Resumo: Dentre as operações preliminares para a boa condução de uma cultura instalada a campo está a calagem, que visa corrigir as propriedades químicas do solo e também a adubação a lanço com nitrogênio, tradicionalmente utilizada em cobertura, e hoje numa nova tendência, em pré-plantio. Não se tem domínio ou informações confiáveis sobre a maioria das máquinas disponíveis no mercado brasileiro referentes à qualidade da aplicação realizada por esses equipamentos, bem como a sua largura efetiva de trabalho. Essa largura é determinada como função de uma regularidade mínima na dosagem, obtida a partir da sobreposição com passadas adjacentes. A determinação da largura de trabalho ou largura efetiva é definida a partir de ensaios padronizados. O experimento foi conduzido a campo, no ano de 2008, na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas - Unesp- Campus de Botucatu SP, em solo classificado como Nitossolo Vermelho distroférrico.O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar o desempenho de um distribuidor a lanço na aplicação de calcário e uréia com 4 diferentes posições de aletas nos discos em uma mesma velocidade de deslocamento do trator. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: T1- calcário - largura de distribuição média e direcionamento do produto intermediário; T2- calcário - largura de distribuição menor e direcionamento do produto mais para o centro; T3- calcário - largura de distribuição maior e direcionamento do produto mais para as extremidades; T4- calcário - ajuste de somente duas aletas em ângulos diferentes das demais; T5- uréia - ajuste de somente duas aletas em ângulos diferentes das demais; T6- uréia - largura de distribuição média e direcionamento do produto intermediário; T7- uréia - largura de distribuição menor e direcionamento do produto mais para o centro;... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Among the preliminary to the smooth conduct of a culture installed the field is set, seeking to correct the chemical properties of soil and and also the fertilizing to throw, traditionally used in covering, and today in a new tendency, in daily pre-planting. There is no field or reliable information on the majority of machines available in the Brazilian market concerning the quality of the application made by such equipment as well as its effective width of work. This width is determined as a function of the regular minimum strength, obtained from the overlap with adjacent past. The determination of the width of work or effective width is defined from standardized tests. Liming, in most cases is done with machines called specialized applications of fertilizers and corrective. The machines are divided as the mechanism doser in centrifugal and continuous thread. Quantities ideals are obtained through specific formulas. The experiment was carried out in 2008, on the the Experimental Farm Lageado of São Paulo State University in Botucatu, on soil classified as Dystroferric Red Nitosol.This study aimed to evaluate the performance of primary distributor with a haul in the application of lime and urea with 4 different positions of fins on the disks in the same speed of displacement of the tractor. The treatments were: T1-lime - average width of distribution and product direction of the intermediary, T2-lime - width of distribution and lower direction of the product more to the center; T3-lime - width and direction of greater distribution of the product more to the extremities; T4-lime - adjustment of only two fins at different angles of the other; T5-urea - adjustment of only two fins at different angles of the other; T6-urea - average width of distribution and product direction of the intermediary; T7 -urea - width of distribution and lower direction of the product more to the center;... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sérgio Hugo Benez / Coorientador: Paulo Roberto Arbex Silva / Banca: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Elcio Hiroyoshi Yano / Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta um estudo experimental para determinação da largura colaborante em mesas de lajes nervuradas de concreto armado. Esta largura é definida comumente utilizando-se as recomendações contidas nas diversas normas e procedimentos já consagrados de estruturas de concreto armado. Visando a determinação da largura da mesa que efetivamente contribui na capacidade resistente da seção de lajes nervuradas, foram instrumentados e ensaiados modelos que buscaram reproduzir faixas de nervuras e painéis de laje. As faixas possuíam dimensões reais de duas nervuras principais, enquanto as lajes reproduziam painéis em escala reduzida (1:2). Em parte dos modelos, foram inseridos extensômetros de resistência elétrica nas armaduras e no concreto, além de transdutores para verificação das flechas. Foram calculadas as larguras a partir das curvas de tensões e flechas verificadas experimentalmente. Verificou-se, também, a influência da presença de tubulação embutida ao longo da mesa das faixas de laje. / This paper presents an experimental study to determine the cooperating width in flange waffle slabs of reinforced concrete. This width is usually established through the recommendations in the various rules and procedures already defined for reinforced concrete structures. In order to determine the width of the flange that effectively contributes to the ability of the resistant section slabs, models that sought to play tracks of panels and ribbed slab were tested and instrumented. The strips had two actual dimensions of main ribs, while the slab panels were reproduced on a reduced scale (1:2). In some of the models, electrical resistance strain gages were inserted in the reinforcement and in the concrete, and the arrows were checked by the transducers. The Widths were calculated from the curves of stress and the arrows were experimentally verified. The influence of a pipe embedded along the tracks of the flange slabs were also taken into consideration.

