Les implants cochléaires sont des appareils destinés à la réhabilitationdes surdités profondes et totales. Ils assurent la stimulation du nerf auditif en plaçant des électrodes dans la cochlée. Différentes études ont été établis afin d’améliorer l’intelligibilité de la parole dans le bruit chez le patientporteur de cet appareil. Les techniques bilatérales et binaurales permettent dereproduire une audition binaurale, car les deux oreilles sont simulées (commepour les personnes normo-entendantes). Ainsi la localisation et la perceptiondes sons environnants sont améliorées par rapport à une implantationmonaurale. Toutefois, les capacit´es de reconnaissances des mots sont trèsvite limitées en pr´esence de bruits. Nous avons d´evelopp´es des techniquesde r´eduction de bruit afin d’augmenter les performances de reconnaissance.Des améliorations de 10% à 15% suivant les conditions ont été observées. Néanmoins, si la perception est améliorée par les algorithmes, ils focalisent sur une direction, et ainsi, la localisation est alors réduite à l’angle delocalisation. Une seconde étude a alors été effectuée pour mesurer l’effetdes algorithmes sur la localisation. Ainsi, le beamformer donne les meilleurs résultats de compréhension mais la moins bonne localisation. La ré-injectiond’un pourcentage du signal d’entrée sur la sortie a permis de compenser laperte de la localisation sans détériorer l’intelligibilité. Le résultat de ces deux expériences montre qu’il faut un compromis entre laperception et la localisation des sons pour obtenir les meilleures performances. / Cochlear implants are to sail for the rehabilitation of deep and totaldeafness. They provide stimulation of the auditory nerve by placing electrodesin the cochlea. Various studies have been established to improve thespeech intelligibility in noise in the patient of this device. Bilateral andbinaural techniques allow reproducing a binaural hearing, since both earsare simulated (as for normal hearing people). Thus localization and theperception of the surrounding sounds are improved from a monauralimplantation. However, the recognition of the words capabilities are limitedvery quickly in the presence of noise.We developed noise reduction techniquesto increase the performance of recognition. Improvements of 10% to 15%depending on the conditions were observed. Nevertheless, if the perception isenhanced by algorithms, they focus on a direction, and thus the location isthen reduced at the corner of localization. Then, a second study was madeto measure the effect of localization algorithms. Thus, the beamformer givesthe best results of understanding but the less good location. The re-injectionof a percentage of the input to the output signal helped offset the loss of thelocation without damaging the intelligibility.The result of these two experiments shows that it takes a compromisebetween perception and sound localization for best performance.

[pt] Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo para o problema da deconvolução sísmica em picos esparsos. Intitulado LaWie, este algoritmo é baseado na combinação do Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) e a modelagem de blocos usada no filtro de Wiener. A deconvolução é feita traço a traço para estimar o perfil de refletividade e a wavelet original que deu origem as amplitudes sísmicas. Este trabalho apresenta o resultado do método no dataset sintético do Marmousi2, onde existe um ground truth para comparações objetivas. Além disso, também apresenta os resultados no dataset real Netherlands Offshore F3 Block e mostra a aplicabilidade do algoritmo proposto para não apenas delinear o perfil de refletividades como também para ressaltar características como fraturas neste dado. / [en] This work proposes an algorithm for solving the seismic sparse-spike deconvolution problem. Entitled LaWie, this algorithm is based on the combination of Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and the block modeling used in the Wiener filter. Deconvolution is done trace by trace to estimate the reflectivity profile and the convolution wavelet that originated the seismic amplitudes. This work presents the results in the synthetic dataset of Marmousi2, where there is a ground truth for objective comparisons. Also, this work presents the results in a real dataset, Netherlands Offshore F3 Block, and shows the applicability of the proposed algorithm to outline the reflectivity profile and highlight characteristics such as fractures in this data.