Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The slip synchronous-permanent magnet generator (SS-PMG) is a direct-driven, direct-to-grid generator for wind turbine applications. This investigation focuses on achieving automated grid connection and low voltage ride-through for a small-scale SS-PMG. To reduce cost and complexity, components such as blade pitch controllers and frequency converters are avoided. Instead, electromagnetic braking is employed to control turbine speed prior to grid synchronisation and compensation resistances are used to facilitate grid fault ride-through. The conditions under which the SS-PMG can be successfully synchronised with the grid are determined, indicating a need for speed control. An evaluation of electromagnetic braking strategies reveals that satisfactory speed control performance can be achieved when employing back-to-back thyristors to switch in the braking load. Simulations show that controlled synchronisation can be executed successfully under turbulent wind conditions. All controllable parameters are held within safe limits, but the SS-PMG terminal voltage drop is higher than desired. Compensation is developed to allow the SS-PMG to ride through the voltage dip profile specified by the Irish distribution code. It is found that a combination of series and shunt resistances is necessary to shield the SS-PMG from the voltage dip, while balancing active power transfer. The flexibility offered by thyristor switching of the shunt braking load is instrumental in coping with turbulent wind conditions and unbalanced dips. The South African voltage dip profile is also managed with conditional success. Following on from the theoretical design, the grid connection controller is implemented for practical testing purposes. Protection functions are developed to ensure safe operation under various contingencies. Before testing, problems with the operation of the thyristors are overcome. Practical testing shows that grid synchronisation can be undertaken safely by obeying the theoretically determined conditions. The speed control mechanism is also shown to achieve acceptable dynamic performance. Finally, the SS-PMG is incorporated into a functioning wind turbine system and automated grid connection is demonstrated under turbulent wind conditions. Future investigations may be focused on optimal control strategies, alternative solid-state switching schemes, and reactive power control. Low voltage ride-through should also be optimised for the South African dip profile and validated experimentally. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die glip-sinchroon permanente magneet generator (GS-PMG) is ‘n direkte dryf, direkte netwerkgekoppelde generator vir windturbine toepassings. Hierdie ondersoek fokus op die bereiking van ’n ge-outomatiseerde netwerkkoppeling en lae spanning deurry vir ‘n kleinskaalse GS-PMG. Om kostes en kompleksiteit te verminder, word komponente soos lemsteekbeheerders en frekwensie-omsetters vermy. In plaas daarvan word elektromagnetiese remwerking gebruik om die turbine spoed, voorgaande net-werksinchronisasie, te beheer, en word kompensasieweerstande gebruik om netwerkfoutdeurry te handhaaf. Die omstandighede waaronder die GS-PMG suksesvol met die netwerk gesinchroniseer kan word, is vasgestel en dit het die behoefte aan spoedbeheer uitgewys. ‘n Evaluering van elektromagnetiese remstrategië wys uit dat ’n bevredigende spoedbeheervermoë verkry kan word as anti-parallelle tiristors gebruik word om die remlas te skakel. Simulasies wys dat beheerde netwerksinchronisasie suksesvol uitgevoer kan word, selfs onder turbulente windtoestande. Alle beheerbare parameters is binne veilige perke gehou, maar die GS-PMG se klemspanningsval is gevind as hoë as verwag. Kompensasie is ontwikkel om die GS-PMG toe te laat om deur die spanningsvalprofiel, soos gespesifieer deur die Ierse distribusiekode, te ry. Dit is gevind dat ‘n kombinasie van serie- en parallelle weerstande nodig is om die GS-PMG teen die spanningsval te beskerm, terwyl aktiewe drywingsoordrag gebalanseer word. Die buigbaarheid wat verkry word met die tiristorskakeling van die parallele weerstand is noodsaaklik in die hanteering van turbulente windtoestande en ongebalanseerde spanningsvalle. Die Suid-Afrikaanse spanningsvalprofiel is ook met voorwaardelike sukses hanteer. In opvolg van die teoretiese ontwerp is die netwerkkoppelingsbeheerder vir praktiese toetsdoeleindes in werking gestel. Beskermingsfunksies is ontwikkel om veilige werking onder verskeie gebeurlikhede te verseker. Die probleme met die werking van die tiristors is oorkom voor die aanvang van die toetse. Die praktiese toetse bewys dat netwerksinchronisasie veilig gedoen kan word deur die teoretiese bepaalde voorwaardes te volg. Dit is ook getoon dat met die spoedbeheermeganisme aanvaarbare dinamiese gedrag verkry kan word. Ten laaste is die GS-PMG in ‘n werkende windturbinestelsel geïnkorporeer en outomatiese netwerkkoppeling is onder turbulente windtoestande gedemonstreer. Toekomstige ondersoeke kan toegespits word op optimale beheerstrategië, alternatiewe vaste toestand skakelingskemas en reaktiewe drywingsbeheer. Lae spanning deurry moet nog vir die Suid- Afrikaanse spanningsprofiel ge-optimeer en eksperimenteel bevestig word.