Estudou-se a largura dos dentes anteriores superiores de 121 jovens universitários brasileiros para determinar quais modelos e qual marca de dentes artificiais seriam os mais adequados para este grupo. As arcadas dentais completas foram moldadas com alginato e vazadas em gesso especial na parte oclusal e gesso pedra na base. Os dentes não apresentavam nenhum sinal de abrasões anormais, restaurações ou deformidades. A saúde periodontal era boa com mínima ou nenhuma retração gengival, inflamação ou hipertrofia. Os dentes dos modelos em gesso e os artificiais tiveram sua dimensão mesio-distal (largura) mensurada com um paquímetro digital. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os sexos e entre as hemi-arcadas direita e esquerda com relação à largura dos dentes anteriores superiores. Das marcas analisadas nenhuma foi considerada apropriada para o grupo em questão devido ao fato de possuírem poucas opções de modelos e estes serem fabricados em tamanhos predominantemente pequenos enquanto que os dentes naturais mostraram-se predominantemente maiores (mais largos), o que nos apontou à necessidade de se adaptar ou criar modelos que sejam mais adequados à realidade brasileira. / It was studied the width of upper anterior teeth in 121 Brazilian college students intending to determine which models and brands would be more adequate to such group. The whole dental arch was molded with alginate and stone type four was poured in the oclusal surface of teeth while stone type two was poured in the left parts. Those teeth did not present abnormal abrasions, fillings or deformities. Periodont was healthy presenting little or none gengival retraction, inflamation or hipertrophy. Both stone models and artificial teeth had their mesio-distal distance (width) measured by a digital caliper rule. It was not observed significant difference between genders or right and left hemi-arches when comparing to the upper anterior teeth’s width. Considering the analyzed brands none was considered appropriate to such group because there were little options besides sizes being considered too small when compared to natural teeth, which pointed to the necessity to adapt or to create models more adequate to the Brazilian reality.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_paulo_cesar_camilo.pdf: 504119 bytes, checksum: 320aec974b81a0c948028cf20a85eb31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-22 / The present work has been developed with the purpose of evaluating the efficiency of round-holed flat sieves on the classification of soybean seeds. Three different soybean cultivars were used, namely FMT Kaiabi, FMT Tucunaré e BRSMT Uirapuru, each one represented by twenty (20) lots. During seed processing, samples were collected in the classifier feeding entrance and in the classifier outlet. It have been used 5,0; 5,5; 6,0; 6,5 e 7,0 mm round-holed flat sieves. The seeds were tested the uniformity and retention in manual sieve, and it was determined the moisture content and a thousand seed weight. The analysis and interpretation of the results enables to conclude that: a) soybean seeds can be classified on round-holed flat sieves; b) the thousand seed weight increases proportionally to the size of the soybean seed; c) the soybean classification assures more confiability on the determination of the thousand seed weight. / O presente trabalho foi realizado com o propósito de avaliar a eficiência da classificação de sementes de soja em peneiras planas de perfuração redonda. Foram utilizadas de sementes soja das cultivares FMT kaiabi, FMT Tucunaré e BRSMT Uirapuru, cada uma representada por vinte (20) lotes. Durante o beneficiamento, amostras foram coletadas na entrada do alimentador e nas bicas de saída do classificador. Foram utilizadas peneiras planas de perfuração redonda de 5,0; 5,5; 6,0; 6,5 e 7,0 mm. As sementes foram submetidas aos testes de uniformidade e de retenção em peneiras manuais e as determinações do peso de mil sementes e do grau de umidade. A análise e interpretação dos resultados possibilitam concluir que: a) sementes de soja podem ser classificadas em peneiras planas de perfuração redonda; b) o peso de mil sementes aumenta, proporcionalmente, com o tamanho da semente de soja; c) a classificação de sementes de soja assegura maior confiabilidade na determinação do peso de mil sementes.