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:05:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3115.pdf: 5210903 bytes, checksum: d78cb316f1a90afa1f1d9e435752a5f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In this dissertation we present techniques for filtering of tomographic projections with Poisson noise. For the filtering of the tomogram projections we use variations of three filtering techniques: Bayesian estimation, Wiener filtering and thresholding in Wavelet domain. We used ten MAP estimators, each estimator with a diferent probability density as prior information. An adaptive windowing was used to calculate the local estimates. A hypothesis test was used to select the best probability density to each projection. We used the Pointwise Wiener filter and FIR Wiener Filter, in both cases we used a adaptive scheme for the filtering. For thresholding in wavelet domain, we tested the performance of four families basis of wavelet functions and four techniques for obtaining thresholds. The experiments were done with the phantom of Shepp and Logan and five set of projections of phantoms captured by a CT scanner developed by CNPDIA-EMBRAPA. The image reconstruction was made with the parallel POCS algorithm. The evaluation of the filtering was made after reconstruction with the following criteria for measurement of error: ISNR, PSNR, SSIM and IDIV. / Nesta dissertação técnicas de filtragem de projeções tomográficas com ruído Poisson são apresentadas. Utilizamos variações de três técnicas de filtragem: estimação Bayesiana, filtragem de Wiener e limiarização no domínio Wavelet. Foram utilizados dez estimadores MAP, em cada uma densidade de probabilidade foi utilizada como informação a priori. Foi utilizado um janelamento adaptativo para o cálculo das estimativas locais e um teste de hipóteses para a escolha da melhor densidade de probabilidade que se adéqua a cada projeção. Utilizamos o filtro de Wiener na versão pontual e FIR, em ambos os casos utilizamos um esquema adaptativo durante a filtragem. Para a limiarização no domínio Wavelet, verificamos o desempenho de quatro famílias de funções Wavelet e quatro técnicas de obtenção de limiares. Os experimentos foram feitos com o phantom de Shepp e Logan e cinco conjunto de projeções de phantoms capturas por um minitomógrafo no CNPDIAEMBRAPA. A reconstrução da imagem feita com o algoritmo POCS paralelo. A avaliação da filtragem foi feita após a reconstrução com os seguintes crit_erios de medida de erro: ISNR, PSNR, IDIV e SSIM.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-21T15:01:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MOISÉS TAVARES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2264297 bytes, checksum: 0373ed53c40783016694166232616bf6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-21T15:01:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MOISÉS TAVARES DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2264297 bytes, checksum: 0373ed53c40783016694166232616bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09 / Neste trabalho utiliza-se um método do Relé sob condições de não-linearidade e perturbação estática para identificação de modelos não-lineares do tipo Hammstein e Wiener. Este método do relé modificado garante uma saída simétrica do relé quando um estado estacionário cíclico é obtido, independente da perturbação estática, enquanto o método do relé original mostra uma saída assimétrica para processos não-lineares. Para modelos do tipo Wiener, é proposto um sinal de excitação que incorpora as vantagens do método do relé modificado e além disso, obtém as características da baixa frequência da excitação a partir da utilização de um pulso retangular. Para identificação de modelos do tipo Hammterin, inicialmente, o método do relé modificado é aplicado e assim os dados da resposta em frequência do subsistema dinâmico linear são obtidos. em seguida, um sinal triangular é utilizado para identificar a função estática não-linear da entrada. A principal dificuldade na identificação de modelos Hammstein e Wiener é a indisponibilidade do sinal intermediário. Dessa forma, são apresentados procedimentos para obtenção do sinal intermediário a partir do método do relé sob condições de não-linearidade. As técnicas de identificação apresentadas ao longo da dissertação são avaliadas em casos simulados e experimentais para verificar o desempenho de cada uma. / In this work is used a method of the relay feedback under conditions of non-linearity and static disturbance for identification of Hammerstein and Wiener-type nonlinear process. The relay feedback approach used guarantees a symmetrical output relay when a cyclic steady state is obtained, regardless of static disturbance, while the original method shows an asymmetric output relay in such conditions. For Wiener-type process is proposed an exitation signal that incorporates the advantages of the modified method relay feedback and in addition, characteristics of the obtained low frequency excitation from the use of a rectangular pulse. for identification of Hummerstein-type process, initially the method of modified relay is applied and so the data of frequency response of the linear dynamic subsystem are obtained. Then, a triangular signal is used to identify the static nonlinear function. The principal difficulty in the identification of Hammerstein and Wiener process is the unavailability of intermediate signal. Therefore, procedures for obtaining intermediate signal are presented from the relay feedback under conditions of non-linearity. The identification techniques presented throughout in this work are evaluated simulated and experimental cases to verify the performance of each