O aumento da demanda energética mundial e a necessidade de obtenção de energia por fontes renováveis abriram espaço para discussão sobre vantagens e desvantagens relacionadas às diversas tecnologias de geração existentes. Dados mostram um crescimento significativo do percentual da geração eólica no sistema energético mundial tornando factível o investimento em tecnologias que possam atender às diferenças de aplicação para cada região. Este trabalho apresenta inicialmente as principais características das arquiteturas construtivas dos geradores eólicos listando e apresentando seus principais equipamentos e funções, em seguida são apresentados métodos de controle e proteção aerodinâmica e as principais topologias aplicadas na geração eólica de energia. A discussão das vantagens e desvantagens de cada topologia apontou o gerador Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) aplicado em sistemas de velocidade variável como uma tecnologia que se destaca pelo seu alto nível de controle e pelo ganho relacionado ao conversor back-to-back de apenas 30% da capacidade de geração da máquina. No trabalho o controle do conversor back-to-back foi testado e validado por simulações e os ajustes dos controladores obtidos pelo método do modelo simétrico ótimo. Em seguida, são apresentados os dispositivos básicos de proteção correlacionados ao monitoramento de corrente, tensão e fluxo de potência e discutidas suas limitações na topologia com o gerador DFIG. No final do trabalho a proteção diferencial é apresentada e aplicada sobre o gerador DFIG e simulações de falta são realizadas em diferentes condições de funcionamento da máquina de modo a obter dados que possam apontar a melhor parametrização deste dispositivo de proteção. / The world energetic demand increase and the generation renewable necessity allowed the dialogue about the advantages and disadvantages of generations technologies existing. Many data shows an significant increase of wind generation inside the world energetic system allowing the investment in technologies to work at the characteristics existing in each place. This study shows the main constructive characteristics in the wind generation showing their main equipments and functions. After, the control and protection aerodynamic methods are shown together with the main topologies in the wind generation. The discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of this topologies showed the DFIG generator working in variable speeds systems like an efficient technology because your accurate control and the low cost of back-to-back frequency inverter. In this study the control of back-to-back converter was tested end validated and the drivers parameters was calculated with the method of the optimal symmetric model. then, are showed some basic protections devices linked with current, voltage and power flow monitoring and yours limitations are discussed in the DFIG topology. In the end the differential protection is showed and applied in the DFIG machine then fault simulations are make to obtain data to produce the best configuration parameters of differential protection.

O aumento da demanda energética mundial e a necessidade de obtenção de energia por fontes renováveis abriram espaço para discussão sobre vantagens e desvantagens relacionadas às diversas tecnologias de geração existentes. Dados mostram um crescimento significativo do percentual da geração eólica no sistema energético mundial tornando factível o investimento em tecnologias que possam atender às diferenças de aplicação para cada região. Este trabalho apresenta inicialmente as principais características das arquiteturas construtivas dos geradores eólicos listando e apresentando seus principais equipamentos e funções, em seguida são apresentados métodos de controle e proteção aerodinâmica e as principais topologias aplicadas na geração eólica de energia. A discussão das vantagens e desvantagens de cada topologia apontou o gerador Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) aplicado em sistemas de velocidade variável como uma tecnologia que se destaca pelo seu alto nível de controle e pelo ganho relacionado ao conversor back-to-back de apenas 30% da capacidade de geração da máquina. No trabalho o controle do conversor back-to-back foi testado e validado por simulações e os ajustes dos controladores obtidos pelo método do modelo simétrico ótimo. Em seguida, são apresentados os dispositivos básicos de proteção correlacionados ao monitoramento de corrente, tensão e fluxo de potência e discutidas suas limitações na topologia com o gerador DFIG. No final do trabalho a proteção diferencial é apresentada e aplicada sobre o gerador DFIG e simulações de falta são realizadas em diferentes condições de funcionamento da máquina de modo a obter dados que possam apontar a melhor parametrização deste dispositivo de proteção. / The world energetic demand increase and the generation renewable necessity allowed the dialogue about the advantages and disadvantages of generations technologies existing. Many data shows an significant increase of wind generation inside the world energetic system allowing the investment in technologies to work at the characteristics existing in each place. This study shows the main constructive characteristics in the wind generation showing their main equipments and functions. After, the control