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vitor_camozzato.pdf: 63780 bytes, checksum: 502f80b3963b5d3f62d6f91af6203d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-11-09 / Due to the great importance in the world-wide agribusiness, the soybean crop has been focus of innumerable research. For the fact of that the seeds assuming a major role in the implantation and productivity of farming. It was compared productivity of seeds produced from seed lots with large and small seeds. The study was undertaken during the crop year of 2006/07, in Pato Branco, PR. Three varieties were used, CD-214RR, NK-8350 and V-MAX with seed sizes of 5,5 and 6,5 millimeters in thickness. The evaluations were weight of a thousand seeds, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Based on the results, the following conclusions were taken: 1- Seed size does not affect productivity, and 2- Cultivars can present different answers in their yield component s regarding the size of the seed / Em vista da sua grande importância no agronegócio mundial, a cultura da soja tem sido alvo de inúmeras pesquisas no campo agronômico. Pelo fato de que as sementes assumem relevante papel na implantação e produtividade das lavouras, comparou-se a produtividade de sementes produzidas a partir de lotes com tamanho de semente grande e pequena, durante o ano agrícola de 2006/2007, em Pato Branco, PR. Foram utilizadas três cultivares, CD-214RR, NK-8350 e V-MAX com a padronização feita com peneiras dos tamanhos de 5,5 e 6,5 milímetros de largura. O experimento foi implantado em área experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Campus de Pato Branco, Realizada a colheita, avaliou-se a produtividade das cultivares, peso de mil sementes, número de vagens por planta e número de sementes por vagem. Os resultados permitem concluir que: 1- o tamanho das sementes utilizadas na semeadura, não afeta a produtividade das cultivares de soja; e 2 - As cultivares podem apresentar respostas diferentes em seus componentes de rendimento em função do tamanho das sementes

Oil from the Deepwater Horizon blowout reached the Gulf of Mexico coast in the summer of 2010 and potentially exposed species living in those areas to toxic chemicals. The purpose of this study is to examine otoliths from Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) for evidence of oil exposure that could be related to reduced growth rates. Because otolith growth and somatic growth are directly related, differences in annulus measurements can indicate differences in annual somatic growth, which is a good indicator of overall fish condition, and translates into changes in survival and lifetime reproductive potential. This study assessed variation in otolith elemental composition in years before, during, and after the oil spill using laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry, with emphasis on trace metals previously found in MC252 oil. Relative annual growth rates were estimated by calculating mean increment measurements for each age, and calculating a percentile for each observation. Growth was then compared with otolith elemental profiles. These two analyses were used to investigate associations between any observed growth variation and the temporal profiles of oil-indicator and stress-indicator elements. Otoliths obtained from Florida archaeological sites were used as a baseline for pre-industrial elemental compositions. Fish taken from 12 sampling sites in Florida and Louisiana with varying degrees of oil intrusion were analyzed for otolith element composition. Individual measurements were classified using Similarity Profile Analysis (SIMPROF, Clarke et al. 2008) and resulting SIMPROF groups were plotted on a seriated heat map to visualize elemental abundance groups. The largest group with the lowest elemental abundances was used as a reference group. This group was compared to higher-element abundance groups and to fossil otoliths found in Native American middens on Weedon Island, FL using nonparametric multivariate analysis of variance (NP-MANOVA) and Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates (CAP) to determine similarities of modern fish groups and an ancient baseline. Growth rates were then compared to the microchemistry groups to determine if there are any correlations with growth rates and otolith trace metal compositions. This study did not find any correlation between the Deepwater Horizon oil spill event and either Red Drum otolith microchemistry or growth. Otolith oil-metal concentrations did not vary significantly among study years, and there was no relationship between microchemistry and otolith-based growth rate. While there was decreased growth in 2010, the decreased growth appeared to be due to unusually cold winters during that year. Oil metal concentrations measured in the otoliths indicated continuous metal exposure rather than exposure to an episodic oil-spill event. This study also verified the use of archaeological otoliths as a viable microchemical baseline for pre-industrial otoliths. Preserved otolith material had very low hydrocarbon-associated metal concentrations, which is expected in otoliths that were formed before the period of heavy anthropogenic influence on coastal waters. This study represents a novel effort to compare pre-industrial-age microchemistry to the microchemistry of fish collected from impacted areas following a large oil spill.

