundario, y servicios de televisión digital terrestre bajo el estándar DVB-T2, como servicio primario. Se define la máxima potencia transmisible por los nodos y dispositivos IoT sin interferir al servicio primario. Además, se evalúa el impacto del ciclo de trabajo de los dispositivos considerando que existirá diversidad de aplicaciones. La importancia de esta propuesta se fundamenta en dos contribuciones: por un lado, se optimiza el uso de la banda de televisión mediante el acceso secundario de dispositivos de baja potencia en los espacios en blanco, siempre garantizando los servicios de televisión, como servicio primario, por otro lado, se contribuye con nuevas frecuencias para las tecnologías móviles de última generación, con el objetivo de aumentar la capacidad de las redes que soportarán tanto / This thesis deals with the issue about coexistence between television and fourth generation mobile networks within the band of the first digital dividend (700 MHz band), in South America. Moreover, two potential cases of sharing spectrum for future use of the television band after the digital dividends are suggested as an efficient and flexible way for usage of the radio spectrum.
In order to ensure the coexistence between the television and mobile technologies within the band of the first digital dividend in South America, the impact of the mobile networks as well as the opposite case are assessed. The technical operation parameters for each of the involved networks defined by standardizing organisms or real parameters from implemented networks in each country are considered. Among the technical parameters that were defined for the networks, we can mention: protection ratio between television and mobile signals; protection distances between the interfering transmitter and the victim receiver; required guard bands between both technologies; maximum power of the interfering out-of-band emissions in adjacent channels; additional attenuation levels in the spectrum emission mask in transmission and reception; assessing of interference mitigation techniques, among others. It is important to highlight that the main differences between the coexistence studies for South America and Europe are: the guard bands in South America are 5 MHz whereas in Europe are 9 MHz; bandwidth for a channel in South America is 6 MHz in contrast with the 8 MHz of Europe; the television standard adopted in almost all South America is ISDB-Tb, except Colombia and the French Guiana, which adopted DVB-T2.
Additionally, within the scope of this thesis, two potential study cases for future usage of the TV band are proposed, promoting sharing spectrum as an efficient access way: The first study we go a step beyond coexistence, since the aim is to exploit the unused radio spectrum in those geographical zones that are not covered because the useful signal is obstructed by the environment or it has a limited coverage by the network design. Those areas can be called "micro-TVWS" (µ-TV-White-Space). The most representative cases of our definition of µ-TV-White-Space are those indoor environments in areas where DTT received power is below the required sensitivity because a TV channel is broadcasted to rooftop reception. The proposed scenario considers a DTT network offering fixed rooftop reception as a primary service, and a LTE-A femtocell giving coverage within the interior of a home or office as a secondary service. Our results provide the technical restrictions of the LTE-A Femtocell, mainly on the maximum allowable Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) that could transmit on the DTT band in terms of carrier separation, from co-channel to adjacent band. The second study case, suggests the use of white spaces for spectrum sharing among the Internet of Things (IoT) services, under the NB-LTE-IoT standard, as secondary service, and digital terrestrial television services under the DVB-T2 standard, as primary service. The maximum transmissible power by the nodes and IoT devices without interfering the primary service is defined. Besides, the impact of the duty cycle of the devices is assessed considering that there will be a great diversity of applications, and thus, a great diversity of operation requirements. The significance of this proposal is due to two contributions: on the aone hand, the usage of the television band is optimized through secondary access of low power devices within the white spaces, always ensuring television services as primary service. On the other hand, new frequencies for last generation mobile technologies are given, with the aim at increasing the network capacity, which will bear mobile services as well as IoT, regarding the high challenge of offering connectivity to millions of devices during the next decade. / La present tesi aborda la problemàtica de la convivència entres les xarxes de la televisió digital terrestre i mòbil de quarta generació en la banda del primer dividend digital (banda de 700 MHz), en Sud-Amèrica. A més, es proposen dos potencials casos d'ús compartit d'espectre per a l'ús futur de la banda de televisió després dels dividends digitals, com a mode d'accés eficient i flexible per a l'ús de l'espectre radioelèctric.
