The problem of two-dimensional acoustic scattering of an incident plane wave by a semi-infinite lattice is solved. The problem is first considered for sound-soft cylinders whose size is small compared to the wavelength of the incident field. In this case the formulation leads to a scalar Wiener--Hopf equation, and this in turn is solved via the discrete Wiener--Hopf technique. We then deal with a more complex case which arises either by imposing Neumann boundary condition on the cylinders' surface or by increasing their radii. This gives rise to a matrix Wiener--Hopf equation, and we present a method of solution that does not require the explicit factorisation of the kernel. In both situations, a complete description of the far field is given and a conservation of energy condition is obtained. For certain sets of parameters (`pass bands'), a portion of the incident energy propagates through the lattice in the form of a Bloch wave. For other parameters (`stop bands' or `band gaps'), no such transmission is possible, and all of the incident field energy is reflected away from the lattice.

As the aviation industry expands, consuming oil reserves, generating carbon dioxide gas and adding to environmental concerns, there is an increasing need for drag reduction technology. The ability to maintain a laminar flow promises significant reductions in drag, with economic and environmental benefits. Whilst development of flow control technology has gained interest, few studies investigate the impacts that uncertainty, in flow properties, can have on flow stability. Inclusion of uncertainty, inherent in all physical systems, facilitates a more realistic analysis, and is therefore central to this research. To this end, we study the stability of stochastic shear flows, and adopt a framework based upon the Wiener Chaos expansion for efficient numerical computations. We explore the stability of stochastic Poiseuille, Couette and Blasius boundary layer type base flows, presenting stochastic results for both the modal and non modal problem, contrasting with the deterministic case and identifying the responsible flow characteristics. From a numerical perspective we show that the Wiener Chaos expansion offers a highly efficient framework for the study of relatively low dimensional stochastic flow problems, whilst Monte Carlo methods remain superior in higher dimensions. Further, we demonstrate that a Gaussian auto-covariance provides a suitable model for the stochasticity present in typical wind tunnel tests, at least in the case of a Blasius boundary layer. From a physical perspective we demonstrate that it is neither the number of inflection points in a defect, nor the input variance attributed to a defect, that influences the variance in stability characteristics for Poiseuille flow, but the shape/symmetry of the defect. Conversely, we show the symmetry of defects to be less important in the case of the Blasius boundary layer, where we find that defects which increase curvature in the vicinity of the critical point generally reduce stability. In addition, we show that defects which enhance gradients in the outer regions of a boundary layer can excite centre modes with the potential to significantly impact neutral curves. Such effects can lead to the development of an additional lobe at lower wave-numbers, can be related to jet flows, and can significantly reduce the critical Reynolds number.

Beim Siciliano – dem Forschungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit – handelt es sich um einen musikalischen Typ oder Topos, der sich etwa durch den 6/8-Takt, den punktierten Rhythmus und ein langsames Tempo auszeichnet. In der heutigen musikhistorischen Literatur ist die Annahme verbreitet, der Siciliano habe lediglich in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts große Popularität genossen, sei aber nach 1750 langsam in Vergessenheit geraten. Der Verfasser ist jedoch durch eine Untersuchung von 184 Siciliano-Kompositionen, die zwischen ca. 1750 und 1820 entstanden sind, zu dem Schluss gekommen, dass die gängige These nicht mehr aufrechtzuerhalten ist: Das kompositorische Repertoire – darunter finden sich nicht nur „große Namen“, sondern auch zahlreiche Komponisten, die nur zu ihren Lebzeiten beliebt waren – macht deutlich, dass der Siciliano auch nach der Jahrhunderthälfte eine bedeutende Rolle gespielt hat. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass der Begriff des Siciliano auf der kompositionspraktischen Ebene ziemlich flexibel und keinesfalls einheitlich verstanden wurde. Es scheint gerade seine ausgesprochene Heterogenität zu sein, die diesen Topos wesentlich auszeichnet. Vor diesem Hintergrund widmet sich der zweite Teil der Arbeit den Siciliano-Kompositionen von Joseph Haydn (1732–1809), einem der repräsentativen Komponisten des klassischen Stils. Dabei wurde vor allem ihr Stellenwert sowohl in Haydns Gesamtschaffen als auch in der Geschichte des Siciliano untersucht. Haydn greift während seines gesamten Schaffens und gattungsübergreifend auf diesen Topos zurück und hinterließ 36 instrumentale Siciliani, die zumeist in langsamen Sätzen mehrsätziger Werkzyklen vorkommen. Besonders ab den ausgehenden 1760er Jahren lässt sich in den zentralen Gattungen Haydns künstlerische Absicht erkennen, die Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten des Siciliano-Topos systematisch auszuloten. Auffallend ist unter anderem die Einführung verschiedener Variations- techniken, die Haydn in seinen anderen Werken entwickelt hat. Daraus resultiert dort eine Wechselwirkung zwischen der „Gemeinsprache“ des Topos und Haydns Personalstil. Aus einer stilanalytischen Untersuchung dieser Werke geht hervor, dass Haydns Auseinandersetzung mit dem Siciliano eine Aktualisierung und Weiterentwicklung der seit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts bestehenden Tradition bedeutet, jedoch keineswegs deren „Ver- steinerung“. Die vorliegende Arbeit darf als die erste umfassende Untersuchung zum Siciliano-Topos nach 1750 gelten. Zugleich setzt sich insbesondere der zweite Dissertationsteil intensiv mit der in der herkömmlichen Haydn-Literatur vernachlässigten Frage nach dem Kompositionsstil in Haydns langsamem Satz auseinander. In diesem Sinne ist es ein zentrales Anliegen dieser Arbeit, zwei wesentliche Forschungslücken zu füllen. / The Siciliano in the Instrumental Music of Joseph Haydn and His Contemporaries : A Study of the Compositional Engagement with a Classical Topos