Le tatouage invisible d’images d’identité imprimées sur un support en plastique est un problème difficile qui intéresse le monde industriel. Dans cette étude, nous avons développé un algorithme de tatouage robuste aux diverses attaques présentes dans ce cas. Ces attaques sont liées aux processus d’impression/numérisation sur le support plastique ainsi qu’aux dégradations qu’une carte plastique peut rencontrer le long de sa durée de vie. La méthode de tatouage opère dans le domaine de Fourier car cette transformée présente des propriétés d’invariances aux attaques géométriques globales. Une méthode préventive consiste en un prétraitement de l’image originale avant le processus d’insertion qui réduit la variance du vecteur support de la marque. Une méthode corrective comporte deux contre-attaques corrigeant le flou et les variations colorimétriques. Pour une probabilité de fausse alarme de 10⁻⁴, nous avons obtenu une amélioration moyenne de 22% par rapport à la méthode de référence lorsque seule la méthode préventive est utilisée. La combinaison de la méthode préventive avec la méthode corrective correspond à un taux de détection supérieur à 99%. L’algorithme de détection prends moins de 1 seconde pour à une image de 512×512 pixels avec un ordinateur classique ce qui est compatible avec l’application industrielle visée. / Invisible watermarking for ID images printed on plastic card support is a challenging problem that interests the industrial world. In this study, we developed a watermarking algorithm robust to various attacks present in this case. These attacks are mainly related to the print/scan process on the plastic support and the degradations that an ID card can encounter along its lifetime. The watermarking scheme operates in the Fourier domain as this transform has invariance properties against global geometrical transformations. A preventive method consists of pre-processing the host image before the embedding process that reduces the variance of the embeddable vector. A curative method comprises two counterattacks dealing with blurring and color variations. For a false alarm probability of 10⁻⁴, we obtained an average improvement of 22% over the reference method when only preventative method is used. The combination of the preventive and curative methods leads to a detection rate greater than 99%. The detection algorithm takes less than 1 second for a 512×512 image with a conventional computer, which is compatible with the industrial application in question.

Imagens acústicas permitem a inspeção e análise de tecidos biológicos e outros materiais de forma não destrutiva, o que é desejado tanto para aprimorar e aumentar o conhecimento sobre o objeto analisado, quanto para diagnosticar ou assegurar a qualidade do mesmo. Este trabalho foi motivado pela falta de recursos quantitativos para análise e diagnósticos via imagens de ultrassom, normalmente baseados em métodos qualitativos, ou seja, experiência e bom senso dos inspetores, além da falta de sistemas de imageamento que permitam a aquisição do sinal puro de RF. Possuir métodos quantitativos de análise é essencial para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais piezelétricos, modelos biomédicos de tecidos e métodos de diagnóstico. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema eletro-mecânico de varredura sincronizado com o sistema de aquisição de sinais de ultrassom e formação de imagem por diferentes métodos de interpolação que permitiu o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de segmentação de imagens baseado em watershed para separação e contagem de formas em modelos phantom de tecidos moles. Percebeu-se que o uso de um filtro estatístico de Wiener, mesmo sem grandes vantagens para análise qualitativa, possui resultado positivo como pré-processamento para segmentação automática. / Acoustic imaging allows the inspection and analysis of biological tissue and others materials in a non-destructive way, what is desired to improve the knowledge and to insure the quality about the analyzed object. This work was motivated by the lack of quantitative methods of analysis, usually based on qualitative diagnoses from experienced inspectors, what can vary, as well the lack of imaging systems where the pure RF signal of ultrasound could be acquired. Quantitative methods of analysis are highly desired when developing new piezoelectric materiais, biomedic phantom models and new diagnoses methods. It was developed in this work: an electrical-mechanic scanning system synchronized with the ultrasound acquisition device and image formation by different methods that allowed the development of an algorithm to prepare and to segment these images and different soft tissue phantom models. It was noticed that a statistic Wiener filter, even with no advantages for qualitative analysis of an image, improved the automatic segmentation of it.