and protection aerodynamic methods are shown together with the main topologies in the wind generation. The discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of this topologies showed the DFIG generator working in variable speeds systems like an efficient technology because your accurate control and the low cost of back-to-back frequency inverter. In this study the control of back-to-back converter was tested end validated and the drivers parameters was calculated with the method of the optimal symmetric model. then, are showed some basic protections devices linked with current, voltage and power flow monitoring and yours limitations are discussed in the DFIG topology. In the end the differential protection is showed and applied in the DFIG machine then fault simulations are make to obtain data to produce the best configuration parameters of differential protection.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ahda Pionkoski Grilo Pavani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2014. / O ilhamento não intencional ocorre quando a proteção não é capaz de detectar a operação ilhada de parte do sistema de distribuição. Estas falhas ocorrem para condições específicas de geração e carga do subsistema ilhado, nas quais as variações de tensão e frequência após o ilhamento não são suficientes para sensibilizar a proteção. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia para o cálculo do índice de risco de ilhamento não intencional de geradores eólicos distribuídos, considerando que estes geradores empregam relés de sub/sobrefrequência e sub/sobretensão para proteção anti-ilhamento. A metodologia desenvolvida utiliza curvas características de velocidade de vento de uma região e curvas de carga para identificar as possíveis condições de operação do sistema. Com a aplicação da metodologia proposta é possível avaliar o risco da proteção anti-ilhamento baseada em relés de sub/sobretensão e sub/sobrefrequência não detectar o ilhamento. Como resultado, a concessionária poderá avaliar se somente a proteção anti-ilhamento baseada nestes relés é suficiente, ou se devido ao alto risco de não detecção esquemas mais sofisticados devem ser empregados. / The unintentional islanding occurs when the protection is not able to detect the islanded part of the distribution system operation. These failures occur for specific conditions of generation and load islanded subsystem in which the variations of voltage and frequency after islanding are not sufficient to sensitize protection. In this work a methodology to calculate the unintentional islanding risk index of distributed wind generators is presented, considering that these generators employ under/overfrequency and under/overvoltage protection relays for anti-islanding. The methodology uses the characteristic curves of wind speed in a region and load curves to identify the possible operating conditions of the system. Proposed methodology can assess the risk of anti-islanding protection based on under/overvoltage and under/overfrequency relays not detect islanding condition. As a result, the utility can only assess whether the anti-islanding protection based on these relays is sufficient, or if due to the high risk of failure to detect more sophisticated schemes must be employed.

Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire traite de la problématique du dimensionnement de structures innovantes de génératrices, à savoir les machines à flux axial ou encore discoïdes, destinées aux éoliennes de grande puissance allant jusqu'à deux dizaines de mégawatts. Les machines synchrones à aimants permanents à flux axial étant intrinsèquement tridimensionnelles, l'optimisation de leur dimensionnement nécessite un modèle dimensionnant tridimensionnel et multiphysique qui peut être, de par sa nature 3D, très consommateur en mémoire et en temps de calcul. On se propose donc, dans ce mémoire, de développer une approche de modélisation par constantes localisées offrant un très bon rapport entre vitesse de calcul et précision afin d'accélérer de façon significative les premières phases de la procédure de dimensionnement. L'approche par constantes localisées peut par ailleurs s'appliquer de manière similaire aux principales physiques concernées (magnétique, thermique et mécanique). Plus particulièrement pour la partie magnétique, l'approche par constantes localisées est mise en œuvre par le biais de réseaux réluctants magnétiques génériques. Le principe de la méthode développée repose sur le découpage de la géométrie de la machine en volumes élémentaires finis parallélépipédiques à l'instar de qui est fait avec la méthode des éléments finis. En effet, chaque volume élémentaire étant modélisé par un réseau réluctant local, le découpage de la géométrie conduit à la génération automatique du système algébrique magnétique de la structure et dont la solution fournit la distribution locale du potentiel scalaire magnétique aux nœuds des volumes élémentaires. Cette approche de modélisation a été implémentée dans un code de calcul interne au GREAH. La modélisation de la génératrice à flux axial par réseaux réluctants a été validée par des simulations 2D et 3D par éléments finis. Le code de calcul développé intègrera les travaux en cours sur les modèles thermique et mécanique au GREAH afin d'aboutir à un code de calcul multi-physique par constantes