Per tal de garantir la convivència entre les tecnologies de televisió i mòbils en la banda del primer dividend digital en Sud-Amèrica, s'avalua tant l'impacte de les xarxes mòbils sobre les de televisió, com el cas contrari, les xarxes de televisió sobre les mòbils, tenint en compte els paràmetres tècnics d'operació de cadascuna de les xarxes implicades, els quals són definits per organismes d'estandardització o paràmetres reals de xarxes implementades per cada país. Dins dels paràmetres tècnics d'operació que es van definir per a les xarxes podem citar: marges de protecció entre els senyals de televisió i mòbils; distàncies de protecció entre el transistor interferent i el receptor víctima; banda de guarda entre ambdós tecnologies; límits de les emissions interferents fora de banda; nivells d'atenuació addicionals en les màscares espectrals; avaluació de tècniques de mitigació d'interferències, entre d'altres. És important destacar, que les principals diferències entre els estudis de convivència en Sud-Amèrica respecte d'Europa són: la banda de guarda en Sud-Amèrica són 5 MHz mentre que a Europa són 9 MHz; l'amplària de banda d'un canal de televisió en Sud-Amèrica és de 6 MHz respecte dels 8 MHz a Europa; l'estàndard de televisió adoptat en quasi tota Sud-Amèrica és ISDB-Tb, excepte Colòmbia i la Guaiana Francesa que van adoptar DVB-T2. A Europa quasi tots els països tenen adoptats els estàndards DVB-T de primera i segona generació.
Així mateix, en l'àmbit de la tesi, es proposen dos potencials casos d'estudi per a l'ús futur de la banda de TV, de manera que es promoga la compartició d'espectre com un mode d'accés eficient: El primer cas d'estudi, proposa un nou concepte d'espais en blanc anomenat µ-TV-White-Space, els quals són aquelles zones geogràfiques que no són cobertes pel servei de televisió digital terrestre, ja siga per l'absència de cobertura o per obstacles. L'escenari proposat és una xarxa DVB-T2 que ofereix cobertura en recepció fixa sobre terrat, com a servei primari, i femtocel·les LTE-A en interiors d'una llar o oficina, com a servei secundari. Els resultats obtinguts proporcionen restriccions tècniques per tal que les femtocel·les LTE-A puguen operar correctament en espectre compartit amb els serveis de televisió. Específicament, es defineix la Potència Isotròpica Radiada Equivalent (PIRE) màxima que podrien transmetre les femtocel·les, en funció de la separació en freqüència amb els serveis de televisió. El segon cas d'estudi, proposa l'ús d'espais en blanc per a la compartició d'espectre entre els serveis d'internet de les coses (Internet of Things o IOT, en anglès), sota l'estàndard NB-LTE-IoT, com a servei secundari, i serveis de televisió digital terrestre sota l'estàndard DVB-T2, com a servei primari. Es defineix la màxima potència transmissible pels nodes i dispositius IoT sense interferir al servei primari. A més, s'avalua l'impacte del cicle de treball dels dispositius considerant que existirà diversitat d'aplicacions, i, per tant, diversitat de requeriments d'operació. La importància d'aquesta proposta es fonamenta en dues contribucions: per una banda, s'optimitza l'ús de la banda de televisió mitjançant l'accés secundari de dispositius de baixa potència als espais en blanc, sempre garantint els serveis de televisió, com a servei primari. Per altra banda, es contribueix amb noves freqüències per a les tecnologies mòbils d'última generació, amb l'objectiu d'a / Martínez Pinzón, G. (2018). Compartición del Espectro Radioeléctrico entre Tecnologías Inalámbricas de Última Generación en la Banda de la Televisión Digital Terrestre [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/102644
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Analysis of recent spectrum sharing concepts in policy makingMustonen, M. (Miia) 07 November 2017 (has links)
Abstract
During the last couple of decades a lot of research efforts have been spent on developing different spectrum sharing concepts. As the traditional regulatory methods for spectrum allocation are proving inadequate in responding to a growing need for mobile spectrum in a timely manner and finding spectrum for exclusive use is getting increasingly difficult, the political atmosphere is also becoming more and more receptive to new innovative spectrum sharing concepts that increase the efficiency of spectrum use. These concepts also provide regulatory authorities an opportunity to fundamentally change the current major operator driven mobile market and thereby to allow new players and innovative services to surface. However, there is still a gap between the work done by the research community and the work of the regulatory authorities.