Le sujet concerne l'utilisation de techniques de traitement du signal assez classiques (filtrage de wiener) pour permettre de reconstituer les perturbations CEM conduites émises par un convertisseur d'électronique de puissance. Ce travail va dans le sens d'une meilleure compréhension des perturbations générées par ces systèmes complexes, et pourra déboucher sur une amélioration de ces convertisseurs, sur un plan des lois de commande et des modes de commutation notamment. La méthode est développée et validée sur une simple cellule de commutation (Boost), puis mise en œuvre sur un onduleur de tension commandé en PWM, PDM et finalement, utilisant la résonance

Robert Cohen. / "June 2, 1948." Issued also as a thesis, M.I.T. Dept. of Electrical Engineering, May, 1948. / Bibliography: p. 100. / Army Signal Corps Contract No. W-36-039 sc-32037.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-146).

Recognition of speech at the receiver end generally gets degraded in distant talking atmospheres of laptops, teleconfereing, video conferences and in hands free telephony, where the quality of speech gets contaminated and severely disturbed because of the additive noises. To make useful and effective, the exact speech signals has to be extracted from the noise signals and the user has to be given the clean speech. In such conditions the convenience of microphone array has been preferred as a means of civilizing the quality of arrested signals. A consequential growth in laptop technology and microphone array processing have made possible to improve intelligibility of speech while communication. So this contention target on reducing the additive noises from the original speech, beside design and use of different algorithms. In this thesis a multi-channel microphone array with its speech enhancement of signals to Wiener Beamformar and Generalized side lobe canceller (GSC) are used for Laptops in a noisy environment. Systems prescribed above were implemented, processed and evaluated on a computer using Mat lab considering SNR, SNRI as the main objective of quality measures. Systems were tested with two speech signals, among which one is Main speech signal and other is considered as Noise along with another random noise, sampling them at 16 KHz .Three Different source originations were taken into consideration with different input SNR’s of 0dB, 5dB, 10dB, 15dB, 20dB, 25dB. Simulation Results showed that Noise is been attenuated to a great extent. But Variations in SNR and SNRI has been observed, because of the different point origination of signals in the respective feilds.Variation in SNR and SNRI is been observed when the distance between the main speech originating point and microphone is too long compared to the noise signals. This states that origination of signals plays a huge role in maintaining the speech quality at the receiver end. / D.No 4-22, Gandla street, papanaidupeta-517526 chittoor district,Andhra pradesh India naveenkumarthupalli@gmail.com

We propose an efficient iterative curvelet-regularized deconvolution algorithm that exploits continuity along reflectors in seismic images. Curvelets are a new multiscale transform that provides sparse representations for images (such as seismic images) that comprise smooth objects separated by piece-wise smooth discontinuities. Our technique combines conjugate gradient-based convolution operator inversion with noise regularization that is performed using non-linear curvelet coefficient shrinkage (thresholding). The shrinkage operation leverages the sparsity of curvelets representations. Simulations demonstrate that our algorithm provides improved resolution compared to the traditional Wiener-based deconvolution approach.