Experimental research on high-power converters, particularly in an academic environment, faces severe infrastructural constraints. Usually, power source and loads of required ratings are not available. Further, more importantly, the energy consumption is huge. One possibility is to establish an experimental research platform, comprising of a network of high-power converters, through which power is circulated and which draws only the losses from the mains. This work deals with the establishment of a circulating power test set-up, comprising of two line-side PWM converters, inclusive of control and modulation methods for the two converters. Two types of circulating power test setups are developed. In the first setup, the converters are connected in parallel, on ac as well as dc sides, such that real and/or reactive power is circulated between them. In the second test setup, the dc buses of the converters are separated; hence, only reactive power circulation is possible. These setups are used to conduct heat-run tests with low energy expenditure on the PWM converters at various operating conditions up to power levels of 150 kVA. Further, these are used to validate analytically-evaluated thermal characteristics of high-power PWM converters. A safe thermal limit is derived for such converters in terms of apparent power (kVA) handled, power factor and switching frequency. The effects of voltage sag and of unequal current sharing between parallel IGBT modules on the safe thermal limit are studied. While the power drawn by the circulating-power setup from the grid is much lower than the ratings of the individual converters, the harmonic injection into the mains by the setup could be significant since the harmonics drawn by both converters tend to add up. This thesis investigates carrier interleaving to improve the waveform quality of grid current, drawn by the circulating-power test setup. The study of carrier interleaving is quite general and covers various applications of parallel-connected converters such as unity power factor rectification, static reactive power compensation and grid-connected renewable energy systems. In literature, carrier interleaving has been employed mainly for unity power factor rectifiers, sharing a common dc load equally. In such case, the fundamental components of the terminal voltages of the parallel converters are equal. However, when the power sharing between the two converters is unequal, or when power is circulated between the two converters, the terminal voltages of the two converters are not equal. A method to estimate rms grid current ripple, drawn by parallel-connected converters with equal and/or unequal terminal voltages, in a synchronous reference frame is presented. Further, the influence of carrier interleaving on the rms grid current ripple is studied. The optimum interleaving angle, which minimizes the rms grid current ripple under various applications, is investigated. This angle is found to be a function of modulation index of the converters in the equal terminal voltages case. In the unequal terminal voltages case, the optimum interleaving angle is shown to be a function of the average modulation index of the two parallel converters. The effect of carrier interleaving is experimentally studied on the reactive power circulation setup at different values of kVA and different dc bus voltages. The grid current ripple is measured for different values of interleaving angle. It is found experimentally that the optimum interleaving angle reduces the rms grid current ripple by between 37% and 48%, as compared without interleaving, at various operating conditions. Further, the reactive power circulation test set-up is used to evaluate and compare power conversion losses corresponding to different PWM techniques such as conventional space-vector PWM (CSVPWM), bus-clamping PWM (BCPWM) and advanced bus-clamping PWM methods for static reactive power compensator (STATCOM) application at high power levels. It is demonstrated theoretically as well as experimentally that an advanced bus-clamping PWM method, termed minimum switching loss PWM (MSLPWM), leads to significantly lower power conversion loss than CSVPWM and BCPWM techniques at a given average switching frequency.