In this thesis, the aim is to clarify the reasons behind this gap by analysing three prevailing regulatory spectrum sharing concepts: Licensed Shared Access, the three-tier model and TV white space concept. As different stakeholders involved in spectrum sharing – the incumbent user, the entrant user and the regulatory authority – have very diverse roles in spectrum sharing, their incentives and key criteria may vary significantly. In order for a spectrum sharing concept to have a chance in a real life deployment, all these perspectives need to be carefully considered. In fact, a feasible spectrum sharing concept is a delicate balance between the viewpoints of different stakeholders, not necessarily the one offering the most efficient spectrum utilization. This thesis analyses spectrum sharing concepts from all these perspectives and as a consequence unveils the common process model for implementing a spectrum sharing concept in real life, highlighting the distinct roles of different stakeholders in its phases. / Tiivistelmä
Parin viimeisen vuosikymmenen aikana tutkimusyhteisö on kehittänyt valtavasti eri käsitteitä ja tuloksia taajuuksien yhteiskäyttöön. Matkapuhelinoperaattoreiden nopeasti kasvavan tiedonsiirto- ja taajuustarpeen myötä myös poliittinen ilmapiiri on muuttunut vastaanottavaisemmiksi uusille jaetuille taajuuksienkäyttömalleille, joilla voidaan sekä lisätä taajuuksien käytön tehokkuutta että mahdollistaa uusien toimijoiden ja innovatiivisten palvelujen kehitys. Taajuuksien yhteiskäyttömalleihin liittyvä tutkimustyö ei kuitenkaan usein palvele suoraan taajuusviranomaisten tarpeita.
Tämän työn tavoitteena on selvittää syitä tähän kolmen vallitsevan joustavan taajuuksienkäyttökonseptin avulla: lisensoidun taajuuksien yhteiskäyttömallin, kolmitasoisen taajuuksien yhteiskäyttömallin ja TV kaistojen yhteiskäyttömallin. Eri toimijoilla on hyvin erilaiset roolit taajuuksien yhteiskäytössä ja siksi sekä heidän kannustimensa että keskeiset kriteerit voivat olla hyvin erilaiset. Käytäntöön sopiva jaetun taajuudenkäytön malli onkin usein kompromissi eri näkemysten omaavien toimijoiden kesken, ei välttämättä taajuuksien käytöltään tehokkain vaihtoehto. Tässä työssä analysoidaan eri taajuuksien yhteiskäyttömalleja sekä eri toimijoiden näkökulmia. Analyysin tuloksena luodaan yleinen prosessimalli taajuuksien yhteiskäyttömallien toteutukselle sekä identifioidaan eri toimijoiden roolit sen eri vaiheissa.