O presente trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma metodologia envolvendo técnicas computacionais para proporcionar informações provenientes de avaliação de qualidade de equipamentos mamográficos. A investigação conduzida levou em conta, além da necessária determinação de parâmetros operacionais - como tensão de pico (kVp), corrente de tubo, ponto focal, dose, tempo de exposição, camada semi-redutora -, a influência das características do digitalizador usado no processo de digitalização das imagens a ser avaliadas pelo esquema computacional, seja esse um sistema de aquisição digital direta ou indireta. Dessa forma, foi elaborado um protocolo de pré-processamento da imagem para compensar os efeitos do digitalizador antes da avaliação dos parâmetros de qualidade através dela. Simultaneamente ao desenvolvimento dos softwares necessários ao esquema, foi projetado e desenvolvido um simulador radiográfico para servir como instrumento para obtenção tanto das imagens a ser processadas pelo modelo computacional, como dos dados referentes aos parâmetros operacionais. O sistema foi desenvolvido tomando um mamógrafo calibrado e um instrumento de precisão como referências e testado em outros equipamentos mamográficos em operação em clínicas e hospitais. Os resultados foram consistentes com as análises comparativas utilizando as referências, o que podem fazer do sistema uma ferramenta útil na avaliação de qualidade em mamografia. / The present work consists on developing a computational methodology to provide information regarding to mammographic equipment quality evaluation. This investigation have taken into account, beyond the required operational parameters, such as kVp, electrical current, focal point, dose, exposition time, half-value layer, the influence of the film digitizer utilized for digitization process on the images to be evaluated by the computational scheme, either this a system of direct or indirect digital acquisition. Like so, it was elaborated an image pre-processing protocol to compensate the digitization effect on digital image, before the evaluation of quality control parameters through itself. Simultaneously to the development of the necessary software to the system, a radiographic phantom was developed to be used for achievement of either the images to be processed by the computational model, as operational parameters data. The system was developed taking calibrated mammographic equipment and a precise measurement instrument as references, besides, it was tested in other mammographic equipment in operation on clinics and hospitals. Results had shown consistent with the comparative analyses using those references, which can turn this system a useful tool for evaluation of mammography quality.

Imagens acústicas permitem a inspeção e análise de tecidos biológicos e outros materiais de forma não destrutiva, o que é desejado tanto para aprimorar e aumentar o conhecimento sobre o objeto analisado, quanto para diagnosticar ou assegurar a qualidade do mesmo. Este trabalho foi motivado pela falta de recursos quantitativos para análise e diagnósticos via imagens de ultrassom, normalmente baseados em métodos qualitativos, ou seja, experiência e bom senso dos inspetores, além da falta de sistemas de imageamento que permitam a aquisição do sinal puro de RF. Possuir métodos quantitativos de análise é essencial para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais piezelétricos, modelos biomédicos de tecidos e métodos de diagnóstico. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um sistema eletro-mecânico de varredura sincronizado com o sistema de aquisição de sinais de ultrassom e formação de imagem por diferentes métodos de interpolação que permitiu o desenvolvimento de um algoritmo de segmentação de imagens baseado em watershed para separação e contagem de formas em modelos phantom de tecidos moles. Percebeu-se que o uso de um filtro estatístico de Wiener, mesmo sem grandes vantagens para análise qualitativa, possui resultado positivo como pré-processamento para segmentação automática. / Acoustic imaging allows the inspection and analysis of biological tissue and others materials in a non-destructive way, what is desired to improve the knowledge and to insure the quality about the analyzed object. This work was motivated by the lack of quantitative methods of analysis, usually based on qualitative diagnoses from experienced inspectors, what can vary, as well the lack of imaging systems where the pure RF signal of ultrasound could be acquired. Quantitative methods of analysis are highly desired when developing new piezoelectric materiais, biomedic phantom models and new diagnoses methods. It was developed in this work: an electrical-mechanic scanning system synchronized with the ultrasound acquisition device and image formation by different methods that allowed the development of an algorithm to prepare and to segment these images and different soft tissue phantom models. It was noticed that a statistic Wiener filter, even with no advantages for qualitative analysis of an image, improved the automatic segmentation of it.