No description available.

Invasive species can severely disrupt biological communities through their interactions with native organisms, yet little is known about the response of marine predators to the establishment of a competitive invasive fish. In the western Atlantic, invasive Indo-Pacific lionfishes (Pterois spp.) may represent a novel competitor to several commercially and ecologically important native species. However, there is a scarcity of empirical research documenting comparative resource use of cohabitant lionfish and native fishes, as well the physiological consequences that may result from interspecific interactions with the invasive species. For this thesis, I conducted two studies designed to elucidate the strength of resource use overlap and potential competition among invasive lionfish and an ecologically similar serranid, the Graysby (Cephalopholis cruentata), along a contiguous coral-reef ledge in Biscayne National Park, South Florida. My first study aimed to determine whether lionfish and Graysby could be classified as competitors through comparisons of Graysby population size, diet, and condition across a range of ambient lionfish biomass. Using stable isotope and gut content analyses, I measured a difference in Graysby diet on sites with larger populations of lionfish, specifically a smaller breadth of resource use and lower consumption of teleost fish prey. Despite a shift in diet, Graysby condition did not vary with lionfish biomass, and thus this study did not provide unequivocal evidence of competition between the two species. However, based on a high amount of apparent overlap in interspecific resource use, competitive interactions between lionfish and species such as Graysby remain likely in systems with more limiting prey or shelter. For my second study, I measured stable isotope values of muscle, liver, and eye lens layers in lionfish and Graysby to further compare individual and population-level patterns of diet and habitat use. The use of eye lenses as metabolically stable chronological recorders of stable isotopes has vast potential to provide insight about animal life history, but has not yet been applied to describe trends in resource use among invasive and native species. To aid these analyses I created a rudimentary map of spatial isotopic variation along the reef ledge of Biscayne National Park, which could serve as a frame of reference to study local-scale animal movements. Isotopic differences between liver and muscle samples suggested a broader range of movement in lionfish than Graysby, important for understanding the relative scale of habitat use in these species. In eye lenses, stable isotope values increased logarithmically with lens radius (i.e. fish size), likely reflecting patterns of trophic growth. There was a high amount of variability among the shapes of eye lens isotopic chronologies, particularly those of lionfish, yielding further information about movement and individual resource use specificity in these species. The results of this thesis are the first to compare native predator diet and condition across a range of invasive lionfish biomass, as well as the first to measure size-structured trends in the resource use of individual lionfish. Together, these results enhance our understanding of the potential for competition among lionfish and native mesopredators, an important objective for researchers studying how this highly invasive species interacts with surrounding ecological communities.

Over the past few years, surface plasmon photodetectors have been of renewed interest. This is due to their unique double functionality of combining an SPP waveguide structure with a photodetection structure. This thesis investigates the performance of a Schottky nano-photodetector integrated into a finite width metal stripe which is covered by air on top and supported by silicon at the bottom, supporting the propagation of bound SPP modes. Properties of surface plasmons, including the sub-wavelength confinement, were exploited to increase the efficiency of the detector. The detector performance was explored via applying end-fire coupling to the fundamental supported mode, then the results were used to calculate the devices responsivity, dark current, minimum detectable power, and photocurrent for various metal lengths. End fire coupling to a Schottky mode supported by a nano-structured metal was done for what is believed to be the first time.