In an energy system, diversity of supply—that is, reliance on a variety of mutually disparate energy suppliers and their energy supplies—is seen by many researchers and policymakers as an important component of energy security. This thesis describes a novel and generic method for examining the relationship between energy security (as represented by an energy-security index derived from a set of energy security indicators) and diversity (as defined by the Shannon-Wiener diversity index) of an energy system, its entities, and flows. While diversity is often presented by policy makers as being essential to maintaining or improving the energy security of an energy system, the thesis employs the equations associated with the two indices to show that a diverse supply need not be secure and a secure supply need not be diverse. Several examples of the relationship and the events that can affect it are also provided. / N/A

Loudspeakers were invented over 150 years ago, but the loudspeakers used todayare still based on the same ideas. Traditionally, good sound quality has been obtainedby using expensive materials in the loudspeakers and by allowing themto be big. However, nowadays loudspeakers are wanted in applications such asmobile phones and tablets where size and weight are very limited and there is aconstant desire to decrease production costs. Special small loudspeakers, knownas micro loudspeakers, have been developed for this purpose but due to the severerestrictions in size and manufacturing costs, the sound quality in the microloudspeakers is relatively poor. One problem is that the nonlinearities of thesystem, present in any loudspeaker, become more evident in the case of microloudspeakers and cause noticeable distortion of the sound.This master’s thesis has been performed in cooperation with Opalum (formerlyActiwave), a company specializing in using digital signal processing to improvethe sound in loudspeakers with poor acoustic properties. The objective of thethesis is to investigate ways to increase the sound quality in micro loudspeakersby using nonlinear control. Focus has been on frequencies below the resonancefrequency since the distortion is more noticeable at low frequencies. First, a nonlinearmodel of the micro loudspeaker has been obtained using system identificationstrategies. The model describes the relationship between the voltage overthe voice-coil and the diaphragm displacement. Subsequently, input-output linearisationhas been used to design a controller for the system and the effect onthe distortion has been investigated through experiments. Two different modelstructures have been tested, a physical model based on the Thiele-Small modeland a black-box model with a Hammerstein-Wiener structure. In both cases, thenonlinearities were modelled as polynomials. The controller was then extendedwith an updating algorithm, making it adaptive.The efficiency of the controllers has been proved by experiments, where distortionwas decreased by up to 60 % compared to the case without control. The effectwas largest for low frequencies, around one third of the resonance frequency,but improvements were noted up to about two thirds of the resonance frequency,depending on the loudspeaker unit. The approach using a physical model andthat using a black-box model have shown similar results. / Högtalaren uppfanns för över 150 år sedan men de högtalare som används idagbygger till stora delar på samma teknik. Högkvalitativt ljud har traditionellt uppnåttsgenom att ge högtalaren goda akustiska egenskaper genom att tillåta den attvara stor och tillverkad av dyra material. Utmaningen idag ligger i att högtalarefinns inbyggda i exempelvis mobiltelefoner, vilket innebär att de behöver görassmå, lätta och billiga att producera. För att möta dessa krav har kompromisserkrävts vilket gör att dessa små högtalare, kallade mikrohögtalare, har sämre ljudkvalitet.Ett problem är att de olinjäriteter som finns i alla högtalare blir extraframträdande i små högtalare vilket leder till distorsion och övertoner i ljudsignalen.Detta examensarbete är gjort i samarbete med Opalum (tidigare Actiwave), vilketär ett företag som specialiserar sig på att med hjälp av digital signalbehandlingförbättra ljudkvaliteten för högtalare med akustiskt dåliga egenskaper. Syftetmed examensarbetet har varit att minska distorsionen i en mikrohögtalaremed hjälp av olinjär reglering. Fokus har legat på den lägre delen av frekvensbandet,under resonansfrekvensen, eftersom det är där distorsionen är mest märkbar.Först har en olinjär modell av högtalaren tagits fram genom systemidentifiering.Modellen förklarar sambandet mellan spänningen över högtalarens talspole ochmembranets utslag. I ett nästa steg har en regulator designats utifrån modellenoch regulatorns effekt på distorsionen har utvärderats genom experiment. Två olikamodellstrukturer har undersökts, dels en fysikalisk modell baserad på Thiele-Smallmodellen och dels en svartlådemodell med Hammerstein-Wienerstruktur.I båda fallen har olinjäriteterna modellerats som polynom. Regulatorn har sedanutökats med en uppdateringsalgoritm som gör den adaptiv.Experiment har visat att regleringen bidrog till att minska distorsionen med upptill 60 % jämfört med då systemet kördes utan reglering. Effekten har varit störstför låga frekvenser, kring en tredjedel av resonsnsfrekvensen, men förbättringarhar kunnat ses upp till frekvenser kring två tredjedelar av resonansfrekvensen.Både metoden med en fysikalisk modellstruktur och med en svartlådestrukturhar visat likartade resultat.