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Dissolving Dualism : A Tripartite Model of Cognition for Religious TruthKalmykova, Elena January 2011 (has links)
This investigation can be described as a long journey to a final destination: a truth in religion. We start by considering dualism of the subjective and the objective, the classical model of cognition that underlies notions of truth. Dualistic notions of cognition lead to serious problems, especially for religious truth. Religions claim to state truths about the nature of the universe and human destiny, but these truths are incompatible. With a dualistic model this problem of diversity of religious truths leads to fundamentalism or relativism. Thus, this research aims to turn to the roots of the cognitive situation and investigate the way we cognize and relate to the world to provide a better model. As we consider the philosophical theories and empirical investigations of cognition, we come to the conclusion that dualism of the subjective and objective is not tenable. As the findings of contemporary mind sciences and phenomenologically oriented research indicate, human cognition is embodied, embedded, enacted, extended, and shaped by language. Thus, I propose to re-conceptualize the cognitive situation to provide a better philosophical account. I put forward a tripartite model of cognition, which unites language, action, and environment. The consequent application of this model to the issues of truth and religion shows that we can avoid the problem of diversity of truth claims. A tripartite model allows us to explain how we can maintain religion as true, despite the diversity of religious truth claims. Additionally, as this model is fundamental, its application leads to various new findings and inferences, which render anew the world and the way humans relate to it. Thus, our journey brings us to new frontiers of investigation.
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Contemporary electromagnetic spectrum reuse techniques: tv white spaces and D2D communications / TÃcnicas contemporÃneas de reuso do espectro electromagnÃtico: tv de espaÃos branco e comunicaÃÃes D2DCarlos Filipe Moreira e Silva 15 December 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Over the last years, the wireless broadband access has achieved a tremendous success.
With that, the telecommunications industry has faced very important changes in terms
of technology, heterogeneity, kind of applications, and massive usage (virtual data tsunami)
derived from the introduction of smartphones and tablets; or even in terms of market structure
and its main players/actors. Nonetheless, it is well-known that the electromagnetic spectrum is
a scarce resource, being already fully occupied (or at least reserved for certain applications). Tra-
ditional spectrum markets (where big monopolies dominate) and static spectrum management
originated a paradoxal situation: the spectrum is occupied without actually being used!
In one hand, with the global transition from analog to digital Television (TV), part of the
spectrum previously licensed for TV is freed and geographically interleaved, originating the
consequent Television White Spaces (TVWS); on the other hand, the direct communications
between devices, commonly referred as Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, are attracting
crescent attention by the scientific community and industry in order to overcome the scarcity
problem and satisfy the increasing demand for extra capacity. As such, this thesis is divided in
two main parts: (a) Spectrum market for TVWS: where a SWOT analysis for the use of TVWS
is performed giving some highlights in the directions/actions that shall be followed so that its
adoption becomes effective; and a tecno-economic evaluation study is done considering as a
use-case a typical European city, showing the potential money savings that operators may reach
if they adopt by the use of TVWS in a flexible market manner; (b) D2D communications: where
a neighbor discovery technique for D2D communications is proposed in the single-cell scenario
and further extended for the multi-cell case; and an interference mitigation algorithm based
on the intelligent selection of Downlink (DL) or Uplink (UL) band for D2D communications
underlaying cellular networks.
A summary of the principal conclusions is as follows: (a) The TVWS defenders shall
focus on the promotion of a real-time secondary spectrum market, where through the correct
implementation of policies for protection ratios in the spectrum broker and geo-location
database, incumbents are protected against interference; (b) It became evident that an operator
would recover its investment around one year earlier if it chooses to deploy the network
following a flexible spectrum market approach with an additional TVWS carrier, instead of
the traditional market; (c) With the proposed neighbor discovery technique the time to detect
all neighbors per Mobile Station (MS) is significantly reduced, letting more time for the actual
data transmission; and the power of MS consumed during the discovery process is also reduced
because the main processing is done at the Base Station (BS), while the MS needs to ensure that
D2D communication is possible just before the session establishment; (d) Despite being a simple
concept, band selection improves the gains of cellular communications and limits the gains
of D2D communications, regardless the position within the cell where D2D communications
happen, providing a trade-off between system performance and interference mitigation. / Nos Ãltimos anos, o acesso de banda larga atingiu um grande sucesso. Com isso, a indÃstria
das telecomunicaÃÃes passou por importantes transformaÃÃes em termos de tecnologia,
heterogeneidade, tipo de aplicaÃÃes e uso massivo (tsunami virtual de dados) em consequÃncia
da introduÃÃo dos smartphones e tablets; ou atà mesmo na estrutura de mercado e os seus
principais jogadores/atores. PorÃm, à sabido que o espectro electromagnÃtico à um recurso
limitado, estando jà ocupado (ou pelo menos reservado para alguma aplicaÃÃo). O mercado
tradicional de espectro (onde os grandes monopÃlios dominam) e o seu gerenciamento estÃtico
contribuÃram para essa situaÃÃo paradoxal: o espectro està ocupado mas nÃo està sendo usado!