Cette étude est le résultat d’une thèse CIFRE de trois ans entre le bureau d’étude d’Airbus (domaine du contrôle de l’avion) et le laboratoire TéSA à Toulouse. L’objectif principal est de proposer, développer et valider une solution logicielle pour la détection et le diagnostic d’un type spécifique de vibrations des gouvernes de profondeur et direction, appelée oscillation en cycle limite (limit cycle oscillation ou LCO en anglais), basée sur les signaux existants dans les avions civils. LCO est un terme mathématique générique définissant un mode périodique indépendant de conditions initiales et se produisant dans des systèmes non linéaires non conservatifs. Dans cette étude, nous nous intéressons au phénomène de LCO induit par les jeux mécaniques dans les gouvernes d’un avion civil. Les conséquences du LCO sont l’augmentation locale de la charge structurelle, la dégradation des qualités de vol, la réduction de la durée de vie de l’actionneur, la dégradation du confort du poste de pilotage et de la cabine, ainsi que l’augmentation des coûts de maintenance. L’état de l’art en matière de détection et de diagnostic du LCO induit par le jeu mécanique est basé sur la sensibilité du pilote aux vibrations et sur le contrôle périodique du jeu sur les gouvernes. Cette étude propose une solution basée sur les données (issues de la boucle d’asservissement des actionneurs qui agissent sur les gouvernes) pour aider au diagnostic du LCO et à l’isolement du jeu mécanique. L’objectif est d’améliorer encore plus la disponibilité des avions et de réduire les coûts de maintenance en fournissant aux compagnies aériennes un signal de contrôle pour le LCO et les jeux mécaniques. Pour cette raison, deux solutions algorithmiques pour le diagnostic des vibrations et des jeux ont été proposées. Un détecteur en temps réel pour la détection du LCO est tout d’abord proposé basé sur la théorie du rapport de vraisemblance généralisé (generalized likelihood ratio test ou GLRT en anglais). Certaines variantes et simplifications sont également proposées pour satisfaire les contraintes industrielles. Un détecteur de jeu mécanique est introduit basé sur l’identification d’un modèle de Wiener. Des approches paramétrique (estimateur de maximum de vraisemblance) et non paramétrique (régression par noyau) sont explorées, ainsi que certaines variantes des méthodes non paramétriques. En particulier, le problème de l’estimation d’un cycle d’hystérésis (choisi comme la non-linéarité de sortie d’un modèle de Wiener) est abordé. Ainsi, les problèmes avec et sans contraintes sont étudiés. Une analyse théorique, numérique (sur simulateur) et expérimentale (données de vol et laboratoire) est réalisée pour étudier les performances des détecteurs proposés et pour identifier les limitations et la faisabilité industrielle. Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux obtenus confirment que le GLRT proposé (et ses variantes / simplifications) est une méthode très efficace pour le diagnostic du LCO en termes de performance, robustesse et coût calculatoire. D’autre part, l’algorithme de diagnostic des jeux mécaniques est capable de détecter des niveaux de jeu relativement importants, mais il ne fournit pas de résultats cohérents pour des niveaux de jeu relativement faibles. En outre, des types d’entrée spécifiques sont nécessaires pour garantir des résultats répétitifs et cohérents. Des études complémentaires pourraient être menées afin de comparer les résultats de GLRT avec une approche Bayésienne et pour approfondir les possibilités et les limites de la méthode paramétrique proposée pour l’identification du modèle de Wiener. / This research study is the result of a 3 years CIFRE PhD thesis between the Airbus design office(Aircraft Control domain) and TéSA laboratory in Toulouse. The main goal is to propose, developand validate a software solution for the detection and diagnosis of a specific type of elevator andrudder vibration, called limit cycle oscillation (LCO), based on existing signals available in flightcontrol computers on board in-series aircraft. LCO is a generic mathematical term defining aninitial condition-independent periodic mode occurring in nonconservative nonlinear systems. Thisstudy focuses on the LCO phenomenon induced by mechanical freeplays in the control surface ofa civil aircraft. The LCO consequences are local structural load augmentation, flight handlingqualities deterioration, actuator operational life reduction, cockpit and cabin comfort deteriorationand maintenance cost augmentation. The state-of-the-art for freeplay induced LCO detection anddiagnosis is based on the pilot sensitivity to vibration and to periodic freeplay check on the controlsurfaces. This study is thought to propose a data-driven solution to help LCO and freeplaydiagnosis. The goal is to improve even more aircraft availability and reduce the maintenance costsby providing to the airlines a condition monitoring signal for LCO and freeplays. For this reason,two algorithmic solutions for vibration and freeplay diagnosis are investigated in this PhD thesis. Areal time detector for LCO diagnosis is first proposed based on the theory of the generalized likeli hood ratio test (GLRT). Some variants and simplifications are also proposed to be compliantwith the industrial constraints. In a second part of this work, a mechanical freeplay detector isintroduced based on the theory of Wiener model identification. Parametric (maximum likelihoodestimator) and non parametric (kernel regression) approaches are investigated, as well as somevariants to well-known nonparametric methods. In particular, the problem of hysteresis cycleestimation (as the output nonlinearity of a Wiener model) is tackled. Moreover, the constrainedand unconstrained problems are studied. A theoretical, numerical (simulator) and experimental(flight data and laboratory) analysis is carried out to investigate the performance of the proposeddetectors and to identify limitations and industrial feasibility. The obtained numerical andexperimental results confirm that the proposed GLR test (and its variants/simplifications) is a very appealing method for LCO diagnostic in terms of performance, robustness and computationalcost. On the other hand, the proposed freeplay diagnostic algorithm is able to detect relativelylarge freeplay levels, but it does not provide consistent results for relatively small freeplay levels. Moreover, specific input types are needed to guarantee repetitive and consistent results. Further studies should be carried out in order to compare the GLRT results with a Bayesian approach and to investigate more deeply the possibilities and limitations of the proposed parametric method for Wiener model identification.

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