localisées / The aim of this PhD thesis is to propose a design approach of the axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator for multi megawatts wind converter application. The axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine being intrinsically three dimensional, a 3D multiphysics sizing model is needed in order to conduct an efficient optimal design of this type of machines. Unfortunately, 3D multiphysic models are generally issued from finite element method. So, they are very heavy to be handled in a reduced time from an engineer point of view and especially at the first stages of the design procedure. In order to address the faster axial flux machine design, this PhD thesis develops a lumped parameters approach modelling offering a good computation time to precision ratio and thus helping to reduce considerably the spent time in the first stages design procedure. The lumped parameters modelling approach is also well suited for the modelling of the three main physics to be considered in an electrical generator (magnetic model, thermal model and mechanical model). For the magnetic model, the lumped parameters approach consists, in this thesis, in the development of a generic magnetic reluctance network linked to the machine geometry. In fact, the latter is divided into parallelepipedic elementary volumes, each of them is modelled by a local reluctance network. The reluctance network of the hole machine geometry results then automatically in an algebraic magnetic system, the solution of which provides the distribution of the scalar magnetic potential at the elementary volume nodes. The described lumped parameters modelling was implemented in a computational code developed at the GREAH Lab. The effectiveness of the reluctance network axial flux machine modelling was validated by 2D and 3D finite element simulations. The lumped parameters computational code will regroup the ongoing developments of thermal and mechanical models at the GREAH Lab in order to reach the completion of a mutliphysics lumped parameters computational code.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και εξομοίωση μιας ανεμογεννήτριας αξονικής ροής μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός είναι η μελέτη μιας σύγχρονης ανεμογεννήτριας μόνιμων μαγνητών (PMSG), που θα παρέχει ισχύ 1kW, και θα πληρεί το κριτήριο του χαμηλού κόστους και των όσο το δυνατών μικρότερων διαστάσεων. Η ανεμογεννήτρια θα συνδέεται απευθείας με το δίκτυο χωρίς τη χρήση κιβώτιου ταχυτήτων. Όσον αφορά τις γεννήτριες μόνιμου μαγνήτη αξονικής ροής (AFPM), που μελετούνται ειδικά σε αυτή τη διπλωματική, τα τελευταία χρόνια έχει αναπτυχθεί έντονο επιστημονικό και κατασκευαστικό ενδιαφέρον σχετικά με τη βελτιστοποίηση των χαρακτηριστικών τους μεγεθών σε συνδυασμό με την υψηλή απόδοσή τους. Το κυριότερο χαρακτηριστικό αυτών των μηχανών είναι ότι η διέγερση προκαλείται από τους μαγνήτες που είναι τοποθετημένοι στο δρομέα, οι οποίοι με τη χρήση του υλικού NdFeB για την κατασκευή τους, έχουν προσφέρει αναβαθμισμένες δυνατότητες στην παραγωγή μαγνητικού πεδίου. Άλλο κύριο χαρακτηριστικό, είναι ότι οι μηχανές αυτές είναι ιδανικές για ανεμογεννήτριες που κινούνται με χαμηλό αριθμό ταχύτητας ανέμου και στροφών. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική έγινε μια μελέτη ώστε να μπορέσει να σχεδιαστεί μια τέτοια μηχανή (AFPM) που να συγκεντρώνει όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερες αναλογίες μεταξύ κόστους, μεγέθους και απλότητας κατασκευής. Η προσομοίωση της ανεμογεννήτριας ήταν το επόμενο βήμα για την επαλήθευση των θεωρητικών τιμών και την περαιτέρω μελέτη της μηχανής για την απόδοσή της, την επαγόμενη τάση και το μαγνητικό πεδίο που παράγει σε εν κενώ λειτουργία και σε λειτουργία υπό φορτίο. Για να γίνει αυτό, χρησιμοποιήθηκε το πρόγραμμα μοντελοποίησης ηλεκτρικών μηχανών της COBHAM, το οποίο καλείται Opera και πιο συγκεκριμένα η έκδοση R3 για τρισδιάστατη μοντελοποίηση μηχανών (3D Modeler). Το κεφάλαιο 1 πραγματεύεται εισαγωγικά ζητήματα σχετικά με τις ανεμογεννήτριες και τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά τους μεγέθη. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μια μελέτη σχετικά με το είδος της γεννήτριας καθώς και τα βασικά της στοιχεία. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται αναλυτικά ο σχεδιασμός της ανεμογεννήτριας αξονικής ροής μόνιμου μαγνήτη και ο υπολογισμός των μεγεθών της. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 περιγράφεται η διαδικασία του σχεδιασμού μηχανής με τη χρήση του προγράμματος opera. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 γίνεται εξομοίωση της μηχανής και παράθεση των αποτελεσμάτων που προκύπτουν. Η ανάλυση της μηχανής πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση δύο επιλυτών της Opera, αυτόν της μαγνητοστατικής ανάλυσης και αυτόν της ανάλυσης της στρεφόμενης μηχανής. / This thesis is focused on study, design and analysis of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). This work was elaborated in the laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, at the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the University of Patras, Greece. The purpose of this specific thesis is to study and analyze a synchronous permanent magnet wind generator (PMSG), providing power 1kW to the grid. The main pursuit is to design a machine of low cost and, as small as