Por um lado, com a transiÃÃo mundial da TelevisÃo (TV) analÃgica para a digital, parte do
espectro anteriormente licenciado para a TV Ã libertado e geograficamente multiplexado para
evitar a interferÃncia entre sinais de torres vizinhas, dando origem a ÂespaÃos em branco na
frequÃncia da TV ou Television White Spaces (TVWS); por outro lado, as comunicaÃÃes diretas
entre usuÃrios, designadas por comunicaÃÃes diretas Dispositivo-a-Dispositivo (D2D), estÃ
gerando um crescente interesse da comunidade cientÃfica e indÃstria, com vista a ultrapassar
o problema da escassez de espectro e satisfazer a crescente demanda por capacidade extra.
Assim, a tese està dividida em duas partes principais: (a) Mercado de espectro eletromagnÃtico
para TVWS: onde à feita uma anÃlise SWOT para o uso dos TVWS, dando direÃÃes/aÃÃes a
serem seguidas para que o seu uso se torne efetivo; e um estudo tecno-econÃmico considerando
como cenÃrio uma tÃpica cidade Europeia, onde se mostram as possÃveis poupanÃas monetÃrias
que os operadores conseguem obter ao optarem pelo uso dos TVWS num mercado flexÃvel;
(b) ComunicaÃÃes D2D: onde uma tÃcnica de descoberta de vizinhos para comunicaÃÃes D2D Ã
proposta, primeiro para uma Ãnica cÃlula e mais tarde estendida para o cenÃrio multi-celular; e
um algoritmo de mitigaÃÃo de interferÃncia baseado na seleÃÃo inteligente da banda Ascendente
(DL) ou Descendente (UL) a ser reusada pelas comunicaÃÃes D2D que acontecem na rede celular.
Um sumÃrio das principais conclusÃes à o seguinte: (a) Os defensores dos TVWS devem-se
focar na promoÃÃo do mercado secundÃrio de espectro electromagnÃtico, onde atravÃs da
correta implementaÃÃo de politicas de proteÃÃo contra a interferÃncia no broker de espectro e
na base de dados, os usuÃrios primÃrio sÃo protegidos contra a interferÃncia; (b) Um operador
consegue recuperar o seu investimento aproximadamente um ano antes se ele optar pelo
desenvolvimento da rede seguindo um mercado secundÃrio de espectro com a banda adicional
de TVWS, em vez do mercado tradicional; (c) Com a tÃcnica proposta de descoberta de vizinhos,
o tempo de descoberta por usuÃrio à significativamente reduzido; e a potÃncia consumida
nesse processo à tambÃm ela reduzida porque o maior processamento à feito na EstaÃÃo RÃdio
Base (BS), enquanto que o usuÃrio sà precisa de se certificar que a comunicaÃÃo direta Ã
possÃvel; (d) A seleÃÃo de banda, embora seja um conceito simples, melhora os ganhos das
comunicaÃÃes celulares e limita os das comunicaÃÃes D2D, providenciando um compromisso
entre a performance do sistema e a mitigaÃÃo de interferÃncia.
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