possible, geometric characteristics. Moreover, a basic requirement is easy construction. For this purpose, the wind generator is legitimate to be direct-driven, without the existence of a gearbox. The permanent magnet axial flux generators, which are specifically studied in this thesis, have met a large attention over the last years for wind system- low speed applications. The main characteristic of these machines is that their stimulation is caused by the magnets that are mounted at the rotor discs. The latest use, in magnets, of neodymium material (symbolized as NdFeB) has provided upgraded possibilities in magnetic field amplification. Another main characteristic is that these machines are ideal for low speed wind applications. In this thesis, an extended study was elaborated in order to design such a generator, which concentrates as better as possible quota between cost, size and simplicity in construction. The simulation of the machine’s operation was the next step for the verification of the theoretical calculations, as well as for further study on the various parameters and optimization of the machine. The simulation was held in conditions of load and short circuit operation. In order to achieve this, a simulation program by COBHAM called Opera, was used. In chapter 1, there is a reference concerning basic issues of wind energy and wind turbines, as well as, the highlights of a wind turbine. In chapter 2, a research is being carried out, concerning the wind turbine topologies, as well as their basic features. In chapter 3, is presented, analytically, the theoretical dimensioning of the axial flux permanent magnet and the calculation of its features. In chapter 4, the procedure of the design of the generator is being presented by using the designing program Opera. In chapter 5, the simulation of the machine is performed as well as the presentation of the basic results of the analysis. For this purpose, were used two solvers of Opera, the magnetostatic analysis (TOSCA) and the rotating machine analysis (CARMEN).

Considerando condições anormais que o Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) está sujeito, a proteção de seus elementos é um tópico importante. Dentre os equipamentos a serem protegidos, destacam-se os geradores devido a representarem elevado custo de investimento e estarem sujeitos a multas por paradas não programadas. Desta forma, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, observa-se que não existem estudos abrangentes para a proteção individual de máquinas síncronas aplicadas à geração eólica. Além disso, considerando o contexto das smart grids, a presença de baterias e a possibilidade da operação ilhada podem alterar a dinâmica das situações de falta. Portanto, faz-se necessário um estudo do comportamento dos aerogeradores em situações de falha, sabendo que o esquema de proteção depende do tipo de gerador e da maneira como este está conectado ao SEP. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa propôs incluir uma bateria para operar com um gerador eólico de velocidade variável de forma complementar, suavizando a potência de saída e tornando o sistema de conversão de energia eólica forte o suficiente para operar no modo ilhado. A metodologia estabelece vários tipos de falhas para investigar o comportamento da turbina eólica em tais condições. Para realizar as simulações de falta, foi utilizado um simulador digital de tempo real (RTDS®). Com base nisso, um esquema composto por funções de proteção convencionais foi especificado e testado usando o software MATLAB®. Além disso, simulações em laço fechado foram realizadas com relés comercial e universal. Os resultados obtidos com o esquema proposto são bastante promissores. / Considering abnormal conditions to which the Electric Power System (EPS) may be subjected, the protection of its elements is an important topic. Among the equipments to be protected, the generators are highlighted, because they represent a high investment cost and are subjected to penalties for unscheduled stoppages. Hence, based on literature, it is observed that there are no comprehensive studies and standards for individual protection of Synchronous Generators (SGs) applied to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). Furthermore, considering the smart grids context, the presence of batteries and the possibility of island operation may change the dynamic of fault situations. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyse the behavior of wind turbines in fault situations, knowing that the protection scheme is dependent on the generator type and the way it is connected to the EPS. In order to study these issues, this research proposed to include a battery to operate with a full-variable speed wind generator in a complementary way, smoothing the output power and making the WECS strong enough to operate in the island mode. The methodology establishes several fault types to investigate the wind turbine behavior in such conditions. In order to conduct the fault simulations, a real time digital simulator (RTDS®) was used. Based on this, a scheme composed by conventional protection functions were specified and tested using the MATLAB® software. Furthermore, hardware-in-the-loop simulations were performed with commercial and universal relays. Very good results in favor of the proposed scheme are presented.

Considerando condições anormais que o Sistema Elétrico de Potência (SEP) está sujeito, a proteção de seus elementos é um tópico importante. Dentre os equipamentos a serem protegidos, destacam-se os geradores devido a representarem elevado custo de investimento e estarem sujeitos a multas por paradas não programadas. Desta forma, com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, observa-se que não existem estudos abrangentes para a proteção individual de máquinas síncronas aplicadas à geração eólica. Além disso, considerando o contexto das smart grids, a presença de baterias e a possibilidade da operação ilhada podem alterar a dinâmica das situações de falta. Portanto, faz-se necessário um estudo do comportamento dos aerogeradores em situações de falha, sabendo que o esquema de proteção depende do tipo de gerador e da maneira como este está conectado ao SEP. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa propôs incluir uma bateria para operar com um gerador eólico de velocidade variável de forma complementar, suavizando a potência de saída e tornando o sistema de conversão de energia eólica forte o suficiente para operar no modo ilhado. A metodologia estabelece vários tipos de falhas para investigar o comportamento da turbina eólica em tais condições. Para realizar as simulações de falta, foi utilizado um simulador digital de tempo real (RTDS®). Com base nisso, um esquema composto por funções de proteção convencionais foi especificado e testado usando o software MATLAB®. Além disso, simulações em laço fechado foram realizadas com relés comercial e universal. Os resultados obtidos com o esquema proposto são bastante promissores. / Considering abnormal conditions to which the Electric Power System (EPS) may be subjected, the protection of its elements is an important topic. Among the equipments to be protected, the generators are highlighted, because they represent a high investment cost and are subjected to penalties for unscheduled stoppages. Hence, based on literature, it is observed that there are no comprehensive studies and standards for individual protection of Synchronous Generators (SGs) applied to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS). Furthermore, considering the smart grids context, the presence of batteries and the possibility of island operation may change the dynamic of fault situations. Therefore, it is necessary to study and analyse the behavior of wind turbines in fault situations, knowing that the protection scheme is dependent on the generator type and the way it is connected to the EPS. In order to study these issues, this research proposed to include a battery to operate with a full-variable speed wind generator in a complementary way, smoothing the output power and making the WECS strong enough to operate in the island mode. The methodology establishes several fault types to investigate the wind turbine behavior in such conditions. In order to conduct the fault simulations, a real time digital simulator (RTDS®) was used. Based on this, a scheme composed by conventional protection functions were specified and tested using the MATLAB® software. Furthermore, hardware-in-the-loop simulations were performed with commercial and universal relays. Very good results in favor of the proposed scheme are presented.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-23T21:14:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JonathanQueiroz.pdf: 631286 bytes, checksum: 2cab2a7d6e496bf574ddef1f49a77440 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T21:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonathanQueiroz.pdf: 631286 bytes, checksum: 2cab2a7d6e496bf574ddef1f49a77440 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-08 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / The discrete Riccati algebraic equation has played an increasingly important role in optimal control theory and adaptive ltering. For this reason, various techniques have been developed to solve the DARE, for example the approach based on self vectors or approaches related to invariant subspaces [1], which require mathematical rigor and precision. However, these approaches present a number of problems, among them the fact that they can not be implemented in real-time due to its high computational cost to estimate the solution of DARE in many systems, especially systems with higher order three. In order to overcomes this problem, we propose to solve the DARE using as an estimator based on the sum of potential error pairs. The estimator is similar to the Recursive Least Squares (RLS), but with a better performance in terms of convergence speed and estimation accuracy without a signi- cant increase in computational complexity. The estimator is called Recursive Least Non-Squares (RLNS). One other aspect in unraveling the general DARE is to ensure that DARE is numerically well conditioned. To perform the numerical conditioning of DARE, a matrix decomposition technique known as Moore-Penrose inverse or generalized inverse is used. The proposed method is evaluated in a multivariate system 6th order corresponding to the wind generator. The method is evaluated under the numerical stability point of view and speed of convergence. / A equação algébrica Riccati discreta (discrete algebraic Riccati equation (DARE)) tem desempenhado uma papel cada vez mais importante na teoria de controle ótimo. Por esse motivo, varias técnicas tem sido desenvolvidas para solucionar a DARE, por exemplo a abordagem baseada em auto vetores ou ainda abordagens relacionadas a subespaços invariantes, as quais requerem rigor e precisão matemáticas. No entanto, estas abordagens apresentam uma serie de problemas, dentre eles, o fato de não poderem ser implementadas em tempo real devido ao seu alto custo computacional para estimar a solução da DARE em diversos sistemas, sobretudo sistemas com ordem superior a três. Com o intuito de contorna este problema, propomos solucionar a DARE utilizando um estimador baseado na soma das potencias pares do erro. O estimador e similar ao Recursive least squares (RLS), mas com um desempenho melhor em termos de velocidade de convergência e precisão de estimativa, sem aumento significativo da complexidade computacional. O estimador é denominado Recursive Least Non-Squares (RLNS). Um outra aspecto para que possamos solucionar a DARE de forma geral, e garantir que a DARE seja numericamente bem condicionada. Para efetuar o condicionamento numérico da DARE, será utilizada uma técnica de decomposição matricial conhecida como inversa de Moore-Penrose ou inversa generalizada. A metodologia proposta e avaliada em um sistema multivariavel de 6th ordem correspondente ao gerador eólico.

Un système hybride multi-source est étudié dans cette thèse pour la génération dispersée basée sur des sources d’énergie renouvelable et des systèmes de stockage d’énergie. Il comprend un générateur éolien comme source d’énergie primaire, des super-condensateurs comme système de stockage à dynamique rapide, des piles à combustible et des électrolyseurs comme système de stockage sur le long terme sous forme d’hydrogène. Ils sont tous connectés à un bus continu commun et un onduleur est utilisé pour la connexion du système entier au réseau. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons présenté la modélisation du système, la conception du contrôle y compris des stratégies de répartition des flux de puissance et la gestion énergétique. Cette centrale hybride peut finalement générer des puissances lissées et contrôlables comme la plupart des générateurs classiques. Les performances ont été testées en simulation numérique et aussi sur un prototype expérimental. Les contributions scientifiques principales de cette thèse sont les suivantes : l’utilisation et l’adaptation des formalismes pour la modélisation des systèmes complexes et la conception de leur commande ; la conception et la réalisation expérimentale des émulateurs pour réduire le temps et le cout du développement du prototype expérimental ; la proposition et la validation de deux stratégies de gestion des puissances pour la régulation du bus continu et le contrôle des puissances transitées au réseau et enfin la proposition des stratégies de supervision énergétique avec la définition des modes de fonctionnement pour le générateur actif éolien afin d’assurer une disponibilité énergétique / A hybrid power system is studied in this thesis for the distributed generation based on renewable energy resources and energy storage systems in microgrid applications. It consists of a wind generator as primary energy source, super-capacitors as fast-dynamic storage system, fuel cells and electrolyzers as long-term storage system in hydrogen. They are all connected to a common DC bus and an inverter is used for the connection of the whole system to the grid. In this thesis, we have presented the system modeling, the control design including the power balancing and energy management strategies. This hybrid power system can finally supply controllable smooth powers as most conventional power plants. The performances have been tested in numerical simulations and also on an experimental test bench. As result, it is able to provide ancillary services to the microgrid. The main scientific contributions of this thesis are: the use and the adaptation of the graphical tools for the modeling of complex systems and their design; the design and the experimental implementation of real-time emulators in order to reduce the time and the cost of an experimental platform; the proposition and the validation of two power balancing strategies for the DC-bus voltage regulation and the grid power control and finally the proposition of energy management strategies for the active wind generator to ensure the energy availability